PENCEMARAN AIR
DAN
PENGELOLAANNYA
Diabstraksikan oleh: Smno.psl.ppsub.jun2012
Foto:smno.kampus.ub.nop2012
PENCEMARAN AIR
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Menunjukkan degradasi kualitas air.
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Umumnya berkaitan dengan penggunaan air
Seberapa jauh kualitas air menyimpang dari baku mutunya
Dampaknya terhadap kesehatan masyarakat
Dampak ekologisnya
Pencemaran air adalah suatu perubahan keadaan di suatu tempat
penampungan air seperti danau, sungai, lautan dan air tanah akibat
aktivitas manusia.
Danau, sungai, lautan dan air tanah adalah bagian penting dalam
siklus kehidupan manusia dan merupakan salah satu bagian dari
siklus hidrologi. Selain mengalirkan air juga mengalirkan sedimen
dan polutan.
Berbagai macam fungsinya sangat membantu kehidupan manusia.
Pemanfaatan terbesar danau, sungai, lautan dan air tanah adalah
untuk irigasi pertanian, bahan baku air minum, sebagai saluran
pembuangan air hujan dan air limbah, bahkan sebenarnya berpotensi
sebagai objek wisata.
Walaupun fenomena alam seperti gunung berapi, badai, gempa bumi
dll juga mengakibatkan perubahan yang besar terhadap kualitas air,
hal ini tidak dianggap sebagai pencemaran.
Diunduh dari: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencemaran_air …
PENCEMARAN AIR
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Bahan pencemar air meliputi
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Logam-logam berat
Sedimen
Isotop radioaktif
Panas
Bakteri Coliform tinja
Phosphorus
Nitrogen
Sodium, dan unsur-unsur
hara lainnya
Bacteri dan virus patogen.
The contamination of ground water, rivers, lakes,
wetlands, estuaries, and oceans can threaten the health
of humans and aquatic life. Sources of water pollution
are generally divided into two categories. The first is
point-source pollution, in which contaminants are
discharged from a discrete location. Sewage outfalls
and oil spills are examples of point-source pollution.
The second category is non-point-source or diffuse
pollution, referring to all of the other discharges that
deliver contaminants to water bodies. Acid rain and
unconfined runoff from agricultural or urban areas are
examples of non-point-source pollution. The principal
contaminants of water include toxic chemicals,
nutrients and biodegradable organics, and bacterial and
viral pathogens.
Diunduh dari: http://www.thewaterq.com/wnews1/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=356:changequality-of-water-that-is-injurious-&catid=79:water-pollution&Itemid=422 …
PENCEMARAN AIR
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Masalah utama pencemaran air adalah kurang jernih, air minum yang bebas
penyakit.
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Outbreaks of waterborne disease affects several billion people worldwide
E.g. cholera
Kualitas air menentukan potensial penggunaannya.
Semua segmen masyarakat berkontribusi terhadap pencemaran air.
Water pollution can threaten human
health when pollutants enter the body
via skin exposure or through the direct
consumption of contaminated food or
drinking water.
Priority pollutants, including
dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane
(DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs), persist in the natural
environment and bioaccumulate in the
tissues of aquatic organisms. These
persistent organic pollutants are
transferred up the food chain (in a
process called biomagnification), and
they can reach levels of concern in
fish species that are eaten by humans.
Finally, bacteria and viral pathogens
can pose a public health risk for those
who drink contaminated water or eat
raw shellfish from polluted water
bodies.
Contaminants have a significant impact on
aquatic ecosystems. for example, enrichment
of water bodies with nutrients (principally
nitrogen and phosphorus) can result in the
growth of algae and other aquatic plants that
shade or clog streams.
If wastewater containing biodegradable
organic matter is discharged into a stream
with inadequate dissolved oxygen, the water
downstream of the point of discharge will
become anaerobic and will be turbid and
dark.
Settleable solids, if present, will be deposited
on the streambed, and anaerobic
decomposition will occur. Over the reach of
stream where the dissolved-oxygen
concentration is zero, a zone of putrefaction
will occur with the production of hydrogen
sulfide, ammonia, and other odorous gases.
Because many fish species require a
minimum of 4–5 mg of dissolved oxygen per
liter of water, they will be unable to survive
in this portion of the stream.
Diunduh dari: http://www.thewaterq.com/wnews1/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=356:changequality-of-water-that-is-injurious-&catid=79:water-pollution&Itemid=422 …
SUMBER DAN PROSES PENCEMARAN AIR
Diunduh dari: …
PENCEMARAN AIR
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Increasing population often results in the introduction of more pollutants.
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As well as demands on finite water resources
~36 million people in US supplied w/ water from systems that violated federal standards.
EPA sets thresholds and limits on some but not all pollutants
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700 identified drinking water contaminants
Water Contamination – Drinking Water – Water Pollution
Posted on November 8, 2010 by roosja
The list of types of contaminants you want to remove from municipal tap water:
1. Organic compounds (Pesticides, Herbicides, Pharmaceuticals, Fuels, etc.)
2. Toxic metals (Lead, Mercury, Aluminum, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, etc.)
3. Bacterial and viruses (Giardia, Cryptosporidium, etc.)
4. Radioactive substances (Radon and Uranium, etc.)
5. Additives (Chlorine and Chloramines, Fluoride, etc.)
Diunduh dari: http://www.environmentservices.co.nz/blog/266/water-contamination-drinkingwater-water-pollution.html …
BAKU MUTU KUALITAS AIR DI US
Diunduh dari: …
Diunduh dari: …
OKSIGEN TERLARUT = Dissolved Oxygen
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Bacteria in stream decompose dead organic matter carrying, this decay
use oxygen.
– Larger amount of bacterial activity = little oxygen in the water available to
fish and other organisms
– Can be reduced to levels so low that they may die.
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Air sungai yang DO nya rendah dianggap tercemar bagi organisme yang
memerlukan DO tinggi.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Dissolved oxygen is another important water quality factor for fish and many aquatic
invertebrates. DO is the amount of oxygen dissolved in the water. Even though the
chemical formula for water is H20, fish and other aquatic organisms can’t remove the
oxygen molecules. They depend on oxygen dissolved in the water for respiration. They
extract the oxygen dissolved in the water through their gills or across their skin.
Temperature, water velocity, wind, water depth and plant growth influence DO in water.
Temperature has great influence on the amount of DO. Warmer water contains less
oxygen than colder water. The number of organisms using oxygen can also influence the
amount of dissolved oxygen present. If more oxygen is used (respiration) than is being put
in, dissolved oxygen levels decrease.
The dissolved oxygen needs for many aquatic insects and fish differ, but some ranges
overlap. Fish such as blacknosed dace, brook and brown trout, and certain stoneflies have
similar oxygen needs. That’s one of the reasons they are found together in the same
community. The same holds true for smallmouth bass, certain shiners and hellgrammites.
Their dissolved oxygen needs and tolerances overlap.
Channel catfish and carp can tolerate DO as low as 2 mg/l. Generally, dissolved oxygen
levels in aquatic habitats must be greater than 6.5 mg/l for fish and aquatic organisms to
survive.
Diunduh dari: http://fishandboat.com/anglerboater/2001/jf2001/wpollbas.htm…
How exactly does dissolved oxygen affect water quality?
A high DO level in a community water supply is good because it makes drinking water
taste better. However, high DO levels speed up corrosion in water pipes. For this
reason, industries use water with the least possible amount of dissolved oxygen.
Water used in very low pressure boilers have no more than 2.0 ppm of DO, but most
boiler plant operators try to keep oxygen levels to 0.007 ppm or less. Dissolved oxygen
(DO) refers to the amount of oxygen dissolved in water and is particularly important in
limnology (aquatic ecology). Oxygen comprises approximately 21% of the total gas in
the atmosphere; however, it is much less available in water.
The amount of oxygen water can hold depends upon temperature (more oxygen can be
dissolved in colder water), pressure (more oxygen can be dissolved in water at greater
pressure), and salinity (more oxygen can be dissolved in water of lower salinity). Many
lakes and ponds have anoxic (oxygen deficient) bottom layers in the summer because
of decomposition processes depleting the oxygen.
The amount of dissolved oxygen often
determines the number and types of
organisms living in that body of water. For
example, fish like trout are sensitive to low
DO levels (less than eight parts per million)
and cannot survive in warm, slow-moving
streams or rivers.
Decay of organic material in water caused by
either chemical processes or microbial action
on untreated sewage or dead vegetation can
severely reduce dissolved oxygen
concentration.
This is the most common cause of fish kills,
especially in summer months when warm
water holds less oxygen anyway.
Dissolved oxygen (DO) refers to the volume of
oxygen that is contained in water. Oxygen
enters the water as rooted aquatic plants and
algae undergo photosynthesis, and as oxygen is
transferred across the air-water interface. The
amount of oxygen that can be held by the water
depends on the water temperature, salinity, and
pressure. Gas solubility increases with
decreasing temperature (colder water holds
more oxygen).
Gas solubility increases with decreasing
salinity (freshwater holds more oxygen than
does saltwater). Both the partial pressure and
the degree of saturation of oxygen will change
with altitude. Finally, gas solubility decreases
as pressure decreases.
Diunduh dari: http://www.freedrinkingwater.com/water_quality/quality1/1-how-dissolved-oxygenaffects-water-quality.htm …
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
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Amount of oxygen required for biochemical decomposition is BOD.
BOD is commonly used in water quality management.
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Measures the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms as they break down
organic matter.
Routinely measured as part of water quality at waste water treatment plants.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) refers to the amount of oxygen that would be
consumed if all the organics in one liter of water were oxidized by bacteria and protozoa
(ReVelle and ReVelle, 1988).
The first step in measuring BOD is to obtain equal volumes of water from the area to be
tested and dilute each specimen with a known volume of distilled water which has been
thoroughly shaken to insure oxygen saturation.
After this, an oxygen meter is used to determine the concentration of oxygen within one
of the vials. The remaining vial is than sealed and placed in darkness and tested five days
later. BOD is then determined by subtracting the second meter reading from the first.
The range of possible readings can vary considerably: water from an exceptionally clear
lake might show a BOD of less than 2 ml/L of water. Raw sewage may give readings in
the hundreds and food processing wastes may be in the thousands.
Generally, when BOD
levels are high, there is a
decline in DO levels. This is
because the demand for
oxygen by the bacteria is
high and they are taking
that oxygen from the
oxygen dissolved in the
water. If there is no organic
waste present in the water,
there won't be as many
bacteria present to
decompose it and thus the
BOD will tend to be lower
and the DO level will tend
to be higher.
Diunduh dari: http://www.polyseed.com/misc/BODforwebsite.pdf …
KEBUTUHAN OKSIGEN BIOKIMIA
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
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Dead organic matter, which produces BOD
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Added to stream and river from natural sources, agricultural runoff and urban sewage
US EPA defines the threshold for water pollution alert as
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Dissolved oxygen content of less than 5 mg/l of water
Biochemical oxygen demand represents the amount of oxygen consumed by
bacteria and other microorganisms while they decompose organic matter
under aerobic conditions at a specified temperature.
Biochemical oxygen demand curves: (A) typical carbonaceous-demand curve
showing the oxidation of organic matter, and (B) typical carbonaceous- plus
nitrogeneous-demand curve showing the oxidation of ammonia and nitrite.
(Modified from Sawyer and McCarty, 1978.)
Diunduh dari: http://water.usgs.gov/owq/FieldManual/Chapter7-Archive/chapter7.2/7.2.html …
BOD - AIR LIMBAH
Biological characteristics of the wastewater refer to the amount of readily biodegradable
organic matter contained in the wastewater. The organic matter is a concern, not because
it is toxic, but because naturally occurring microorganisms in the environment consume the
organic matter as a food source, consuming dissolved oxygen from the water as they grow.
When there is ample food available, the biomass grows at a high rate and consumes all
available oxygen from the water, killing all aquatic life that depends on the oxygen. It is
precisely this oxygen consumption process that is used to estimate the amount of available
organic matter in a wastewater via the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) test. BOD
concentration is used as a surrogate measurement of the biodegradable organic content of
wastewater.
Total BOD is composed of carbonaceous and nitrogenous BOD. Carbonaceous BOD (CBOD) results from aerobic microorganisms metabolizing organic matter and oxygen to
form CO2, new cells, and ammonia. Nitrogenous BOD (N-BOD) results from aerobic
microorganisms oxidizing ammonia to nitrate, forming new cells in the process. The
combined processes constitute the total biochemical oxygen demand resulting from
microorganisms consuming the organic matter and the dissolved oxygen contained in the
wastewater.
Diunduh dari: http://alextmessinger.info/Sem%202-3%20site/lectures/MCE_S2-3_W01-2.htm …
KEBUTUHAN OKSIGEN BIOKIMIA
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Mathematical modeling of the BOD process enables investigators to determine the
ultimate carbonaceous BOD based on the results of the five-day BOD results. The
carbonaceous BOD modeling equation is:
y = L0(1 - e -kt)
where: y = BOD at time, t; L0 = ultimate carbonaceous BOD; k = BOD rate
coefficient (varies from 0.23 to 0.70 day -1 at 20°C); t = time (days)
The rate coefficient, k, must be experimentally determined for a particular wastewater
(an average value for municipal wastewaters is 0.39 day-1). When k is known, the
equation can be used to determine the ultimate carbonaceous BOD and the BOD at any
time based on the standard five-day BOD test results.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Equations
BOD = biochemical oxygen demand; L = ultimate biological demand; k = deoxygenation rate
constant; t = time; D1 = initial diluted seeded wastewater dissolved oxygen; D2 = final diluted
seeded wastewater dissolved oxygen; B1 = initial diluted seed sample DO; B2 = final diluted seed
sample DO; f = seed volume ratio; P = wastewater decimal fraction
Diunduh dari: http://corneliusllw.blogspot.com/2009/02/biochemical-oxygen-demand-equations.html …
Diunduh dari: …
Waterborne Diseases
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Primary waterborne pollution problem
– Effects vary from an upset stomach to death
– In the early 1990s cholera caused widespread suffering and death in SA
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NA is not immune to outbreaks of waterborne disease.
Waterborne diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms that most
commonly are transmitted in contaminated fresh water. Infection commonly
results during bathing, washing, drinking, in the preparation of food, or the
consumption of food thus infected. Various forms of waterborne diarrheal disease
probably are the most prominent examples, and affect mainly children in
developing countries; according to the World Health Organization, such disease
account for an estimated 4.1% of the total DALY global burden of disease, and
cause about 1.8 million human deaths annually.
