Outline:
 Pick
1/22/07
up CAPA 4-5-6 – outside
 Chem
Seminar reports – to me
 Organic
Chem survey
 Today:
Finish Chapter 13
- biomolecules
Thermodynamics
Quiz #2: Organic nomenclature
Worksheet #2
Organic Nomenclature
Worksheet #2:
 What is the structural formula and
molar mass of 2-butanol?
H
O
CH3CHCH2CH3 = 74 g/mol
 Primary amine?
 Tertiary alcohol?
R – NH2
C
C – C – OH
C
Worksheet #2 (cont’d):
 Ketone?
 Ester?
O
R–C–R
O
R – C – OR
aldehyde
 Benzaldehyde?
– CHO
Worksheet #2 (cont’d):
addition of ethanol and pentanoic acid
C2H5 – OH
C4H9COOH
O
C2H5 – OC – C4H9
Practice!
Some Biopolymers:
– carbohydrates
– DNA/RNA
– proteins
Carbohydrates
 Cx
(H2O)y
(e.g. C6H12O6)
Monosaccharides
20 natural kinds, mostly in 2 types
Pentoses (5 carbons – ribose)
Hexoses (6 carbons – glucose, fructose)
 All have an ether O in the ring
Ether is the starting point for numbering

(hexoses with a subtle isomerism)
CH2OH
Polymer = Cellulose
p. 116
CH2OH
Polymer = Starch
(more hexoses with subtle isomerisms)
HO
CH2OH
H
HO
CH2OH
H
Galactose
Galactose
Sweeteners: disaccharides
Sucrose
A disaccharide,
Sucralose
Aspartame
®)
a-glucose
(splenda
®
(nutrasweet )
connected to bHexose with 3
Dipeptide,
fructose.
breaks down hydroxyls replaced
with chlorine.
under high
Stable enough for
heat.
baking.
a starch
(Polysaccharide)
e.g. cellulose &
glycogen
Structure of
monomers
determines
shape of
polymer!
Polysaccharides
 Monomers
are joined by condensation
reaction to make an ether linkage
Storage
of carbohydrates (starches, glycogen)
Structural materials (cellulose, chitin)
Cellulose and chitin
are made from bglucose – they form
sheets interconnected
by either H-bonds or
amide bonds.
Starch is made from a-glucose and
forms long strands that clump together.
Nucleic Acids


pentose sugar
organic base
phosphate link
nucleotides/
polynucleotides
(DNA/RNA)
in a
macromolecule
p. 117
Primary
Structure:
Bases
p. 117
Find the pieces….
Phosphate
Pentose sugar

bases
Nucleic acid structures

Addition of sugar and phosphate result in the
monomer units for polymeric DNA and RNA.
+
The order of nucleic
acids is called the
primary structure or the
sequence.
(ACGT in this example)
Secondary
Structure:
Helix
Tertiary
Structure:
Shape
Proteins
 Amino
acids
R = side chain
 peptides/polypeptides
(polyamides made from condensation
reactions of amino acids)
(eleven)
(nine)
Summary…
What do you need to know?
Organic nomenclature
A couple organic reactions
Some polymer definitions
Start reading
chapter 14!
Thermodynamics &
Chemical Energetics:
Bonding
Last semester:
What happens in a chemical reaction...
How much happens in a reaction...
Stoichiometry
This semester:
Thermodynamics
Why a chemical reaction happens...
How fast does a reaction happen...
Kinetics
Why are we so interested in heat?
 Chemical
reactions
that produce heat
 Chemical
reactions
that absorb heat
“Exothermic”
“Endothermic”
Heat is related to whether
the reaction will happen!