Refugees – fundamentals
September 17
Presentation at the CEU
17 September 2015
PHOTO OF JAVIER BALAUZ, 2001
Presentation by Boldizsár Nagy
PHOTO OF JAVIER BALAUZ, 2001
Presentation by Boldizsár Nagy
THE DIMENSIONS
Facts
Law
(Statistics)
Global
EU
Hungary
Policy
Language harmonisation
Categories of migrants
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CATEGORIES OF FOREIGNERS
INTERNALLY DISPLACED)
Migration
International
Regular
Domestic
Irregular
A longer than 1 year
presenc/absence, in
accrodance with the
law
„Illegal”
Regular migrant
(Worker, student, family
unifier, etc.)
Undocumented
foreigner,
Persons with no
right to enter
and/or stay
Forced migration
Refugee
Internally displaced
person, IDP
Orders of magnitude
Statistics
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Global and Syria-related data
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FORCED MIGRANTS, GLOBAL END OF YEAR DATA
Forced
migrant
2008
2011
2012
2013
Refugees
(Under
UNHCR
mandate)
10,5 10,4 10,5 10,4
10,5
11,0 13,9
Palestinian
refugees(
UNWRA)
4,7
4,8
5,0
5,1
5,3
5,4
5,1
Individual
applicants
0,8
1,0
0,8
0,9
0,9
1,1
1,8
26,0 27,1 27,5 26,4
28,8
33,0 38,2
IDPs fleeing
conflict
2009
2010
2014
Source UNHCR: Global Trends Refugees, Asylum-seekers, Returnees, Internally Displaced and Stateless Persons
különböző évek (statistical annex) http://www.unrwa.org/sites/default/files/2014_01_uif_-_english.pdf és
http://www.internal-displacement.org/ Vaccessed: 2014 szept. 24 and UNHCR: Global Trends
Forced Displacement in 2014
Syria – in figures
Individual applications in
37 European states
Source:http://www.3rpsyriacrisis.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/01/3RP-ReportOverview.pdf, p. 9
Source:
http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional
.php
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POPULATION GROWTH IN DEVELOPED LESS AND LEAST DEVELPED REGIONS
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THE
SOURCE OF
THE
MIGRATION
PRESSURE
Forrás: Population Reference
Bureau,
http://www.prb.org/Publications/Da
tasheets/2014/2014-worldpopulation-data-sheet/populationclock.aspx
(20141127)
MAJOR
STOCK
DATA
INDIVIDUAL
APPLICATIONS AND
RECOGNITION
RATES
MAJOR RECEIVING COUNTRIES
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MAJOR SOURCE COUNTRIES
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European data
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INDIVIDUAL APPLICATIONS IN THE EU, 2004 - 2014
Source:
Eurostat, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/File:Asylum_applications_(nonEU)_in_the_EU-28_Member_States,_2004%E2%80%9314_(%C2%B9)_(thousands)_YB15_II.png
ASYLUM APPLICATIONS BY EU COUNTRY,
2013 4Q – 2014 4Q
Source:
Eurostat,
Data in
Focus
3/2015 , p.
4
COUNTRY OF ORIGIN OF THE ASYLUM
SEEKERS
Source:
Eurostat, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/File:Asylum_applications_(nonEU)_in_the_EU-28_Member_States,_2004%E2%80%9314_(%C2%B9)_(thousands)_YB15_II.png
Hungarian data
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HUNGARIAN STATISTICS
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
1 January – 7
September
Application,
total
1.693
2.157
18.900
42.777
155.484
3 Main
countries of
origin
Afghanistan
(649)
Kosovo
(211)
Serbia (27)
Afghanistan
(880)
Pakistan
(327)
Kosovo
(226)
Kosovo (6.067)
Pakistan
(3.052)
Afghanistan
(2.279)
Kosovo
(21.453)
Afghanistan
(8.796)
Syria (6.587)
n.a.
Some form of
protection
191
415
415
512
306
Refugee
52
87
198
260
88
Subsidiary
protection
139
328
217
252
218
Rejection
740
751
4.185
4.553
n.a.
Termination
623
1110
11.339
23.406
64-696
Source: own collection based on OIN Yearly booklets and UNHCR data and Sándor Pintér’s response to a question by a MP
IRREGULAR
MIGRANTS
INTERCEPTED
MAY 2015
AND AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
IN
Source: http://www.police.hu/hirek-esinformaciok/hatarinfo/elfogott-migransok-szama 20150601 and
20150917)
THE HUNGARIAN REFUGEE AND BENEFICIARY OF
SUBSIDIARY PROTECTION STATUS DETERMINATION
PROCEDURE
Application
Eligibility
examination
Detailed
examination
(of the merits)
Judicial
review
8 Days
Judicial
review
30 days
8 days
60 + 30 days
Administrative procedure
45 working
days
Judicial procedure
Border procedure: no departure from the conatainers at the border. OIN Court
there, or via telecommunication
Law
definitions,
and the concept of safe third
country
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GEO/TIME
European Union (28 countries)
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
Denmark
Germany (until 1990 former
territory of the FRG)
Estonia
Ireland
Greece
Spain
France
Croatia
Italy
Cyprus
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Hungary
Malta
Netherlands
Austria
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovenia
Slovakia
Finland
Sweden
United Kingdom
Iceland
Liechtenstein
Norway
Switzerland
Presentation by Boldizsár Nagy
Total
2015M01 2015M02 2015M03 2015M04 2015M05 2015M06
60 150
64 630
60 170
57 300
66 465
75 780
1 215
1 070
1 170
1 115
1 615
2 325
1 055
1 025
1 110
1 120
1 325
1 605
95
95
170
105
85
85
630
430
455
550
870
1 075
21 680
5
215
925
745
4 025
10
4 740
155
15
15
85
11 655
65
885
3 875
485
40
100
15
15
305
4 345
2 750
:
:
22 775
15
200
895
575
5 135