The World Health Organization estimates that 88% of that burden is attributable to
unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene.
The term "waterborne disease" is reserved largely for infections that
predominantly are transmitted through contact with or consumption of infected
water.
Trivially, many infections might be transmitted by microbes or parasites that
accidentally, possibly as a result of exceptional circumstances, had got into water,
but the fact that there might be an occasional freak infection need not mean that it
is useful to categorise the resulting disease as "waterborne". Nor is it common
practice to refer diseases such as malaria as "waterborne" just because mosquitoes
have aquatic phases in their life cycles, or because treating the water they inhabit
happens to be an effective strategy in control of the mosquitoes that are the
vectors.
(Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterborne_diseases
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterborne_diseases …
WATER RELATED DISEASES
1. WHO recognizes that access to adequate water supplies is a
fundamental human right.
2. Water Water-related diseases are a human tragedy , killing
millions of people each year (account for 80% of all deaths in
developing countries).
Water Water-related Diseases Can be Classified into :
•Water-borne diseases .
•Water-based diseases.
•Water-related vector diseases.
•Water-scarce ( also called water-washed ) diseases.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.hwe.org.ps/Projects/Training/Training%20Municipality/course1/material/Water%20Related%20Diseases%20%20Asia%20Issa.pdf …
Classification of Water related Diseases Water-
Causes of waterborne diseases
1. Lack of proper sanitation ( sewage treatment is inadequate . Instead ,
human wastes disposed in open canals) .
2. Using contaminated sewage for fertilizers.
3. Agricultural chemicals , pesticides ,and industrial wastes .
Prevention of waterborne diseases
1. Improving public sanitation.
2. Providing a clean water supply
Diunduh dari:
http://www.hwe.org.ps/Projects/Training/Training%20Municipality/course1/material/Water%20Related%20Diseases%20%20Asia%20Issa.pdf …
Bacteri Coli dari Tinja
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Difficult to monitor disease carrying organisms
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Instead we use fecal coliform bacteria as a standard measure and indicator of
disease
Indicates that fecal matter is present
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Normal constituent of human and animal intestines
US EPA places thresholds on levels
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200 cells/ 100 ml air untuk keperluan renang
Tidak mengandung bacteri, untuk air minum
A fecal coliform (sometimes faecal coliform) is a facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped,
gram-negative, non-sporulating bacterium.
Fecal coliforms are capable of growth in the presence of bile salts or similar surface
agents, are oxidase negative, and produce acid and gas from lactose within 48 hours at 44
± 0.5°C. (Doyle, M. P., and M. C. Erickson. 2006. "Closing the door on the fecal coliform
assay.“ Microbe 1:162-163. ).
Coliform bacteria include genera that originate in feces (e.g. Escherichia) as well as
genera not of fecal origin (e.g. Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter). The assay is
intended to be an indicator of fecal contamination; more specifically of E. coli which is an
indicator microorganism for other pathogens that may be present in feces. Presence of
fecal coliforms in water may not be directly harmful, and does not necessarily indicate the
presence of feces.
In general, increased levels of fecal coliforms provide a warning of failure in water
treatment, a break in the integrity of the distribution system, possible contamination with
pathogens. When levels are high there may be an elevated risk of waterborne
gastroenteritis. Tests for the bacteria are cheap, reliable and rapid (1-day incubation).
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal_coliform
Diunduh dari: …
FAECAL COLIFORMS
Faecal coliforms are a subset of the coliform group. Although faecal
coliforms are predominantly found in the intestinal tract of humans
and other warm-blooded animals, they constitute a mixed group of
organisms and some of the bacteria in this group can be derived from
other environmental sources. They may also multiply in water on
occasions to give a false impression of faecal contamination.
Source: http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/wqt111/unit-8-coliformhabitat.htm
Diunduh dari: http://www.mfe.govt.nz/issues/water/water-quality-faqs.html …
Bacteri Coli dari Tinja
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Escherichia coli (E. coli)
– Dapat menyebabkan sakit dan kematian manusia
– Memakan bahan pangan dan minuman yang terkontaminasi
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Adanya bacteri coliform tinja juga mengindikasikan adanya:
- Virus seperti hepatitis
Food-Borne Origins of Escherichia coli Causing Extraintestinal
Infections
Patricia M. Griffin, Section Editor
Amee R. Manges and James R. Johnson
Clin Infect Dis. (2012) doi: 10.1093/cid/cis502 First published online: May 21, 2012
Most human extraintestinal Escherichia coli infections, including those involving
antimicrobial resistant strains, are caused by the members of a limited number of
distinctive E. coli lineages, termed extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), that
have a special ability to cause disease at extraintestinal sites when they exit their usual
reservoir in the host's intestinal tract.
Multiple lines of evidence suggest that many of the ExPEC strains encountered in
humans with urinary tract infection, sepsis, and other extraintestinal infections,
especially the most extensively antimicrobial-resistant strains, may have a food animal
source, and may be transmitted to humans via the food supply.
This review summarizes the evidence that food-borne organisms are a significant cause
of extraintestinal E. coli infections in humans.
Diunduh dari: http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/06/07/cid.cis502.abstract …
Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli
James P. Nataro and James B. Kaper
Clin. Microbiol. Rev. January 1998 vol. 11 no. 1 142-201
Escherichia coli is the predominant nonpathogenic facultative flora of the
human intestine.
Some E. coli strains, however, have developed the ability to cause disease
of the gastrointestinal, urinary, or central nervous system in even the most
robust human hosts. Diarrheagenic strains of E. coli can be divided into at
least six different categories with corresponding distinct pathogenic
schemes.
Taken together, these organisms probably represent the most common cause
of pediatric diarrhea worldwide.
Several distinct clinical syndromes accompany infection with diarrheagenic
E. coli categories, including traveler’s diarrhea (enterotoxigenic E. coli),
hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (enterohemorrhagic E.
coli), persistent diarrhea (enteroaggregative E. coli), and watery diarrhea of
infants (enteropathogenic E. coli).
This review discusses the current level of understanding of the pathogenesis
of the diarrheagenic E. coli strains and describes how their pathogenic
schemes underlie the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approach, and
epidemiologic investigation of these important pathogens.
Diunduh dari: http://cmr.asm.org/content/11/1/142.abstract …
UNSUR HARA = Nutrients
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Two important nutrients that cause water pollution are phosphorous and
nitrogen
– Keduanya berasal dari sumber-sumber landuse
– Kandungan tertinggi ditemukan di lahan pertanian
The essential nutrients causing eutrophication are nitrogen in the
form of nitrate or ammonium and phosphorus in the form of
phosphate. In addition, inputs of bioavailable organic phosphorus
and nitrogen can cause eutrophication, as bacteria can mineralise
the organic phosphorus to phosphate and the organic nitrogen to
ammonium, which is further oxidised to nitrite and nitrate.
Marine waters receive dissolved and particulate nutrients and
organic matter from land via rivers and direct discharges, from the
atmosphere and from adjacent seas.
The most important sources are:
1. agriculture,
2. discharges from urban wastewater treatment plants, and
3. separate discharges from industries,
the first being the most important diffuse source.
Diunduh dari: http://www2.dmu.dk/1_Viden/2_Miljoe-tilstand/3_vand/4_eutrophication/causes.asp …
EUTROPHICATION
A major problem with the use of fertilisers occurs when they are washed off the land
by rainwater into rivers and lakes. The increase of nitrate or phosphate in the water
encourages the growth of algae. The algae form a bloom over the water surface. This
prevents sunlight reaching other water plants, which then die. Bacteria break down the
dead plants and as they respire these bacteria use up the oxygen in the water causing
most other living organisms to die.
Nitrates or phosphates from fertilisers can cause eutrophication in water
Diunduh dari:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/ocr_gateway/chemical_resources/fertilisers_cropsrev3.shtml …
EUTROPHICATION
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Proses yang mengakibatkan tubuh perairan mengandung unsur hara
sangat tinggi.
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Cause a large growth in aquatic plants and photosynthetic bacteria and algae.
The bacteria and algae then die
As they decompose BOD increases
Kandungan oksigen cukup rendah, sehingga ikan dan jasad lainnya dapat
mati.
Eutrophication refers to an excessive amount of nutrients in a body of water,
usually caused by runoff of nutrients (mainly phosphorous in freshwater and
nitrogen in saltwater) from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life,
leading to a decrease in oxygen supply, which causes the death of animals.
Diunduh dari: http://05lovesgeography.blogspot.com/2011/02/eutrophication.html…
EFEK-EFEK EUTROFIKASI
Tingginya kandungan unsur hara dalam perairan memacu pertumbuhan dan
perkembangan tumbuhan air dan dekomposisi biomasanya (terutama algae dan
plankton) dapat mengakibatkan:
o Penurunan kualitas air
o Kerusakan ekosistem alami
E.g. lack of oxygen for shellfish and marine life (causing a drop in their
population). This happens because of algal shading, which is an effect of
eutrophication that prevents marine plants from receiving enough sunlight
to photosynthesize. The amount of dissolved oxygen thus decreases and
many marine animals cannot survive (which is what is happening in the
Barnegat Bay Watershed in the USA and the Baltic sea)
o decrease in the recreational and aesthetic value of water bodies
o health problems when it occurs in drinking water reserves
o Degradasi terumbu karang:
1. coral reefs are important as they provide habitats for marine life (which
much of the ecosystem depends on) and protect the shore from erosion
by storm waves
2. however, they are the most nutrient-sensitive of all habitats, requiring
the lowest external inputs to trigger eutrophication
3. Hal ini dapat mengakibatkan kematian trumbu karang dan dengan
demikian membahayakan kehidupan karang laut
Diunduh dari: http://05lovesgeography.blogspot.com/2011/02/eutrophication.html…
…
SIKLUS NITROGEN DAN EUTROFIKASI
Many lakes around the world have been effected by discharges of nutrients directly
into them. In severe cases this can lead to the process of eutrophication. Inputs of
nutrients from sources such excessive over use chemical fertilizers on agricultural land
can lead to accelerated growth of algae creating massive blooms. Some of these
blooms can be are toxic. More algae mean more decomposition as the increased
numbers die off rapidly, this in turn uses up available oxygen within the water body
and a reduction of both diversity and numbers of organisms up the food chain. The
dense algal populations also reduce light penetration with other aquatic vegetation
unable to compete for limiting light levels.
A spiral of various positive
feedback loops can then be
forced into effect as increased
competition for light reduces
vegetation cover leading to less
nutrients being removed by
vegetation and so more
nutrients being available to
aglae.
Loss of plant vegetation
reduces cover for predatory
fish which suffer from lack of
oxygen in the water and so
their numbers fall.
Numbers of herbivorous fish
may at first increase but soon
reduce as vegetation
disappears. And so on the
spirals run.
Diunduh dari: http://sciencebitz.com/?page_id=597…
EUTROFIKASI
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Danau Oligotrofik = Oligotrophic lake
– Lake w/ relatively low concentration of chemical elements required by life
– Clear water
– Low abundance of life
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Danau Eutrofik = Eutrophic lake
– Lake w/ high concentration of chemical elements
– Often w/ mats of algae and murky water
– Kahidupan melimpah.
LAKE TROPHIC STATES
Scientists like to classify lakes and give names to the different lake types so they
can be easily referred to. Trophic states are based on lake fertility. The root
"trophy" means nutrients; therefore, lakes are classified based on the amount of
available nutrients (Phosphorus and Nitrogen) for organisms. More fertile lakes
have more nutrients and therefore more plants and algae. Most of the lakes in
Minnesota were formed as the glaciers receded, carving out basins in the
landscape. In these newly formed lakes, the edges and bottom are exposed rock,
which doesn't erode very quickly, meaning there are not many nutrients
available. As a lake ages, sediment from the watershed is washed in, filling in
the bottom of the lake. This sediment is rich in nutrients, and therefore also
increases the fertility of the lake.
Diunduh dari: http://www.rmbel.info/reports/Static/trophicstates.aspx …
DANAU OLIGO-TROFIK
. OLIGOTROPHIC
"Oligo" means very little; therefore, oligotrophic means very little nutrients
(Phosphorus and Nitrogen). Oligotrophic lakes are usually found in northern
Minnesota and have deep clear water, rocky and sandy bottoms, and very little algae.
The fish found in oligotrophic lakes like cold, high oxygenated water, examples
include lake trout and whitefish (more information on fish).
. . In oligotrophic lakes, oxygen is
found at high levels throughout the water
column. Cold water can hold more
dissolved oxygen than warm water, and
the deep region of oligotrophic lakes
stays very cold. In addition, low algal
concentration allows deeper light
penetration and less decomposition.
When algae, zooplankton and fish die,
they sink to the bottom and are
decomposed by microbes and
invertebrates. This decomposition
process uses up oxygen. Since
oligotrophic lakes are less fertile and
have less algae and other organisms,
there is less decomposition and the
oxygen doesn't get used up.
Diunduh dari: http://www.rmbel.info/reports/Static/trophicstates.aspx…
DANAU MESO-ROFIK
. MESOTROPHIC
"Meso" means middle or mid; therefore, mesotrophic means a medium amount of
nutrients (Phosphorus and Nitrogen). Mesotrophic lakes are usually found in central
Minnesota and have clear water with some algal blooms in late summer.
Mesotrophic lakes are great fishing lakes and are home to many sport fish such as
walleye, perch, smallmouth bass, muskellunge and northern pike (more information on
fish).
.
. Mesotrophic lakes behave differently than
oligotrophic lakes in that they stratify, meaning
they separate into layers in the summer (more
on lake stratification). The top layer of water
becomes warm from the sun and contains algae.
Since the by-product of photosynthesis is
oxygen, oxygen concentration remains high at
the surface of the lake. The bottom layer
remains cooler and can become anoxic in midsummer.
This change occurs because as all the algae and
other organisms die and are decomposed at the
bottom of the lake, oxygen gets used up. Since
this bottom layer of water does not mix with the
top layer of water in the summer, oxygen cannot
be replenished.
The implications of anoxia are that no fish or
other organisms can live where there is no
oxygen; therefore, in late summer, fish move
shallower where there is still oxygen available.
