ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Garrett Friedman
and
Will Froelich
Overview
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Function of the system
Endocrine vs. Exocrine glands
Hormones
Major endocrine glands
Hormone regulation
Nervous system involvement
Steroid vs. nonsteroid hormones
Negative feedback systems
(1) Function of the System

Maintain homeostasis
 Metabolism
 Growth
and development
 Reproduction
 Nutrient balances/concentrations

Regulates the body using hormones
(2)Endocrine Vs. Exocrine

Endocrine glands secrete their products into tissue or
blood.
 Paracrine
secretions are local
 Autocrine secretions are within the cell

Exocrine glands secret their products into ducts that
in turn go to the surface.
(3) Hormones
Hormone: a (chemical) substance secreted by an
endocrine gland and transported in the blood
Types of Hormones:
 Steroid
 Nonsteroid

 Amines
 Peptides
 Proteins

Prostaglandins
(3) Hormones
(3) Hormones


They influence target cells
Rely on receptors, which can be
 Proteins
 Glycoproteins


Change protein production in the nucleus
Trigger second messengers in the cytoplasm
(4)Major Endocrine Glands
(4)Pituitary Gland

The pituitary gland has two lobes, is
located at the base of the brain,
and controls other glands.
Anterior
 Growth Hormone
 Prolactin
 Thyroid-stimulating hormone
 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
 Adrenocorticotropic hormone
 Follicle-stimulating hormone
 Luteinizing hormone
Posterior
 Antidiuretic hormone
 Oxytocin
(4)Anterior Pituitary Hormones
(4)Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is located below the larynx, and
secretes Thyroxine, Tyiidothronine, and Calcitonin.
(4)Parathyroid Glands

Four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid
that secrete parathyroid hormone.
(4)Adrenal Glands

The adrenal glands are located
atop the kidneys, and they
include the outer adrenal cortex,
and the inner adrenal medulla.
 Adrenal
Medulla:
 Epinephrine
 Norepinephrine
 Adrenal
Cortex:
 Aldosterone
 Cortisol
(4) Pancreas

The pancreas, posterior to
the stomach, secretes
exocrine digestive juice
and endocrine hormones.
 Glucagon
 Insulin
(4)Pancreatic Feedback System
(4) Pineal Gland

The pineal gland secretes melatonin, which
regulates circadian rhythms.
(4)Thymus Gland

The thymus gland is beneath the sternum and plays
an important role in immunity.
(5) Hormone Regulation

There are 3 mechanisms for controlling hormones:
1.
2.
3.

Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland
Nervous system
Change in internal environment
All are limited by negative feedback
(5) Hormone Regulation
(6)Nervous System Control


The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary
gland which in turn controls the secretion of other
glands.
The nervous system stimulates some glands directly
and the adrenal medulla releases hormones in
response.
(7) Activating Target Cells
Steroid Hormones
Nonsteroid Hormones
(8) Negative Feedback Systems
Diabetes Type 1



Type 1 Diabetes is insulin dependent and appears
commonly before the age of 20.
It is a autoimmune disease which destroys beta cells
of the immune system.
The cause is that the pancreas stops producing
insulin and with the beta cells destroyed people
with it can no longer produce insulin.
Diabetes Type 1 Treatments


Several options are available including rapid
acting, regular acting, intermediate, and long acting
insulin shots.
Insulin pumps are available as well implanted in the
body.
Diabetes Type 2



Type 2 is where the beta cells produce the insulin
but the body cells lose the ability to recognize it.
Has more mild symptoms than type 1 and oral
drugs are a option for it as well.
Symptoms can be delayed by treatment early.
Works Cited
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"Med-Health.net." Pineal Gland Calcification. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2015. <http://
www.med-health.net/Pineal-Gland-Calcification.html>.
"Endocrine System." Know Your Endocrine System. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2015. <http://
www.medindia.net/know_ur_body/anatomy-of-endocrine-system.asp>.
"Beyond the Pancreas: Researchers Targeting Immune-System Creation Gland." The Pancreas
Thymus: Who's to Blame for Diabetes? N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2015. <http://
www.healthline.com/diabetesmine/beyond-the-pancreas-researchers-targetingsystem-creation-gland>.
or The
"Insulin Basics." American Diabetes Association. American Diabetes Association, 7 June 2013.
13 Mar. 2015.
Web.
immune-
"Diabetes Mellitus - Insulin Treatment in Dogs." VCA Animal Hospitals. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Mar.
2015.
<http://www.vcahospitals.com/main/pet-health-information/article/animalhealth/diabetesmellitus-insulin-treatment-in-dogs/746>.
Zimmermann, By Kim Ann. "Endocrine System: Facts, Functions and Diseases." LiveScience.
TechMedia Network, 20 Nov. 2014. Web. 17 Mar. 2015.
"Human Regulation." Human Regulation. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.