15
5 075
125
15
25
95
16 405
160
740
3 065
470
80
75
10
10
310
3 520
2 225
:
:
570
1 450
62 165
28 680
30
210
790
715
5 610
15
5 430
150
15
5
85
4 750
120
800
2 770
485
60
160
20
25
345
3 570
2 420
:
:
485
1 310
66 420
:
:
485
1 380
62 035
24 505
30
265
855
895
5 175
10:
4 500
145
25
25
70
6 485
105
1 085
3 715
540
80:
205
15
5
335
3 405
1 935
:
:
520
1 270
59 095
23 760
10
255
1 005:
845:
4 355
5 130
120:
30
25
85
9 800
160
2 250
6 195:
525
:
85
10
20
510
4 850
2 545:
:
:
1 165
2 080
69 710
32 705
25
335
5 150
5
5 265
First asylum
applications,
EU, 2015
50
10
95
16 385
115
2 935
700
85
10
5
760
6 055
1 075
3 670
80 525
Source: Eurostat,
migr_asyappctzm
DEFINITIONS – THE UNIVERSAL STANDARD
Geneva Convention relating to the status of refugees – 1951
Article 1.
Definition of the term “refugee”
A. For the purposes of the present Convention, the term
“refugee” shall apply to any person who:
(1) Has been considered a refugee ...[according to the interwar arrangements and the IRO
constitution]
(2) As a result of events occurring before 1 January 1951 and owing to well-founded
fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion,
nationality, membership of a particular social group or
political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and
is unable, or owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of
the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country
of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.
DEFINITIONS – EU (AND HUNGARY)
Council Directive
2004/83/EC of 29 April 2004
on minimum standards for the
qualification and status of third
country nationals or stateless
persons as refugees or as persons
who otherwise need
international protection and the
content of the protection granted
(OJ L 304/12 2004 09 30,)
EU Qualification Directive
2004/2011
DIRECTIVE 2011/95/EU OF THE
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE
COUNCIL of 13 December 2011
on standards for the qualification of
third-country nationals or stateless
persons as beneficiaries of international
protection, for a uniform status for
refugees or for persons eligible for
subsidiary protection, and for the
content of the protection granted
Art 2 2004:(e) 2011: (f)
„person eligible for subsidiary protection” [means someone], „who does not qualify
as a refugee but in respect of whom substantial grounds have been shown for
believing that the person concerned, if returned to his or her country of origin, or
in the case of a stateless person, to his or her country of former habitual
residence, would face a real risk of suffering serious harm as defined in Article 15,
.....is unable, or, owing to such risk, unwilling to avail himself or herself of the
protection of that country;
Art 15 (in both)
Serious harm consists of:
(a) death penalty or execution; or
(b) torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment of an applicant in the
country of origin; or
(c) serious and individual threat to a civilian's life or person by reason of
indiscriminate violence in situations of international or internal armed conflict”
DIRECTIVE ON MINIMUM STANDARDS ON PROCEDURES
THE CONCEPT OF THE SAFE THIRD COUNTRY
• life and liberty are not threatened on account of 5
Geneva Convention grounds; and no risk of serious
harm
• the principle of non-refoulement is respected; and
• the prohibition on removal in breach of the right to
freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading
treatment as laid down in international law is
respected; and
• the possibility exists to request refugee status and, if
found to be a refugee, to receive protection in
accordance with the Geneva Convention.
THE CONCEPT OF THE SAFE THIRD COUNTRY
Minimum requirements concerning national rules on determining
that a state is safe for a particular applicant:
meaningful link between applicant and s.t.c.
investigation if a particular country is safe for the particular
a.s.(or national designation of s.t.c.)
a right of the a.s.to challenge the safety at least when torture
and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment is
threatening the a.s.
Challenge also possible on the basis of lack of connection to
stc
If inadmissible because of s.t.c. :
- inform a.s. accordingly,
- provide a.s. with document informing the s.t.c. that the
application has not been examined in substance
Policy issues
Presentation by Boldizsár Nagy
EU INITIATIVES
May and September 2015 – two packages, combined effects
Issues:

- ad hoc relocation from Greece and Italy into other EU
member states 40 000 asylum seekers „in clear need of protection”

- ad hoc relocation scheme, involving Hungary also. 15 600
asylumseekers from Italy, 50 400 from Greece and 54 000 from
Hungary in respect of groups with at least 75% recognition rates

- a „crisis relocation mechanism” to be built into the Dublin
regulation, to be triggered by „large and disproportionate” inflow of
asylum seekers, creating „extreme pressure”

- resettlement of 20 000 refugees from outside the EU
_________________________________________________________
 EUNAVFOR – fight against smugglers
 European Emergency Trust Fund for Africa
 European list of safe countries of origin
Thanks!
Boldizsár Nagy
CEU, IR and Legal Departments
nagyb@ceu.hu
www.nagyboldizsar.hu