Diunduh dari: http://www.rmbel.info/reports/Static/trophicstates.aspx …
DANAU EUTROFIK
EUTROPHIC
"Eu" means true; therefore, eutrophic literally means true nutrients or truly nutrient
rich (Phosphorus and Nitrogen). Eutrophic lakes are found in southern Minnesota
where the soils are more fertile and where there is a lot of farmland. Eutrophic lakes
are shallow and have murky water and mucky, soft bottoms. They also have a lot of
plants and algae (more information on eutrophication).
In less eutrophic lakes, common fish include largemouth bass, northern pike, perch and
panfish. As a lake becomes increasingly eutrophic, sport fish dwindle and carp abound
(more information on fish).
.
Eutrophic lakes are very fertile from all the
nutrients carried into the lake from the
surrounding landscape.
These nutrients (Phosphorus and Nitrogen)
support high densities of algae, fish and
other aquatic organisms. Since eutrophic
lakes have so much biomass, there is a lot
of decomposition occurring at the bottom.
This decomposition uses up oxygen,
causing the bottom of the lake to become
anoxic in the summer. In very shallow
lakes, the whole lake can become anoxic,
causing a fish kill. Fish, invertebrates and
other organisms need oxygen to survive.
Diunduh dari: http://www.rmbel.info/reports/Static/trophicstates.aspx …
Eutrophication
•
•
Cultural eutrophication
– Human processes that add nutrients to water
Solution fairly straightforward
– Ensuring that high concentrations do not enter water
– Accomplished by
• use of phosphate-free detergents
• controlling nitrogen runoff
• disposing or reusing treated wastewater
• advanced water treatment methods
Eutrophication is best defined as the excessive addition of inorganic nutrients, organic matter,
and silt to lakes that causes a corresponding increase in biological productivity. High
concentrations of nutrients alone do not make a lake eutrophic—there must be a biological
response as well. Nutrient concentrations, however, may be used as indicators for the potential
of eutrophication. For example, phosphorus concentrations exceeding 30 micrograms per liter
are sufficient to cause excessive algal growth in some lakes, and therefore eutrophication.
Diunduh dari: http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Hy-La/Lake-Management-Issues.html …
PROSES DEGRADASI EKOSISTEM SUNGAI
Diunduh dari: …
PENCEMARAN MINYAK = Oil
•
•
Oil discharged into surface water has caused major pollution
problems.
Large spills make headlines but normal shipping activities probably
release more oil over a period of years than is released by a single
spill.
OIL SPILL
An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment,
especially marine areas, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution. The term is
usually applied to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or coastal
waters, but spills may also occur on land. Oil spills may be due to releases of crude oil
from tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs and wells, as well as spills of refined
petroleum products (such as gasoline, diesel) and their by-products, heavier fuels used
by large ships such as bunker fuel, or the spill of any oily refuse or waste oil. Another
significant route by which oil enters the marine environment is through natural oil
seeps. (http://seeps.geol.ucsb.edu/)
Oil spills can be controlled by chemical dispersion, combustion, mechanical
containment, and/or adsorption. Spills may take weeks, months or even years to clean
up ("Hindsight and Foresight, 20 Years After the Exxon Valdez Spill". NOAA.)
Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficult and depends upon many factors,
including the type of oil spilled, the temperature of the water (affecting evaporation
and biodegradation), and the types of shorelines and beaches involved. (Lingering
Lessons of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill)
Methods for cleaning up include: (Oil spill cleanup technology. Patents and patent
applications).
Bioremediation: use of microorganisms or biological agents to break down or remove
oil.
Bioremediation Accelerator: Oleophilic, hydrophobic chemical, containing no bacteria,
which chemically and physically bonds to both soluble and insoluble hydrocarbons.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill …
PENCEMARAN MINYAK
Oil pollution
1. Oceans are polluted by oil on a daily basis from oil spills, routine shipping, runoffs and dumping.
2. Oil spills make up about 12% of the oil that enters the ocean. The rest come from
shipping travel, drains and dumping.
3. An oil spill from a tanker is a severe problem because there is such a huge quantity
of oil being spilt into one place.
4. Oil spills cause a very localised problem but can be catastrophic to local marine
wildlife such as fish, birds and sea otters.
5. Oil cannot dissolve in water and forms a thick sludge in the water. This suffocates
fish, gets caught in the feathers of marine birds stopping them from flying
and blocks light from photosynthetic aquatic plants.
Diunduh dari: http://www.Water-pollution.Org.Uk/oilpollution.Html
Processes influencing weathering of oil in the sea.
Diunduh dari: http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/oceanography-book/oilspills.htm …
Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in seawater at low temperatures
(0–5 C) and bacterial communities associated with degradation
Odd G. Brakstad and Kristin Bonaunet
Biodegradation (2006) 17: 71–82
In this study biodegradation of hydrocarbons in thin oil films was investigated in seawater at
low temperatures, 0 and 5 C. Heterotrophic (HM) or oil-degrading (ODM) microorganisms
enriched at the two temperatures showed 16S rRNA sequence similarities to several bacteria
of Arctic or Antarctic origin.
Biodegradation experiments were conducted with a crude mineral oil immobilized as thin
films on hydrophobic Fluortex adsorbents in nutrient-enriched or sterile seawater. Chemical
and respirometric analysis of hydrocarbon depletion showed that naphthalene and other
small aromatic hydrocarbons (HCs) were primarily biodegraded after dissolution to the water
phase, while biodegradation of larger polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and C10–C36 nalkanes, including n-hexadecane, was associated primarily with the oil films. Biodegradation
of PAH and n-alkanes was significant at both 0 and 5 C, but was decreased for several
compounds at the lower temperature. n-Hexadecane biodegradation at the two temperatures
was comparable at the end of the experiments, but was delayed at 0 C.
Investigations of bacterial communities in seawater and on adsorbents by PCR amplification
of 16S rRNA gene fragments and DGGE analysis indicated that predominant bacteria in the
seawater gradually adhered to the oil-coated adsorbents during biodegradation at both
temperatures. Sequence analysis of most DGGE bands aligned to members of the phyla
Proteobacteria (Gammaproteobacteria) or Bacteroidetes.
Most sequences from experiments at 0 C revealed affiliations to members of Arctic or
Antarctic consortia, while no such homology was detected for sequences from degradation
experiment run at 5 C. In conclusion, marine microbial communities from cold seawater have
potentials for oil film HC degradation at temperatures £5 C, and psychrotrophic or
psychrophilic bacteria may play an important role during oil HC biodegradation in seawater
close to freezing point.
Diunduh dari: http://www.environmentalexpert.com/Files/0/articles/9443/BiodegradationofPetroleum.pdf …
Mineralization of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and n-hexadecane from oil-coated Fluortex
adsorbents seawater during biodegradation experiment at 0 and 5 C. Error bars represent standard
deviations of results with triplicate samples.
Diunduh dari: …
PENCEMARAN MINYAK
•
Avoiding spills and clean up methods include
–
–
–
–
–
Double hulled ships
Pump the oil out of the tanker as soon as it occurs
Collection of oil at sea
Cleaning birds and mammals
Spreading absorbent material on beaches
Utilizing Porous Materials for Oil Spill Cleanup
Jenny Cai, Yegor Chekmarev, Jessica Luo, Chanelle Sears.
July 22, 2010
The damage to the environment caused by an oil spill of any size demands immediate
cleanup.
This project studied the ability of dierent porous materials to absorb oil, particularly solgels, polypropylene, and cotton. Each material was placed in tap water, mineral or paran oil,
and a water-oil mixture. After soaking for one day, the material's uptake of liquid was
calculated.
The reusability of the materials was also tested. Cotton and polypropylene bers proved to be
the most absorbent, with cotton absorbing fteen to twenty times its own weight and
polypropylene bers absorbing about three to ve times its own weight in oil and mixtures of
oil and water.
These materials also had the added benets of being inexpensive and reusable.
Thus, using a combination of polypropylene bers and cotton in addition to current oil spill
cleanup methods could greatly accelerate the cleanup initiative.
Diunduh dari: http://soe.rutgers.edu/files/oil.pdf …
PENCEMARAN MINYAK
While the specifics of the cleaning process vary according to the type and location of the spill,
groups such as the Office of Response and Restoration (part of the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration) and the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation
Ltd. share the same general plans of attack.
1.
2.
3.
4.
The key methods for cleaning up oil spills are:
Booms-- Floating barriers placed around the oil or around whatever is leaking the oil.
Booms contain the oil so skimmers can collect it.
Skimmers -- Boats, vacuum machines, and oil-absorbent plastic ropes that skim spilled oil
from the water's surface after booms have corralled it. The skimmer collects oil into a
container so it can be removed.
Chemical dispersants -- Materials that break down the oil into its chemical constituents.
This helps disperse the oil and make it less harmful to wildlife and shorelines.
In-situ burning -- Igniting freshly spilled oil while it's still floating on the water.
Booms, skimmers, and chemical dispersants are perhaps the most frequently
used methods to clean up ocean oil spills. Every method has its advantages
and disadvantages, and the effectiveness of any cleaning method depends on
ocean currents and tides, as well as the weather. Some methods can be as
harmful to the environment as the oil spill itself. National governments also
regulate what chemicals can be used in the ocean.
Oil spills in rivers pose slightly different problems, but similar
methods are used as to clean them up. In rivers, there are often
plants much closer to the water, and it's very difficult to remove
oil from plants. Oiled vegetation can be flushed with water to
remove the oil, but severely damaged plants will need to be
destroyed and removed entirely.
Diunduh dari: http://ask.yahoo.com/20021218.html …
SEDIMEN & PENCEMARAN PERAIRAN
•
Sediment consisting of rock and mineral fragments
–
–
–
Ranging in size from gravel (>2mm) to finer sand, silt and clay to even finer particles
Cause sediment pollution
By volume and mass, greatest water pollutant
CHIBA, WAC. et al.
Seasonal study of contamination by metal in water and sediment in a sub-basin in the
southeast of Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. [online]. 2011, vol.71, n.4, pp. 833-843. ISSN 15196984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842011000500004.
The spatial and temporal occurrence of heavy metals (Al, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn and
Ni) in water and sediment samples was investigated in a sub-basin in the southeast of Brazil
(São Carlos, SP). All samples were analysed using the USEPA adapted metal method and
processed in an atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
The discriminant analysis demonstrated that there are significant seasonal differences of metal
distribution in the water data, but there are no differences to sediment. The basin studied has
high levels of contamination by toxic metals in superficial water and sediment. The superficial
water, in the rainy season, presented high levels of Cr, Ni, Pb and Cd, while in the dry season it
presented high levels of Zn and Ni. The Principal Component Analysis demonstrated that the
season has a huge influence on the levels, types and distribution of metals found in water.
The source of contamination was probably diffuse, due to products such as batteries and
fluorescent lamps, whose dump discharge can contaminate the bodies of water in the region in
the rainy season. Due to fires from the harvest of sugar cane, high levels of Zn were found into
the environment, in the dry season.
Diunduh dari: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1519-
Journal of Chemical Ecology . Volume 36, Number 1 (2010), 46-58, DOI: 10.1007/s10886-0099730-5
Heavy Metal Pollutants and Chemical Ecology: Exploring New Frontiers
Robert S. Boyd
Heavy metals are an important class of pollutants with both lethal and sublethal effects on
organisms. The latter are receiving increased attention, as these may have harmful ecological
outcomes. For example, recent explorations of heavy metals in freshwater habitats reveal that they
can modify chemical communication between individuals, resulting in “info-disruption” that can
impact ecological relationships within and between species.
Info-disruption can affect animal behavior and social structure, which in turn can modify both
intraspecies and interspecies interactions. In terrestrial habitats, info-disruption by metals is not
well studied, but recent demonstrations of chemical signaling between plants via both roots and
volatile organic molecules provide potential opportunities for info-disruption. Metals in terrestrial
habitats also can form elemental plant defenses, in which they can defend a plant against natural
enemies.
For example, hyperaccumulation of metals by terrestrial plants has been shown to provide
defensive benefits, although in almost all known cases the metals are not anthropogenic pollutants
but are naturally present in soils inhabited by these plants. Info-disruption among microbes is
another arena in which metal pollutants may have ecological effects, as recent discoveries regarding
quorum sensing in bacteria provide an avenue for metals to affect interactions among bacteria or
between bacteria and other organisms.
Metal pollutants also may influence immune responses of organisms, and thus affect pathogen/host
relationships. Immunomodulation (modification of immune system function) has been tied to some
metal pollutants, although specific metals may boost or reduce immune system function depending
on dose. Finally, the study of metal pollutants is complicated by their frequent occurrence as
mixtures, either with other metals or with organic pollutants.
Most studies of metal pollutants focus on single metals and therefore oversimplify complex field
conditions. Study of pollutant impacts on chemical ecology also are difficult due to the necessity of
studying effects at varying ecological scales: “dynamic scaling” of chemical ecology studies is
rarely done completely.
It is clear that much remains to be learned about how heavy metal pollution impacts organisms, and
that exciting new research frontiers are available for experimental exploration.
Diunduh dari: http://www.springerlink.com/content/p754n6568840hj87/…
SEDIMEN & PENCEMARAN PERAIRAN
•
Two fold problem
–
–
•
Results from erosion, which depletes a land resource (soil) at its site of origin
Reduces the quality of water resource it enters
Land use changes result in erosion and sedimentation
–
–
–
Forested areas more stable
Agricultural practices can lead to large soil loss
Large quantities of sedimentation during construction phase of urbanization
ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF SEDIMENT POLLUTION BASED
ON TRIANGULAR FUZZY NUMBER
Zhou X.W., Wang L.P, Zheng B.H.
Research Institute of Water Resources and Hydro-Electric Engineering, School of Renewable
Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China. zxw@ncepu.edu.cn
Based on the characteristics of random and fuzziness, and the shortage and imprecision of
datum information of water environmental system, environment background value of sediments
and concentration of pollution is calculated by means of triangle fuzzy number and fuzzy risk
assessment model of the potential ecological risk index is established. Using this method heavy
metal pollution and ecological risk in the Yangtze Estuary and its adjacent waters were
analyzed.
The result shows that the environment of the foundation of the study area is subject to varying
degrees of pollution. The pollution extents are correspondingly Cu, Hg, Zn, Pb, As, Cd. RI by
that method and the Hakanson ecological risk method is in similar trend. RI of the estuary,
turbidity maximum zone and Hangzhou bay is greater than that at outside of the estuary and sea
area nearby Zhousan, and the potential ecological risk rate increases one.
The assessment result is good in the validation based on the corresponding period macrobenthic
community parameters.
Diunduh dari: http://ukpmc.ac.uk/abstract/MED/19186829…
Sediment pollution at the north end of Lake Tanganyika.
Vandelannoote, Alain. 2002.
Bulletin des séances,Volume:48 Issue:4 page:515 – 527.
Sediment pollution from accelerated erosion linked to basin deforestation is considered
the most serious immediate environmental threat to Lake Tanganyika. Twenty-two
rivers from the north-end of the lake (Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo) were
studied by the Regional Research Centre for Applied Hydrobiology (CRRHA) (19921996). Only four of them had an average concentration of suspended solids lower than
the European directive for fish waters. Concentrations were especially high in rivers
close to Bujumbura.
The annual sediment input of the Ruziziz to the lake was massive, but probably affects
the lake's ecology less than inputs from smaller affluents.
Sediment pollution is generally assumed to be the consequence of erosion due to
deforestation and bad agricultural practices, but other origins such as municipal and
industrial discharges, outlets of hydroelectric power stations and anarchistic gravel and
sand exploitations in river beds, can be as pernicious as erosion.
Diunduh dari: http://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=260311820&DB=p…
DRAINASI ASAM TAMBANG
•
Refers to water w/ a high concentration of sulfuric acid that drains from mines.
–
–
–
–
Coal mines often associated w/ pyrite (iron sulfide)
When it come into contact w/ oxygen and water it weathers
A product of weathering is sulfuric acid
Water runs through the mine tailings
Acid mine drainage remediation options: a review
D. Barrie Johnson, Kevin B. Hallberg
Science of the Total Environment 338 (2005) 3– 14
Acid mine drainage (AMD) causes environmental pollution that affects many
countries having historic or current mining industries. Preventing the formation
or the migration of AMD from its source is generally considered to be the
preferable option, although this is not feasible in many locations, and in such
cases, it is necessary to collect, treat, and discharge mine water.
There are various options available for remediating AMD, which may be divided
into those that use either chemical or biological mechanisms to neutralise AMD
and remove metals from solution. Both abiotic and biological systems include
those that are classed as bactiveQ (i.e., require continuous inputs of resources to
sustain the process) or bpassiveQ (i.e., require relatively little resource input once
in operation).
This review describes the current abiotic and bioremediative strategies that are
currently used to mitigate AMD and compares the strengths and weaknesses of
each. New and emerging technologies are also described. In addition, the factors
that currently influence the selection of a remediation system, and how these
criteria may change in the future, are discussed.
Diunduh dari:
MINING AND WATER POLLUTION
Water is essential to life on our planet. A prerequisite of sustainable development must be to ensure
uncontaminated streams, rivers, lakes and oceans. There is growing public concern about the
condition of fresh water in Canada. Mining affects fresh water through heavy use of water in
processing ore, and through water pollution from discharged mine effluent and seepage from
tailings and waste rock impoundments. Increasingly, human activities such as mining threaten the
water sources on which we all depend. Water has been called “mining’s most common casualty”
(James Lyon, interview, Mineral Policy Center, Washington DC).
There is growing awareness of the environmental legacy of mining activities that have been
undertaken with little concern for the environment. The price we have paid for our everyday
use of minerals has sometimes been very high. Mining by its nature consumes, diverts and can
seriously pollute water resources.
Waste from the Mining Process Ore is mineralized rock containing a
valued metal such as gold or copper, or other mineral substance such as
coal. Open-pit mining involves the excavation of large quantities of
waste rock (material not containing the target mineral) in order to
extract the desired mineral ore. \
The ore is then crushed into finely ground tailings for processing with
various chemicals and separating processes to extract the final product.
In Canada on average for every tonne of copper extracted 99 tonnes of
waste material (made up of soil, waste rock and the finely ground
“tailings”) must also be removed.
Diunduh dari:
DRAINASE ASAM TAMBANG
•
If the acid-rich water runs into natural water source significant pollution and environmental
damage may result.
–
–
–
–
Acidic water toxic to plants and animals of aquatic ecosystems
Can also seep in to pollute groundwater
Thousands of km of streams damaged
Abandoned mines also a continuing problem
A HYDROLOGICAL APPROACH TO CONTROL ACID MINE
POLLUTION FOR LAKE HOPE
Moid Uddin Ahmad
Ground Water. Volume 8, Issue 6, pages 19–24, November 1970
Acid mine drainage is a serious problem in the Appalachian region. Coal mining has
disturbed the natural ground flow system. The mines are continuously being flushed by this
disturbed flow system and producing enormous quantity of sulphuric acid. A study of
McDaniel Mine has revealed that the flow is lateral and clay layers under the coal do not
allow it to leak into the underlying aquifer.
A study of water well logs within 10 miles of Todd Mine revealed the existence of three
separate aquifers. A pilot plan for Todd Mine is proposed to discharge the uncontaminated
water from the upper aquifer to the lower aquifer under the concept of “weeping wells.” The
acid discharge from the mine may be stopped. The extension of this scheme may solve the
serious problem of pollution of Lake Hope. The concept may further be extended to other
areas of the Appalachian region to control acid mine pollution.
Diunduh dari: …
ABATEMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION TO UPPER THREE
RUNS BY CAPPING AN ACID PRODUCING RECLAIMED SURFACE MINE
WITH FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION FLY ASH.
William W. Hellier
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection
Paper presented at the West Virginia Surface Mine Drainage task Force Symposium, sponsored by
the West Virginia Surface Mine Drainage Task Force and West Virginia Mining and Reclamation
Association, Morgantown WV, April 7-8, 1998.
A watershed in north central Pennsylvania was being polluted by an acidic mine drainage discharge
from a surface coal mining operation. To abate the pollution, application of a 0.91 in thick concrete
mix based on fluidized bed combustion fly (FBC) ash was made to the reclaimed surface previous
to spreading the topsoil and revegetating the mined area. The FBC ash concrete layer serves as an
aquitard which prevents the vertical contribution of groundwater flow due to rainfall from reaching
acid forming units in the backfilled mine. The horizontal components of groundwater flow to the
site are negligible. Consequently, the formation of acid from the oxidation of pyrite, FeS 2, is
inhibited, and the concentrations in the groundwater and the in the surface discharges of Fe, Mn,
and Al, metals commonly associated with mine drainage are diminished substantially bellow levels
present before the application of the fly ash layer. EPA priority pollutants Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn are
not present at detection limits in the receiving stream, while only a trace of Se is present. Benthic
macroinvertebrate populations have improved substantially since the fly ash application. This
reclamation effort offers the promise of abating pollution in numerous surface mine discharges
whose primary hydraulic contributor is vertical flow from. rainfall. It is expected that such
discharges can be ameliorated to approach discharge limitations, or that their flow rate can be
diminished sufficiently to facilitate abatement of pollution in the final discharges with passive
treatment.
Conclusions
The fly ash cap at the McCloskey site has enhanced reclamation, abated water pollution,
and allowed the population by fish of a stream which otherwise would support no fish.
The fly ash cap at the McCloskey site has diverted the vertical contribution from rainfall
out of the groundwater flow regime.
The horizontal contribution to groundwater flow within the reclaimed spoils being
negligible, the fly ash cap has substantially abated the formerly polluted post-mining
discharge.
The fly ash cap at the McCloskey site has not generated secondary problems in the form
of EPA priority pollutants in the receiving stream.
Diunduh dari: http://wvmdtaskforce.com/proceedings/98/98HEL/98HEL.HTM …
EFFECTS OF ACID MINE WASTES ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS*
JOHN DAVID PARSONS
Department of Botany, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale,
Carbondale, Ill. 62901, U.S.A.
The Cedar Creek Basin (39th N parallel 92nd W meridian) was studied for the period June 1952
through August 1954 to observe the effects of both continuous and periodic acid effluent flows
on aquatic communities. The acid strip-mine effluent contained ferric and ferrous Fe, Cu, Pb,
Zn, AI, Mg, titratable acid, and elevated H ion concentration, and was toxic to many of the
aquatic organisms. In the areas of Cedar Creek, subjected to continuous acid flow, planktonic
and benthic species had become adapted to the severe conditions and varied in abundance and
diversity. No fishes were observed in the continuous acid effluents area. Downstream, where
periodic mineral acid conditions changed drastically during an excessive effluent flow,
planktonic and benthic communities had high diversity but low density. The populations of
fishes were variable in this stream reach.
The chemical basis of water quality variability was shown to be time-related, and statistically
related to the aquatic communities.
Physical, chemical and biological conditions of acid lakes formed by surface mining were
reviewed. In addition to apparent physical and chemical differences in lakes, due in part to
variable solar absorbance due to suspended oxides of Fe, chemical variability related to organic
composition was reviewed. It is quite probable that degradation of such lakes can be reversed.
The mechanism in the streams would be similar to that in lakes in
that the successful colonization of bottom habitat does not
necessarily mean the re-establishment of the original species in
complete life cycle (Harp and Campbell, 1967).
Now three major parameters may be useful in establishing the
influence of acid water, regardless of its origin, on aquatic
ecosystems: (1) quantitative analysis of populations, (2)
community structure, and (3) the establishment of a complete life
cycle .
Diunduh dari: ftp://142.103.43.3/m.bailey/Papers/effects%20of%20acid%20mine%20wastes.pdf …
Appl Microbiol. 1969 February; 17(2): 297–302.
MICROBIAL SULFATE REDUCTION AND ITS POTENTIAL UTILITY AS AN
ACID MINE WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROCEDURE
Jon H. Tuttle, Patrick R. Dugan, and Chester I. Randles
The presence of high concentrations of sulfate, iron, and hydrogen (acid) ions in
drainage from coal mines and other areas containing waste pyritic materials is a serious
water pollution problem. Sulfate can be removed from solution by microbial reduction
to sulfide and subsequent precipitation as FeS.
A mixed culture of microorganisms degraded wood dust cellulose, and the degradation
products served as carbon and energy sources for sulfate-reducing bacteria. Metabolism
of carbon compounds resulted in a net pH increase in the system.
Oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) and temperature and carbon supplements were
studied in an effort to accelerate the sulfate reduction process, with the ultimate
objective of utilizing the process as a pollution abatement procedure.
Diunduh dari: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC377669/ …
J. Bacteriol. 1969 February; 97(2): 594–602.
Microbial Dissimilatory Sulfur Cycle in Acid Mine Water
Jon H. Tuttle, Patrick R. Dugan, Carol B. Macmillan, and Chester I. Randles
Ferric, sulfate, and hydrogen ions are produced from pyritic minerals associated with coal as a
result of autotrophic bacterial metabolism. Water carrying these ions accumulated behind a porous
dam composed of wood dust originating at a log-cutting mill. As water seeped through the porous
dam, it was enriched in organic nutrients which then supported growth and metabolism of
heterotrophic bacteria in the water downstream from the dam. The heterotrophic microflora within
and below the sawdust dam included dissimilatory sulfate-reducing anaerobic bacteria which
reduce sulfate to sulfide. The sulfide produced caused the chemical reduction of ferric to ferrous
ion, and black FeS precipitate was deposited on the pond bottom. A net increase in the pH of the
lower pond water was observed when compared to the upper pond water. Microbial activity in the
wood dust was demonstrated, and a sequence of cellulose degradation processes was inferred on the
basis of sugar accumulation in mixed cultures in the laboratory, ultimately yielding fermentation
products which serve as nutrients for sulfate-reducing bacteria. Some of the microorganisms were
isolated and characterized. The biochemical and growth characteristics of pure culture isolates were
generally consistent with observed reactions in the acidic environment, with the exception of
sulfate-reducing bacteria. Mixed cultures which contained sulfate-reducing bacteria reduced sulfate
at pH 3.0 in the laboratory with sawdust as the only nutrient. Pure cultures of sulfate-reducing
bacteria isolated from the mixed cultures did not reduce sulfate below pH 5.5.
Diunduh dari: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC249733/ …
Characteristics of Acid Mine Drainage and Its Pollution Control
Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE), 2010 4th International
Conference on 18-20 June 2010
Haixia Wang
Sch. of Resource & Environ., Univ. of Jinan, Jinan, China . Page(s): 1 - 3
Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a serious pollution problem, which is
considered as one of the worst environmental problem of mining
activities owing to low pH and high concentrations of heavy metals
and other toxic elements. So it is crucial to control and prevent
AMD production.
In this study, coal mine waste with artificial irrigation leached acid
drainages containing high concentrations of SO42-, Fe and Cr,Pb et
al., so it is typical AMD. However, the column filled with coal
waste and red mud leached the drainage with neutral pH value, and
the concentration of Fe, SO42-, and heavy metals are significantly
reduced compared with control samples.
The conclusion showed that red mud could have potentials to
control AMD pollution and resulted in a great improvement in the
quality of the leachates.
Diunduh dari: …
PENCEMARAN AIR PERMUKAAN
Pollution of surface waters occurs when
– Too much of an undesirable or harmful substance flows into a body of water
– Exceeding the natural ability of that water body to
• remove the undesirable material
• dilute it to a harmless concentration
• or convert it to a harmless form
Surface Water Contamination
What kind of contamination is it?
Surface water is usually rain water that collects in surface water
bodies, like oceans, lakes, or streams. Another source of surface
water is groundwater that discharges to the surface from springs.
Surface water pollution occurs when hazardous substances come into
contact and either dissolve or physically mix with the water. Because
of the close relationship between sediments and surface water,
contaminated sediments are often considered part of surface water
contamination.
Sediments include the sand and soils on the bottom of an ocean, lake,
or stream.
Diunduh dari: http://www.epa.gov/superfund/students/wastsite/srfcspil.htm…
PENCEMARAN AIR PERMUKAAN
•
•
Emitted from point or nonpoint source
Point source are distinct and confined
–
•
Pipes from municipal or industrial sites that empty into a stream or river
Nonpoint source are diffused and intermittent
–
–
–
Such as runoff.
Influenced by land use, climate, hydrology, topography, native vegetation, and geology.
Difficult to monitor and control
How did pollutant get the surface water?
Surface water can become contaminated in many ways. Surface water can
be contaminated when hazardous substances are discharged directly from
an outfall pipe or channel or when they receive contaminated storm water
runoff. Direct discharges can come from industrial sources or from certain
older sewer systems that overflow during wet weather.
Storm water runoff becomes contaminated when rain water comes into
contact with contaminated soil and either dissolves the contamination or
carries contaminated soil particles.
Surface water can also be contaminated when contaminated groundwater
reaches the surface through a spring, or when contaminants in the air are
deposited on the surface water.
Contaminated soil particles carried by storm water runoff or contaminants
from the air can sink to the bottom of a surface water body, mix with the
sediment, and remain.
Diunduh dari: http://www.epa.gov/superfund/students/wastsite/srfcspil.htm…
PENCEMARAN AIR PERMUKAAN
•
Two approaches to dealing with surface water pollution are
– 1. To reduce the sources
– 2. To treat the water to remove pollutants or convert them to forms that can be
disposed of safely.
How can we clean it up?
The most effective approach for cleaning up contaminated surface
water is to prevent further discharges from contaminated sources
and enable natural biological, chemical, and physical processes to
break down the existing contamination. In some surface water
bodies where natural processes are not enough to break down the
contaminants, other cleanup approaches such as mixing and
aeration may be required to further promote natural cleanup. A
significant source of surface water contamination may be
contaminated sediments. Contaminated sediments generally contain
persistent contaminants and are difficult to clean up.
Three main approaches to cleaning up contaminated sediments are:
1) remove them by dredging; 2) place a cover over them to prevent
contact with the surface water; or 3) allow natural processes to
cover them or break them down over time.
For contamination that does not mix with surface water and floats
on the surface, such as that encountered during an oil spill,
contamination can be removed by skimming it from the surface
using a "boom."
Diunduh dari: http://www.epa.gov/superfund/students/wastsite/srfcspil.htm…
PENCEMARAN AIR PERMUKAAN
•
Many large cities in the world not river that were almost destroyed by
pollution.
– Today there is a movement to restore urban rivers and adjacent lands to
greenbelts, park, and environmentally sensitive developments.
– Other approaches include nanotechnology and close loop local landscapes.
How to Reduce Water Pollution
Conservation and Recycling
1.
Conserve water. Turn off the tap when water isn't necessary and try to take shorter
showers if possible. This not only helps prevent water shortages, but reduces the
amount of contaminated water that needs treatment.
Don't throw litter into sinks and toilets. Paints, oils and other similar items should
be disposed of in the trash.
Help clean up litter in water-filled areas. This includes beaches, lakes, oceans.
Make sure it is safe to collect the litter and put it in a nearby dustbin.
Contain and compost yard waste. Yard waste that sits around can easily wash into
storm drains when it rains. Even if the waste doesn't contain chemicals such as
herbicides and pesticides, the introduction of large quantities of sticks, leaves, and
grass clippings can overwhelm waterways with unhealthy quantities of nutrients.
2.
3.
4.
•
•
•
Compost yard wastes. Your compost should be contained in a bin or barrel to
prevent the materials from being washed away. Some municipalities provide these
for free or at low cost.
Use a mulching mower instead of bagging grass clippings. Mulching mowers add
a natural layer of compost to your lawn and you don't have to deal with disposal of
grass clippings.
Dispose of yard and grass clippings properly. If you don't compost or have yard
wastes that you can't compost, contact your local waste management or
environmental protection agency to determine how to dispose them.
Diunduh dari: http://www.wikihow.com/Reduce-Water-Pollution…
How to Reduce Stormwater Runoff at Your Home
Storm water runoff is precipitation that does not soak into the ground
where it falls. This is one of the greatest threats to water quality in much
of the industrialized world. When water runs off yards, streets, and
parking lots into storm sewers or directly into waterways, it carries with it
sediments that clog streams and reduce oxygen in the water, as well as
chemicals that poison aquatic ecosystems and can render water supplies
undrinkable. Runoff also contributes to flooding, and because it doesn't
recharge groundwater supplies, it exacerbates water shortages in many
areas.
Minimize impervious surfaces on your property.
In nature, most precipitation soaks into the ground where it falls. Plants absorb much of this
through their roots, and some makes its way down to the water table, being purified as it
gradually percolates through the soil. The "built environment," however, is characterized by
impervious surfaces (surfaces that don't absorb water), so that a large portion of rainfall or
snow melt becomes storm water runoff. Reducing the amount of impervious surface on your
property therefore reduces the amount of runoff.
Replace concrete or asphalt slabs
with pavers.
We can use paving stones or bricks
for patios, walkways, and
driveways.
Water can seep down into the spaces
between the individual pavers, thus
reducing the amount of runoff.
If an area must be paved, use porous asphalt
or permeable concrete, which will allow at
least some water to soak into the ground.
Keep in mind that the effectiveness of these
materials is limited because water tends to run
off them before it can permeate them,
especially if there's any slope.
It's also important to make sure there is a
percolation field of permeable ground beneath
the pavement.
Diunduh dari: http://www.wikihow.com/Reduce-Stormwater-Runoff-at-Your-Home…
Use the water that drains off your roof.
A 1,000 square foot roof can produce more than 600 gallons of runoff for every 1" of
rain that falls on it. If your downspouts are connected directly to a storm drain,
disconnecting them is the single most important step you can take to reduce runoff.
Instead of allowing water to go directly into the sewer or to run into the street, direct
your downspouts toward a vegetated area, such as your garden or lawn. Use extensions
to ensure the water comes out at least 5 feet away from your foundation. Alternatively,
install rain barrels or cisterns to collect the water so you can reduce the risk of soggy
yards or basement flooding and save some rain for a sunny day. If you don't have any
way to make good use of the stored water, consider Dutch drains, gravel-filled barrels
with holes at the bottom which slow the flow of water to allow the ground to absorb it
all.
Diunduh dari: http://www.wikihow.com/Reduce-Stormwater-Runoff-at-Your-Home…
PLANT TREES AND PRESERVE EXISTING ONES.
Trees' immense root systems effectively absorb water over a large area. In addition, the
canopy of a tree slows the fall of rainwater so that the ground is capable of absorbing
larger amounts than it otherwise would be. Plant native trees or trees which take in a
lot of water and are well adapted to your environment, and take care of your existing
trees. For new home constructions, leave trees in place if possible.
CREATE A RAIN GARDEN
A rain garden is a garden, planted in
a slight depression in the ground, that
collects water and allows it to
gradually permeate into the soil. Rain
gardens come in many sizes and are
typically planted at the base of a
slope or even at the outlet to a
downspout--anywhere where water
naturally flows or can be directed.
Water-loving plants and a base of
permeable soil enhanced with fertile
loam and a topcoat of mulch allow
the rain garden to quickly absorb
even large amounts of water, usually
in just a few hours.
REPLACE LAWN AREAS WITH
NATIVE PLANTS.
Lawns aren't particularly effective at
absorbing and retaining water, especially
during heavy rains. This is a problem not
only because more natural precipitation
runs off them, but also because they may
require a lot of irrigation, which in turn can
create even more runoff. Native plants,
such as shrubs and wildflowers, tend to
develop more extensive root systems that
take in and hold water much better than
lawns. As an added bonus, they require less
maintenance than a lawn does. If you do
decide to keep your lawn, though, water it
efficiently to conserve water and reduce
runoff.
INSTALL BERMS AND VEGETATED SWALES.
A berm is a slightly raised area, while a swale is ditch with a mild slope.
Berms can be used to slow runoff on steep slopes, and swales planted with
grass or other plants can direct water to a rain garden. Swales can also direct
water toward a storm drain or street: since they significantly reduce the
amount of runoff, very little water that enters a vegetated swale will actually
make it to the street or drain.
Diunduh dari: http://www.wikihow.com/Reduce-Stormwater-Runoff-at-Your-Home…
PENCEMARAN AIR TANAH (Groundwater )
•
Many people in the world depend on ground- water for drinking
– Long believed to be pure and safe to drink
– Can be contaminated from a number of sources
– May become worse as human population pressures increase
Groundwater Contamination
What kind of contamination is it?
Groundwater is rain water or water from surface water bodies, like lakes or
streams, that soaks into the soil and bedrock and is stored underground in the
tiny spaces between rocks and particles of soil. Groundwater pollution occurs
when hazardous substances come into contact and dissolve in the water that
has soaked into the soil.
How did it get there?
Groundwater can become contaminated in many ways. If rain water or surface
water comes into contact with contaminated soil while seeping into the
ground, it can become polluted and can carry the pollution from the soil to the
groundwater. Groundwater can also become contaminated when liquid
hazardous substances themselves soak down through the soil or rock into the
groundwater. Some liquid hazardous substances do not mix with the
groundwater but remain pooled within the soil or bedrock. These pooled
substances can act as long-term sources of groundwater contamination as the
groundwater flows through the soil or rock and comes into contact with them.
Diunduh dari: http://www.epa.gov/superfund/students/wastsite/grndwatr.htm…
PENCEMARAN AIR TANAH (Groundwater )
•
The hazard presented by a particular groundwater pollutant depends on:
– Concentration or toxicity of the pollutant
– Degree or exposure of people or other organisms to the pollutant
How does it hurt animals, plants or humans?
Contaminated groundwater can hurt animals, plants, or humans only if it is
first removed from the ground by manmade or natural processes. In many
parts of the world, groundwater is pumped out of the ground so it can be
used as a source of water for drinking, bathing, other household uses,
agriculture, and industry. In addition, groundwater can reach the surface
through natural pathways such as springs.
Contaminated groundwater can affect the quality of drinking and other
types of water supplies when it reaches the surface.
Contaminated groundwater can affect the health of animals and humans
when they drink or bathe in water contaminated by the groundwater or
when they eat organisms that have themselves been affected by
groundwater contamination.
Diunduh dari: http://www.epa.gov/superfund/students/wastsite/grndwatr.htm…
PRINSIP-PRINSIP
PENCEMARAN AIR TANAH
•
Pollution leaking from buried gasoline tanks from service stations
– Wide spread problem
– Many thousands of old tanks removed and surrounding groundwater and soil
treated
• Disposal of soil, vapor extraction of water and use of microorganisms
(bioremediation)
How can we clean it up?
Different approaches are used to clean up contaminated
groundwater. Sometimes polluted groundwater is pumped from
the soil or bedrock, treated to remove the contamination, and then
pumped back into the ground. If contaminants are released into
the groundwater slowly, large amounts of groundwater need to be
pumped to remove a relatively small amount of contamination.
In this case groundwater contamination is addressed by
containing the contamination in a limited area to keep it from
harming animals and plants. Still other types of contamination
can be left in the ground without active pumping and treatment.
In these cases, contaminants are reduced to non-toxic
concentrations by natural biological, chemical, and physical
processes before the contamination reaches the surface.
Diunduh dari: http://www.epa.gov/superfund/students/wastsite/grndwatr.htm…
Diunduh dari: …
Diunduh dari: …
PRINSIP-PRINSIP
PENCEMARAN AIR TANAH
•
Pollution from A WASTES DISPOSAL SITE emphasizes some important points
about groundwater pollutants:
–
–
–
Some pollutants, such as gasoline, are lighter than water and thus float on the
groundwater.
Some pollutants have multiple phases: liquid, vapor, and dissolved.
Some pollutants are heavier than water and sink or move downward through
groundwater.
How we Contaminate Groundwater
Any addition of undesirable substances to groundwater caused by human
activities is considered to be contamination. It has often been assumed that
contaminants left on or under the ground will stay there. This has been shown to
be wishful thinking. Groundwater often spreads the effects of dumps and spills
far beyond the site of the original contamination. Groundwater contamination is
extremely difficult, and sometimes impossible, to clean up.
Diunduh dari: http://www.ec.gc.ca/eau-water/default.asp?lang=En&n=6A7FB7B2-1 …
PRINSIP-PRINSIP
PENCEMARAN AIR TANAH
– The method used to treat must take into account the physical and
chemical properties of the pollutant and how these interact with
water.
– Emphasis should be on preventing pollutants from entering
groundwater in the first place.
.How to Recharge Ground Water and Prevent Contamination?
The entire Earth is facing a several threats, like change in climate pattern, less rainfall,
extreme heat and so on. We also suffer from different types of infectious diseases, hunger,
thirst, and so on due to global warming. Due toover growth of population we are
experiencing shortage and scarcity of water,electricity, food etc. Due to industrial growth we
are facing the problem ofpollution of vital elements of the earth, depletion of ground water,
ecologicalimbalance, endangering of species, and environmental degradation.
Diunduh dari: http://kayjayr-akshay.blogspot.com/2012/05/how-to-recharge-ground-water-and.html
…
PRINSIP-PRINSIP
PENCEMARAN AIR TANAH
•
Pollution in groundwater differs from surface water pollution in several
ways
– Groundwater lacks oxygen but may provide environment for anaerobic
bacteria
– Channels through which groundwater moves often small and variable
• Rate of movement is low and opportunity for dispersion and dilution limited
How is an Aquifer Contaminated?
In general, any activity which creates a pathway that
speeds the rate at which water can move from the
surface to the water table has an impact. In Figure 3,
waste water leaking down the casing of a poorly
constructed well bypasses the natural purification
afforded by soil. Excessive addition of fertilizer,
agrichemicals, and road de-icing chemicals over
broad areas, coupled with the enhanced recharge from
crops, golf courses and other irrigated land and along
road ditches, are common reasons for contamination
arising from non-point sources. Removal of soil in
excavations and mining reduces the purification
potential and also enhances recharge; in some cases,
such as the Highway Pond gravel pits south of
Pocatello, the water table is exposed and becomes
dari: http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/hydr/concepts/gwater/aquifer.htm
…
directly Diunduh
vulnerable
to the entry of contaminants.
How To Avoid Groundwater Contamination
Groundwater contamination occurs when natural or man-made substances
permeate groundwater, making it unsuitable for use. Pollution can seep into
groundwater by several routes. One example is through water from rain or lakes,
which wash the soil soaked with toxic substances into groundwater. There are
many causes of groundwater contamination. Examples are corrosion, improper
waste disposal, improper management of feedlots, improper storage and use of
hazardous materials, accidental chemical spills, leaky landfill covers, and poorly
installed septic systems.
When water gets contaminated, people and all other living things that drink water
pumped out of the ground are severely affected. Groundwater today is still used
for various purposes, from drinking, bathing, domestic, and commercial to
industrial use. People, animals and other living organisms can get seriously ill or
die from drinking or using contaminated groundwater. In order to prevent this
type of pollution, everyone should feel responsible and take action.
WASTES MANAGEMENT
Start practicing waste reduction and proper waste disposal at home. Before you
expect your neighbors and the authorities to perform measures in preventing
ground water contamination, the effort should start within your home. Involve the
whole family in being aware of the products you purchase and use. For instance,
instead of buying products with disposable packages, go for the ones you can
recycle, return or reuse. You can also purchase items in bulk to avoid too much
packaging to dispose of. When it comes to food, only prepare what you need,
avoid preparing too much. Practice composting food wastes like vegetables and
fruits. When you shop, carefully read the labels. Choose non-toxic, alternative or
biodegradable household products. If you are using pesticides in your garden,
select the least toxic alternatives. As much as possible, avoid using arsenic, toxic
chemicals. If you must use them, read instructions and apply them only as
suggested. Instead of dumping old appliances, furnishings and other goods, you
can choose to apply a makeover, launch a garage sale or donate your stuff.
Vehicles are also sources of pollution. Have your car properly maintained so you
save the environment and you save money as well.
Diunduh dari: http://www.howtodothings.com/home-garden/how-to-avoid-groundwatercontamination…
HOW TO AVOID GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
Poorly installed septic systems are one of the causes of groundwater
pollution. Have your septic tank inspected, and conduct regular maintenance.
Do not throw any household chemicals into the tank, and avoid using harmful
chemicals for cleaning.
DIUNDUH DARI: http://www.Howtodothings.Com/home-garden/how-to-avoid-groundwater-contamination
Diunduh dari: …
HOW TO AVOID GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
Agricultural practices should employ crop and soil management. This includes
enhancing organic matter, proper planting, good drainage and irrigation systems, and
utilizing appropriate equipment for ploughing and harvesting. As for using fertilizers
and pesticides, avoid spraying in close proximity to open water. Only use certified
pesticides, and apply them as instructed by the manufacturer.
Industrial, commercial and all other businesses in various industries should employ
measures in preventing pollution and make environmental efforts to help save land and
water. Institutions that have biological wastes should also apply decontamination prior
to disposing of wastes.
DIUNDUH DARI: http://www.Howtodothings.Com/home-garden/how-to-avoid-groundwater-contamination
Practice waste reduction.
Make a list of current waste generated and ask, for each item, “Is there a
way I can avoid producing this waste?” Try to reduce the toxicity and
amount of waste generated. Remember that unused raw materials,
inefficient production processes, and poor maintenance practices cost
extra money as well as increase the amount of waste requiring disposing.
Do not dispose of items that contain hazardous materials, such as PCB,
mercury and lead, in trash that will be buried in a sanitary landfill or that
will be incinerated.
Recycle used fluorescent and high intensity lamps, small batteries,
capacitors containing PCB, mercury thermometers, and other lab
instruments or handle them as hazardous waste.
Diunduh dari: http://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/deq-ead-tas-grwtrcon_329692_7.pdf…
GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION ROUTES
Diunduh dari: …
DAMPAK PENCEMARAN AIR TERHADAP KESEHATAN
HEALTH IMPACTS OF WATER POLLUTION
It is a well-known fact that clean water is absolutely essential for healthy living.
Adequate supply of fresh and clean drinking water is a basic need for all human beings
on the earth, yet it has been observed that millions of people worldwide are deprived of
this.
Freshwater resources all over the world are threatened not only by over exploitation
and poor management but also by ecological degradation. The main source of
freshwater pollution can be attributed to discharge of untreated waste, dumping of
industrial effluent, and run-off from agricultural fields. Industrial growth, urbanization
and the increasing use of synthetic organic substances have serious and adverse
impacts on freshwater bodies.
It is a generally accepted fact that the developed countries suffer from problems of
chemical discharge into the water sources mainly groundwater, while developing
countries face problems of agricultural run-off in water sources.
Polluted water like chemicals in drinking water causes problem to health and leads to
water-borne diseases which can be prevented by taking measures can be taken even at
the household level.
Diunduh dari: http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/water/health.htm …
Groundwater and its contamination
Many areas of groundwater and surface water are now contaminated with heavy metals, POPs
(persistent organic pollutants), and nutrients that have an adverse affect on health. Water-borne
diseases and water-caused health problems are mostly due to inadequate and incompetent
management of water resources. Safe water for all can only be assured when access, sustainability,
and equity can be guaranteed. Access can be defined as the number of people who are guaranteed
safe drinking water and sufficient quantities of it. There has to be an effort to sustain it, and there
has to be a fair and equal distribution of water to all segments of the society. Urban areas generally
have a higher coverage of safe water than the rural areas. Even within an area there is variation:
areas that can pay for the services have access to safe water whereas areas that cannot pay for the
services have to make do with water from hand pumps and other sources.
In the urban areas water gets contaminated in many different ways, some of the most common
reasons being leaky water pipe joints in areas where the water pipe and sewage line pass close
together. Sometimes the water gets polluted at source due to various reasons and mainly due to
inflow of sewage into the source.
Ground water can be contaminated through various sources and some of
these are mentioned below.
Pesticides.
Run-off from farms, backyards, and golf courses contain pesticides such as
DDT that in turn contaminate the water. Leechate from landfill sites is
another major contaminating source. Its effects on the ecosystems and health
are endocrine and reproductive damage in wildlife. Groundwater is
susceptible to contamination, as pesticides are mobile in the soil. It is a
matter of concern as these chemicals are persistent in the soil and water.
Diunduh dari: http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/water/health.htm …
GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
Sewage.
Untreated or inadequately treated municipal sewage is a major source of groundwater
and surface water pollution in the developing countries. The organic material that is
discharged with municipal waste into the watercourses uses substantial oxygen for
biological degradation thereby upsetting the ecological balance of rivers and lakes.
Sewage also carries microbial pathogens that are the cause of the spread of disease.
Nutrients.
Domestic waste water, agricultural run-off, and industrial effluents contain phosphorus
and nitrogen, fertilizer run-off, manure from livestock operations, which increase the
level of nutrients in water bodies and can cause eutrophication in the lakes and rivers
and continue on to the coastal areas. The nitrates come mainly from the fertilizer that is
added to the fields. Excessive use of fertilizers cause nitrate contamination of
groundwater, with the result that nitrate levels in drinking water is far above the safety
levels recommended. Good agricultural practices can help in reducing the amount of
nitrates in the soil and thereby lower its content in the water.
Synthetic organics.
Many of the 100 000 synthetic compounds in use today are found in the aquatic
environment and accumulate in the food chain. POPs or Persistent organic pollutants,
represent the most harmful element for the ecosystem and for human health, for
example, industrial chemicals and agricultural pesticides. These chemicals can
accumulate in fish and cause serious damage to human health. Where pesticides are
used on a large-scale, groundwater gets contaminated and this leads to the chemical
contamination of drinking water.
Acidification.
Acidification of surface water, mainly lakes and reservoirs, is one of the major
environmental impacts of transport over long distance of air pollutants such as sulphur
dioxide from power plants, other heavy industry such as steel plants, and motor
vehicles. This problem is more severe in the US and in parts of Europe.
Diunduh dari: http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/water/health.htm …
CHEMICALS IN DRINKING WATER
Chemicals in water can be both naturally occurring or introduced by human interference and can
have serious health effects.
Fluoride.
Fluoride in the water is essential for protection against dental caries and weakening of the bones,
but higher levels can have an adverse effect on health. In India, high fluoride content is found
naturally in the waters in Rajasthan.
Arsenic.
Arsenic occurs naturally or is possibly aggrevated by over powering aquifers and by phosphorus
from fertilizers. High concentrations of arsenic in water can have an adverse effect on health.A few
years back, high concentrations of this element was found in drinking water in six districts in West
Bengal. A majority of people in the area was found suffering from arsenic skin lesions. It was felt
that arsenic contamination in the groundwater was due to natural causes. The government is trying
to provide an alternative drinking water source and a method through which the arsenic content
from water can be removed.
Lead.
Pipes, fittings, solder, and the service connections of some household plumbing systems contain
lead that contaminates the drinking water source.
Recreational use of water.
Untreated sewage, industrial effluents, and agricultural waste are often discharged into the water
bodies such as the lakes, coastal areas and rivers endangering their use for recreational purposes
such as swimming and canoeing.
Petrochemicals.
Petrochemicals contaminate the groundwater from underground petroleum storage tanks.
Other heavy metals.
These contaminants come from mining waste and tailings, landfills, or hazardous waste dumps.
Chlorinated solvents.
Metal and plastic effluents, fabric cleaning, electronic and aircraft manufacturing are often
discharged and contaminate groundwater.
Diunduh dari: http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/water/health.htm…
DISEASE
Water-borne diseases are infectious diseases spread primarily through contaminated water. Though
these diseases are spread either directly or through flies or filth, water is the chief medium for
spread of these diseases and hence they are termed as water-borne diseases.
Most intestinal (enteric) diseases are infectious and are transmitted through faecal waste. Pathogens
– which include virus, bacteria, protozoa, and parasitic worms – are disease-producing agents found
in the faeces of infected persons. These diseases are more prevalent in areas with poor sanitary
conditions. These pathogens travel through water sources and interfuses directly through persons
handling food and water. Since these diseases are highly infectious, extreme care and hygiene
should be maintained by people looking after an infected patient. Hepatitis, cholera, dysentery, and
typhoid are the more common water-borne diseases that affect large populations in the tropical
regions.
A large number of chemicals that either exist naturally in the land or are added due to human
activity dissolve in the water, thereby contaminating it and leading to various diseases.
Pesticides. The organophosphates and the carbonates present in pesticides affect and damage the
nervous system and can cause cancer. Some of the pesticides contain carcinogens that exceed
recommended levels. They contain chlorides that cause reproductive and endocrinal damage.
Lead. Lead is hazardous to health as it accumulates in the body and affects the central nervous
system. Children and pregnant women are most at risk.
Fluoride. Excess fluorides can cause yellowing of the teeth and damage to the spinal cord and other
crippling diseases.
Nitrates. Drinking water that gets contaminated with nitrates can prove fatal especially to infants
that drink formula milk as it restricts the amount of oxygen that reaches the brain causing the ‘blue
baby’ syndrome. It is also linked to digestive tract cancers. It causes algae to bloom resulting in
eutrophication in surface water.
Petrochemicals. Benzene and other petrochemicals can cause cancer even at low exposure levels.
Chlorinated solvents. These are linked to reproduction disorders and to some cancers.
Arsenic. Arsenic poisoning through water can cause liver and nervous system damage, vascular
diseases and also skin cancer.
Other heavy metals. –Heavy metals cause damage to the nervous system and the kidney, and other
metabolic disruptions.
Salts. It makes the fresh water unusable for drinking and irrigation purposes.
Exposure to polluted water can cause diarrhoea, skin irritation, respiratory problems, and other
diseases, depending on the pollutant that is in the water body. Stagnant water and other untreated
water provide a habitat for the mosquito and a host of other parasites and insects that cause a large
number of diseases especially in the tropical regions. Among these, malaria is undoubtedly the most
widely distributed and causes most damage to human health.
Diunduh dari: http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/water/health.htm…
Preventive measures
Water-borne epidemics and health hazards in the aquatic environment are mainly due
to improper management of water resources. Proper management of water resources
has become the need of the hour as this would ultimately lead to a cleaner and healthier
environment.
In order to prevent the spread of water-borne infectious diseases, people should take
adequate precautions. The city water supply should be properly checked and necessary
steps taken to disinfect it. Water pipes should be regularly checked for leaks and
cracks. At home, the water should be boiled, filtered, or other methods and necessary
steps taken to ensure that it is free from infection.
Cause
Water-borne diseases
Bacterial infections
Typhoid
Cholera
Paratyphoid fever
Bacillary dysentery
Viral infections
Infectious Hepatitis (jaundice)
Poliomyelitis
Protozoal infections
Amoebic dysentery
Diunduh dari: http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/water/health.htm…
MINAMATA:
Environmental contamination with methyl mercury
In Minamata, Japan, inorganic mercury was used in the industrial production of
acetaldehyde. It was discharged into the nearby bay as waste water and was ingested
by organisms in the bottom sediments. Fish and other creatures in the sea were soon
contaminated and eventually residents of this area who consumed the fish suffered
from MeHg (methyl mercury) intoxication, later known as the Minamata disease. The
disease was first detected in 1956 but the mercury emissions continued until 1968. But
even after the emission of mercury stopped, the bottom sediment of the polluted water
contained high levels of this mercury.
Various measures were taken to deal with this disease. Environmental pollution
control, which included cessation of the mercury process; industrial effluent control,
environmental restoration of the bay; and restrictions on the intake of fish from the
bay. This apart research and investigative activities were promoted assiduously, and
compensation and help was offered by the Japanese Government to all those affected
by the disease.
The Minamata disease proved a turning point, towards progress in environment
protection measures. This experience clearly showed that health and environment
considerations must be integrated into the process of economic and industrial
development from an early stage.
Diunduh dari: http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/water/health.htm…
PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH
•
Water used for industrial and municipal purposes is often degraded
during use
– Addition of suspended solids, salts, nutrients, bacteria, and oxygen
demanding material.
– Water must be treated before released
•
Wastewater treatment
– $20 billion a year industry
– Conventional methods; septic tanks and centralized treatment
SEWAGE TREATMENT, OR DOMESTIC WASTEWATER
TREATMENT:
Any of the mechanical or chemical processes used to modify the quality of
wastewater in order to make it more compatible or acceptable to humans
Physical, chemical, and biological processes used to remove pollutants from
wastewater before discharging it into a water body
Chemical, biological, and mechanical procedures applied to an industrial or
municipal discharge or to any other sources of contaminated water to remove,
reduce, or neutralize contaminants
Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of
removing contaminants from wastewater, both runoff (effluents) and domestic.
It includes physical, chemical and biological processes to remove physical,
chemical and biological contaminants.
Its objective is to produce a waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid
waste or sludge suitable for discharge or reuse back into the environment.
This material is often inadvertently contaminated with many toxic organic and
inorganic compounds.
Diunduh dari: http://www.oilgae.com/ref/glos/wastewater_treatment.html …
SISTEM PEMBUANGAN AIR LIMBAH
DENGAN SEPTIC-TANK
•
•
Common in many rural areas and outlying areas of cities.
Basic parts of a septic-tank disposal system
–
–
Sewer line from house to underground tank
Tank separates solids from liquids
•
•
–
Digest and store solids
Liquid sent to absorption field
By the time water reaches any fresh water should be safe.
Septic Systems Explained
A septic system is a highly efficient, self-contained, underground wastewater treatment
system. A septic system consists of two main parts-a septic tank and a drainfield. The
septic tank is a watertight box, usually made of concrete or fiberglass, with an inlet and
outlet pipe. Wastewater flows from the home to the septic tank through the sewer pipe.
The septic tank treats the wastewater naturally by holding it in the tank long enough for
solids and liquids to separate. The wastewater forms three layers inside the tank.
Solids lighter than water (such as greases and oils) float to the top forming a layer of
scum. Solids heavier than water settle at the bottom of the tank forming a layer of
sludge. This leaves a middle layer of partially clarified wastewater.
Diunduh dari: http://www.bourgetsepticsystems.com/…
SISTEM PEMBUANGAN AIR LIMBAH
DENGAN SEPTIC-TANK
Diunduh dari: …
SISTEM PEMBUANGAN AIR LIMBAH
DENGAN SEPTIC-TANK
•
Absorption fields may fail for several reasons.
– Failure to pump out tank when full of solids
– Poor soil drainage which allows the effluent to raise to surface in wet
weather.
“Water-quality analyses indicate that septage from septic tanks is
the primary source of the high-nitrate concentrations measured in
the Warren groundwater basin.”
- USGS; Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4009;
Evaluation of the Source and Transport of High Nitrate
Concentrations in Ground Water, Warren Sub basin, California.
Diunduh dari:
UNIT PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH
BIOSOLIDS
Biosolids are produced primarily from the treatment of sewage. Sewage consists of used
water from household activities such as washing dishes and clothes, taking a shower,
flushing the toilet and even cleaning your teeth.
Industry also discharges into the sewerage system. This discharge is usually regulated and
limits are set so that any potentially dangerous compounds are not allowed in the sewer at
levels that might cause harm to the environment or people.
During sewage treatment, microorganisms digest (eat) the sewage, completely breaking
down the original organic solids that have been discharged into the sewerage system. This
leaves a low solids effluent and a solids component known as biosolids. The water content
of the solids is then reduced, usually by passing through mechanical processes. The
resultant product is biosolids.
Biosolids comprise dead micro-organisms, a small portion of active microorganisms, and
any inert solids such as sand which have come down the sewer.
The final quality of the biosolids produced depends on the quality of the sewage entering
the treatment plant and the treatment process.
Five typical production systems for biosolids with possible alterative productions pathways
Diunduh dari: http://www.biosolids.com.au/what-are-biosolids.php …
UNIT PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH
•
Methods usually divided into three categories:
–
–
–
•
Primary treatment
Secondary treatment
Advanced wastewater treatment
Primary and secondary required by law.
Wastewaters Management Settlement Overview
Diunduh dari: http://www.olicognography.org/drawings/wastermanagement.html…
UNIT PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH
Diunduh dari: …
PENGOLAHAN PRIMER
•
•
Incoming raw sewage enters plant
Passes through series of screens
–
•
Next enters a grit chamber
–
•
Sand, small stones and grit removed
Then enters sedimentation tank
–
•
•
Remove large floating organic material
Particulate matter settles out to form a sludge
Sludge is removed and transported to a digester
Primary treatment removes ~35% of BOD
PRIMARY TREATMENT.
In primary treatment, floating and suspended solids are settled and removed from sewage.
Flow from the sewers enters a screen/bar rack to remove large, floating material such as
rags and sticks.
It then flows through a grit chamber where heavier inorganics such as sand and small
stones are removed.
Grit removal is usually followed by a sedimentation tank/ clarifiers where inorganic and
organic suspended solids are settled out.
To kill pathogenic bacteria, the final effluent from the treatment process is disinfected prior
to discharge to a receiving water. Chlorine, in the form of a sodium hypochlorite solution,
is normally used for disinfection. Since more chlorine is needed to provide adequate
bacteria kills than would be safe for aquatic life in the stream, excess chlorine is removed
by dechlorination. Alternate disinfection methods, such as ozone or ultraviolet light, are
utilized by some treatment plants.
Sludge that settles to the bottom of the clarifier is pumped out and dewatered for use as
fertilizer, disposed of in a landfill, or incinerated. Sludge that is free of heavy metals and
other toxic contaminants is called Biosolids and can be safely and beneficially recycled as
fertilizer, for example.
Read more: Wastewater Treatment - water, effects, environmental, pollutants, United States, history, types,
impact, EPA, soil, chemicals, industrial, liquid, toxic, world, human, power, sources, disposal
http://www.pollutionissues.com/Ve-Z/Wastewater-Treatment.html#ixzz235Kb8k7a
Diunduh dari: http://www.pollutionissues.com/Ve-Z/Wastewater-Treatment.html…
PENGOLAHAN SEKUNDER
•
•
•
Most common treatment, activated sludge.
Wastewater from primary sedimentation tank enters the tank
Then enters the final sedimentation tank
–
–
•
•
Sludge settles out
Some activated sludge used again in aeration
Most of the sledge transported to digester
Wastewater from final tank is disinfected w/ chlorine and discharged
SECONDARY TREATMENT.
Primary treatment provided a good start, but, with the exception of some ocean outfalls , it
is inadequate to protect water quality as required by the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA).
With secondary treatment, the bacteria in sewage is used to further purify the sewage.
Secondary treatment, a biological process, removes 85 percent or more of the organic
matter in sewage compared with primary treatment, which removes about 50 percent.
The basic processes are variations of what is called the "activated sludge" process or
"trickling filters," which provide a mechanism for bacteria, with air added for oxygen, to
come in contact with the wastewater to purify it.
In the activated sludge process, flow from the sewer or primary clarifiers goes into an
aeration tank, where compressed air is mixed with sludge that is recycled from secondary
clarifiers which follow the aeration tanks. The recycled, or activated, sludge provides
bacteria to consume the "food" provided by the new wastewater in the aeration tank, thus
purifying it.
In a trickling filter the flow trickles over a bed of stones or synthetic media on which the
purifying organisms grow and contact the wastewater, removing contaminants in the
process. The flow, along with excess organisms that build up on the stones or media during
the purification, then goes to a secondary clarifier. Air flows up through the media in the
filters, to provide necessary oxygen for the bacteria organisms. Clarified effluent flows to
the receiving water, typically a river or bog, after disinfection. Excess sludge is produced
by the process and after collection from the bottom of the secondary clarifiers it is
dewatered, sometimes after mixing with primary sludge, for use as fertilizer, disposed of in
a landfill, or incinerated.
Read more: Wastewater Treatment - water, effects, environmental, pollutants, United States, history, types,
impact, EPA, soil, chemicals, industrial, liquid, toxic, world, human, power, sources, disposal
http://www.pollutionissues.com/Ve-Z/Wastewater-Treatment.html#ixzz235Lu5J7X
Diunduh dari: http://www.pollutionissues.com/Ve-Z/Wastewater-Treatment.html…
PENGOLAHAN SEKUNDER
•
•
Secondary treatment removes ~90% of BOD
Sludge from the digester is dried and disposed of in a landfill or applied to improve soil.
Advanced secondary treatment - membrane bio-reactor (MBR)
technology
Secondary treatment is the process where soluble and fine suspended dissolved materials not
already removed at primary treatment are removed. As an alternative to conventional
secondary processes (knows as conventional activated sludge), the Brightwater project uses
Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) technology.
The MBR process includes:
Fine screens which remove remaining debris and inorganic material larger than 2 mm from
the wastewater
Aeration basins that promote the growth of microorganisms that consume organic matter,
thereby creating wastewater that has less organic matter that can decompose
Membrane tanks, which separate the liquids from the solids
Diunduh dari:
PENGOLAHAN SEKUNDER
Diunduh dari: …
PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH - LANJUT
•
Additional pollutants can be removed by adding more treatment steps.
–
•
Sand filters, carbon filters and chemicals applied to assist removal process.
Treated water can then be used for agricultural or municipal irrigation
Water Treatment Sand Filter
The Rapid Sand Filter (RSF) water treatment equipment differs from the Slow Sand Filter
water treatment equipment in a variety of ways, the most important of which are the much
greater water treatment filtration rate and the ability to clean automatically using back
washing. The mechanism of particle removal also differs. Rapid sand Water treatment filter
does not use biological filtration and depends primarily on mechanical straining,
sedimentation, impaction, interception, adhesion and physical adsorption. In Rapid sand water
filter the complete filtration cycle (filtration and back washing) occurs sequentially.
Types of Rapid Sand Filter
There are a number of different types of Rapid
sand filters depending upon bed depth (e.g.,
shallow, conventional and deep bed) and the type
of filtering medium used (mono-, dual-, and
multimedia).
A further classification can be made based on the
driving force as gravity Water Filters or pressure
Water filters. Typically sand is used as the
filtering material in single medium filters.
The principal filtration methods now used
with reference to the rate of flow through
gravity filters may be classified as
1. constant-rate of filtration with fixed head,
2. constant -rate filtration with variable head,
3. and variable- declining-rate filtration.
Diunduh dari: http://www.thewatertreatments.com/water-treatment-filtration/rapid-sand-filters/…
PENGOLAHAN KHLORIN
•
Chlorine is very effective in killing the pathogens that historically caused
outbreaks
– Chlorine treatment byproducts may pose hazard to fish and cancer risk to
humans.
Chlorine Disinfection
by Matt Curtis & Erik Johnston
The following is a schematic of a wastewater treatment plant (Drawing by
Erik Johnston).
The final stage of the wastewater treatment process is chlorination, which
is used to disinfect the wastewater before it is returned to a river or body
of water. Disinfection is necessary to kill any pathogens that may have
survived the treatment process and could cause harm to humans or
aquatic wildlife. In this stage of the treatment process, chlorine is typically
fed into the wastewater stream as it flows to the chlorine contact basin.
The chlorine contact basin is a baffled basin which allows the chlorine
additional time to react with the wastewater to kill the pathogens.
Diunduh dari: http://www.elaguapotable.com/WT%20-%20Chlorine.htm…
Land Application of Wastewater
•
Land application of wastewater was practiced for hundreds of years
before the development of treatment plants.
– Now the process is sanitized through reduction of BOD and use of
chlorination.
The Use of Reed Beds for the Treatment of Sewage & Wastewater
from Domestic Households
In the example shown in figure , household wastewater is collected via a sanitary
drainage system (i.e. pipes under the house) and discharged into a collection tank
(greywater or septic tank) that acts as a primary treatment chamber for the settling
of solids, flotation of oils and greases, and the anaerobic breakdown of pollutants.
All collection tanks (greywater or septic) must be fitted with effluent filters (Section
5.2) to improve the quality of the effluent leaving the tank.
The On-site Wastewater Treatment Train
(AWTS = Aerated Wastewater Treatment System; ETA = Evapotranspiration-Absorption)
Diunduh dari:
http://autonopedia.org/buildings_and_shelter/Sewage_And_Waste_Water/Reed_Beds_for_Treating
_Sewage_and_Wastewater.html…
The Waste Renovation and Conservation Cycle
•
Major steps in the cycle:
– 1. Return of treated wastewater to crops via a sprinkler or other irrigation
system.
– 2. Renovation, or natural purification by slow percolation of the wastewater
into the soil, to eventually recharge the groundwater resource with clean
water.
– 3. Reuse of the treated water, which is pumped out of the ground for
municipal, industrial, institutional, or agricultural purposes.
Winery Wastewater Management & Recycling
Recognising that winery wastewater management and recycling are important
issues in the grape and wine industry, GWRDC has commissioned research and
communications projects to develop, synthesise and share knowledge about better
wastewater management, water reuse and recycling.
There is information available on winery wastewater treatment, recycling the
treated water in vineyards, using other sources of recycled water and other forms
of discharge.
Diunduh dari: http://www.gwrdc.com.au/site/page.cfm?u=130…
PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH – DAUR ULANG
Diunduh dari: …
The Waste Renovation and Conservation Cycle
•
Technology for wastewater treatment is rapidly evolving.
–
–
•
Resource recovery wastewater treatment plant
Refers to the production of resources such as methane and ornamental plants.
The process
–
1. The wastewater is run through filters to remove large objects.
Industrial wastewater treatment
Heavy metal wastewater recycling--Ion exchange resin handing
technology
Usage:
1. Noble metal recycling: gold, silver, palladium and platinum.
2. Heavy metal recycling: nickel, copper, zinc, lead, chromium acid.
3. Water resource recycling.
Diunduh dari: http://turnkey.taiwantrade.com.tw/en/Content.aspx?ID=27…
The Waste Renovation and Conservation Cycle
•
The water undergoes anaerobic processing.
–
•
Produces methane
The nutrient rich water flows over an incline surface containing plants
BIOSOLIDS
Biosolids are treated sewage sludges. Sewage sludge are the solids collected from the
wastewater treatment process which have not undergone further treatment. Biosolids are
a product of the sewage sludge once it has undergone further treatment to significantly
reduce disease causing pathogens and volatile organic matter, producing a stabilised
product suitable for beneficial use. Biosolids normally contain between 15% and 90%
solids. Biosolids are carefully treated and monitored and they must be used in accordance
with regulatory requirements..
Biosolids are mainly a mix of water and organic materials that are a by-product of the
sewage treatment processes. Most wastewater comes from household kitchens, laundries
and bathrooms. Biosolids may contain: Macronutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium and sulphur and Micronutrients, such as copper, zinc, calcium, magnesium,
iron, boron, molybdenum and manganese. Biosolids may also contain traces of synthetic
organic compounds and metals, including arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury,
nickel and selenium.
Processes in a typical wastewater (sewage) treatment plant which produce wastewater sludge for
processing into biosolids
Diunduh dari: http://www.biosolids.com.au/what-are-biosolids.php…
The recycling process
Water recycling is the process of taking effluent (wastewater and sewage)
and treating it to a level that’s appropriate for its intended use. For potable
(drinkable) use, the recycled water has to be treated to a sufficiently high
level that it’s suitable for human consumption.
The indirect potable reuse process being implemented in southeast
Queensland, trialled in Perth and under discussion in Goulburn adds
another step: highly treated recycled water is mixed with other water
supplies above or below ground before it arrives at your tap
Effluent gets treated at existing
wastewater treatment plants, before it
reaches the recycling plant. The
recycled water is then mixed with the
natural water supply and undergoes
existing drinking water treatment
before arriving again at your tap.
There’s a difference between this
kind of planned reuse — with
advanced water treatment and risk
management — and incidental reuse.
In some river systems, towns
upstream discharge their treated
sewage into the river and towns
further downstream draw water from
the same river. For example, people
living in towns that draw water from
the Murrumbidgee below Canberra,
and then down the Murray to
Adelaide, are already partly using
reuse water.
Diunduh dari: http://www.choice.com.au/reviews-and-tests/food-and-health/food-anddrink/beverages/recycled-drinking-water/page/the%20recycling%20process.aspx …
The Waste Renovation and Conservation Cycle
•
Technology must overcome several problems before it is likely to be used widely.
– There has been a tremendous investment in traditional wastewater treatment
plants.
– Economic incentive to provide for new technologies are not sufficient.
– There are not sufficient personal trained to design and operate new types of
plants.
Also known as Reclamation or Reuse, water recycling is an umbrella term
encompassing the process of treating wastewater, storing, distributing, and using the
recycled water.
“Recycled water means water which, as a result of treatment of waste, is suitable for
a direct beneficial use or a controlled use that would not otherwise occur and is
therefore considered a valuable resource.”
Diunduh dari: http://www.water.ca.gov/recycling/…
Wastewater and Wetlands
•
•
Wastewater is being applied successfully to natural and
constructed wetlands.
Effective in treating the following water quality problems:
–
Municipal wastewater from primary or secondary treatment
plants (BOD, pathogens, phosphorus, nitrate, suspended solids,
metals).
Constructed wetlands management (constructed shallow basin for
treatment of contaminated waters by wetland vegetation ).
Diunduh dari: http://www.landsurvey-intl.com/env_service.php?id=21 …
CONSTRUCTED WETLAND
A constructed wetland or wetpark is an artificial wetland, marsh or swamp created as
a new or restored habitat for native and migratory wildlife, for anthropogenic discharge
such as wastewater, stormwater runoff, or sewage treatment, for land reclamation after
mining, refineries, or other ecological disturbances such as required mitigation for
natural wetlands lost to a development.
Natural wetlands act as a biofilter, removing sediments and pollutants such as heavy
metals from the water, and constructed wetlands can be designed to emulate these
features.
The three types, using reed beds (constructed wetlands but using principally reed
plants), are used. All these systems are used commercially, usually together with
septic tanks as primary treatment, Imhoff tanks or screeners in order to separate
the solids from the liquid effluent). Some designs however are being used to act as
primary treatment as well.
An other way is the combination Constructed wetland- Composting toilet.
System types are:
Surface flow (SF) Constructed Wetland (or reed bed)
Sub Surface Flow (SSF) Constructed Wetland (or reed bed)
Vertical Flow (VF) Constructed Wetland (or reed bed)
Surface-flow wetlands
Surface-flow wetlands move effluent above the
soil in a planted marsh or swamp, and thus can be
supported by a wider variety of soil types
including bay mud and other silty clays.
Plantings of reedbeds are popular in European
constructed wetlands, and plants such as cattails
(Typha spp.), sedges, Water Hyacinth
(Eichhornia crassipes) and Pontederia spp. are
used worldwide (although Typha and Phragmites
are highly invasive). Recent research in use of
constructed wetlands for subarctic regions has
shown that buckbeans (Menyanthes trifoliata)
and pendant grass (Arctophila fulva) are also
useful for metals uptake
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_wetland …
CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS
Constructed wetlands are wetlands that are specially built for the purpose of wastewater treatment
and are utilized in place of naturally occurring wetlands. They provide a greater degree of
wastewater treatment than natural wetlands, as their hydraulic loadings can be managed as required.
Because these wetlands are constructed specifically for wastewater treatment, they should not be
included in the jurisdictional group, which avoids the regulatory and environmental entanglement
associated with natural wetlands. This is in accordance with Environmental Protection Agency
regulations. The treatment process can be either aerobic or anaerobic , depending on whether the
wetlands are constructed with an exposed water surface or one with subsurface flow. These
wetlands can also be used to remove nitrogen, which is usually not removed during the standard
wastewater treatment process. Nitrogen removal is accomplished by the growth of cattails and
reeds, which utilize the highly nutrient wastewater and consequently remove nitrogen in the
process. Sometimes the cattails and reeds must be harvested to complete the removal process.
Read more: Wastewater Treatment - water, effects, environmental, pollutants, United States, history, types, impact,
EPA, soil, chemicals, industrial, liquid, toxic, world, human, power, sources, disposal
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FREE WATER SURFACE (FWS): they are areas of open water and
are similar in appearance to natural wetlands.
Diunduh dari: http://sudied.blogspot.com/2010/04/water-and-city.html …
SETTLING POND
A settling pond, usually man-made, collects and slows water flow so that suspended solids
(sediments) have time to precipitate or settle out of the water. Some applications of settling ponds
include capturing runoff from farms (agricultural waste), construction projects (soil sediment) and
mines (sediment and toxic waste). Settling ponds eventually fill and must be dredged to remain in
operation. Polluted water from abandoned mines is diverted to settling ponds to remove solids such
as iron oxide. When dredged, these sediments must be treated as contaminated waste. Pilot projects
are underway to recapture iron oxide for use in paint pigments.
Read more: Wastewater Treatment - water, effects, environmental, pollutants, United States, history, types, impact,
EPA, soil, chemicals, industrial, liquid, toxic, world, human, power, sources, disposal
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HORIZONTAL SUBSURFACE FLOW (HSSF): they typically employ a gravel
bed planted with wetland plants; the water, kept below the surface of the bed,
flows horizontally from the inlet to the outlet.
Diunduh dari: http://sudied.blogspot.com/2010/04/water-and-city.html …
Wastewater and Wetlands
–
–
–
–
–
Stormwater runoff (metals, nitrate, BOD, pesticides, oils).
Industrial wastewater (metals, acids, oils, solvents).
Agricultural wastewater and runoff (BOD, nitrate, pesticides, suspended solids).
Mining waters (metals, acidic water, sulfates).
Groundwater seeping from landfills (BOD, metals, oils, pesticides).
VERTICAL FLOW (VF): water is distributed across the surface of a sand or
gravel bed planted with wetland plants; the water is treated as it percolates
through the plant root zone.
Diunduh dari: http://sudied.blogspot.com/2010/04/water-and-city.html …
Emerging phytotechnologies for remediation of heavy meal
contaminated/ polluted soil and water
M.N.V. Prasad
Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad
Hyderabad 500046 AP, India
Pollutants that originate mainly from non-point sources are difficult to control. Constructed
wetlands are designed to intercept and remove a wide range of contaminants from wastewater.
These wetlands can save time and money by using natural mechanisms to treat non-point source
pollution before it reaches lakes, rivers, and oceans. Conventional wastewater treatment plants can
effectively remove non-point source pollution, but are expensive to build and operate on. Therefore,
local wastewater treatment plants are desirable to reuse water.
The most important role of plants in wetlands is that they increase the residence time of water,
which means that they reduce the velocity and thereby increase the sedimentation of particles and
associated pollutants. Thus, they are indirectly involved in water cleaning. Plants also add oxygen,
providing a physical site of microbial attachment to the roots generating positive conditions for
microbes and bioremediation. For efficient removal of pollutants, a high biomass per volume of
water of the submerged plants is necessary. Uptake of metals in emergent plants only accounts for
5% or less of the total removal capacity in wetlands.
Diunduh dari: http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue25/article2.htm …
VERTICAL FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLAND
A vertical flow constructed wetland (vertical flow CW) is a planted filter bed for
secondary or tertiary treatment of wastewater (e.g. greywater or blackwater). Pretreated wastewater (e.g. from a septic tank or an Imhoff tank) is distributed over the
whole filter surface and flows vertically through the filter.
The water is treated by a combination of biological and physical processes. On the
bottom of the filter, there is a drainage system which collects the treated wastewater.
A vertical flow constructed wetland needs a specific filter surface of 1 to 4 m2 per
population equivalent (HOFFMANN et al. 2010), depending on the climate. Normally,
sand and gravel is used to construct the filter body.
The filtered water of a well functioning constructed wetland can be used for irrigation,
aquaculture, groundwater recharge or is discharged in surface water. To design a
vertical flow constructed wetland, expert knowledge is recommended. They are
relatively inexpensive to build where land is affordable and can be maintained by the
local community.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sswm.info/category/implementation-tools/wastewater-treatment/hardware/semicentralised-wastewater-treatments/v …
Water Reuse - for efficient water resource
management
WATER REUSE IN HOMES
Why reuse water? Because you should make full use of it, especially when there is
global water shortages.
Here are some tips on saving and reuse water at home:
1. Turn off the tap when not in use. Regularly check taps and pipes for leaks and
repair any leaks detected.
2. Never pour water away when there may be another use for it.
3. Washing machine rinse water, especially the last few batches of rinse water can be
used for toilet flushing, and floor cleaning.
4. Reuse water from washing of fruits and vegetables, and dish/cup washing final
rinse water to water plants.
5. Install water-efficient taps and showerheads to cut water usage.
6. Take shorter showers and turn off the shower while lathering and washing your
hair.
7. Use a tumbler of water to rinse your mouth instead of leaving the tap running
while you brush your teeth.
8. Use a pail of water to wash your car rather than a hose.
9. Rinsh dishes in a plugged sink rather than under running water.
10. Do not use running water to defrost frozen food.
Diunduh dari: http://www.waterreuse.org/…
PENGGUNAAN KEMBALI AIR
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Water reuse can be inadvertent, indirect or direct.
Inadvertent
–
–
–
Results when water is withdrawn, treated, used, treated, and returned to the environment.
Followed by furtherer withdrawal and use.
Common for people who live along large rivers.
How Do People Reuse Water?
Water is considered a renewable resource, not because we are able to make more, but because in
most cases we can clean it for reuse. Depending on how the contaminated water is processed, it
might not be pure enough for drinking, but there are several other ways in which it is reused.
Heating and Cooling
Construction
Not all recycled water is purified for
consumption as drinking water. Some used
water is reused in heating or cooling
systems. It is loaded into pipes that run
through refrigeration or heating units,
which causes the temperature of the water
to be lowered or raised as needed.
The water flowing through these pipes
doesn't have to be pure since it is not
consumed or even exposed to individuals.
The piped water is sent through systems
such as radiators or industrial cooling
units.
Water is used as part of the building process
to hose down equipment and streets during
construction, and it is a required ingredient
for mixing cement. This water doesn't have
to be as pure as drinking water. Some
construction sites use grey water that has
been minimally filtered to remove soaps or
oils, or they use recycled water that
underwent a minor cleaning process. Reusing
water for this purpose keeps recycling plants
from wasting energy to clean water that is
not required to be up to drinking standards.
Irrigation
Grey water is water that is disposed of down sinks or showers and has not come
into contact with biological waste. It is often rerouted and used as irrigation on
landscaping or crops. Since grey water is not contaminated with waste matter, it
is fairly harmless even though it is not drinkable. It is sent through a very basic
filtration process or not cleaned at all, and then sprayed to irrigate vegetation and
crops.
Diunduh dari: http://greenliving.nationalgeographic.com/people-reuse-water-2981.html…
PENGGUNAAN KEMBALI AIR
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Risks associated with inadvertent reuse:
1. Inadequate treatment facilities may deliver contaminated or poor-quality water
to downstream users.
2. Environmental health hazards of treated water remain uncertain.
3. Every year, new potentially hazardous chemicals are introduced into the
environment. Ingested in low concentrations over many years, effects on
humans difficult to evaluate.
"Water recycling and reuse" is defined as the planned and
deliberate use of treated wastewater for some beneficial purpose,
such as industrial process, cooling, recreation, horticulture,
flushing in building and commercial centre etc.
Diunduh dari: http://www.environment.delhigovt.nic.in/ClimateChange.asp?id=Water%20Reuse…
PENGGUNAAN KEMBALI AIR
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Indirect water reuse
– A planned endeavor.
– Several thousand cubic meters of treated water per day applied to surface
recharge areas.
– Eventually enters the groundwater.
Constructed wetlands are man-made systems designed to emphasize
specific characteristics of wetland ecosystems to improve the treatment
capacities, they can be defined as engineered water saturated areas in
which the natural removal for the water pollutants is reproduced, enhanced
and controlled in order to optimize the purification performances.
. FREE WATER SURFACE (FWS): they are areas of open water and are
similar in appearance to natural wetlands.
Diunduh dari: http://sudied.blogspot.com/2010/04/water-and-city.html…
PENGGUNAAN KEMBALI AIR
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Direct water reuse
– Refers to use of treated wastewater that is piped directly from a treatment
plant to the next user.
On-site differentiable wastewater treatment system
The image of new water sanitation system is shown in figure. This is the
system for Sahel region in Africa. In this system, separation of wastewater
into three streams is essential. Feces and organic garbage is treated by nonflushing composting toilet. Urine is separated and treated and nutrients in
urine are recovered. The graywater is treated and reused.
Diunduh dari: http://www.eng.hokudai.ac.jp/labo/UBNWTRSE/en/outline/index.htm…
Greywater and/or Dual Plumbing System Installation Tips
A few states have implemented standards and laws that allow for the
installation and use on residential on-site greywater systems. The definition of
greywater may differ from state to state, but greywater is usually defined as
"untreated used household water that does not contain human wastes".
. Examples of greywater include: wash or rinse water from a sink, shower, bathtub, or other
household fixture, excluding a toilet. Some definitions of greywater exclude wastewater from sinks,
dishwashers, or clothes washers because this water may have come into contact with human wastes
such as a soiled diaper.
In areas where greywater systems are permitted, water that does not contain human wastes or pose
a health hazard may be reused for toilet flushing and outdoor irrigation of non-food plants.
Greywater and dual plumbing systems, where permitted, are an option for reducing water use.
Check the local regulations in your area before designing a greywater reuse system. Also be aware
that as efficiency improves in indoor fixtures and appliances there will be less water available for
greywater reuse. Greywater systems can be cost effective in homes with large indoor water
demands, but may be of little benefit for most single-family homeowners.
Greywater systems generally consist of a three-way diverter valve, a treatment assembly such as a
sand filter, a holding tank, a bilge pump, and an irrigation or leaching system. The holding tank
cools the water and temporarily holds it back from the drain hose. Systems can either be custom
designed and built, or purchased as a package. Techniques include recessed or raised planter soil
boxes, water injection without erosion, gravity or pressure leach chamber, and irrigated
greenhouses. Some system components can retrofit existing irrigation systems.
Source: Graywater - An Option For Household Water Reuse Diunduh dari:
http://www.h2ouse.org/action/details/printable.cfm?actionID=8A8D594B-878E-4CDE9EFD37E624BE0EE6&elementID=1B58D8BA-8AED-46AC-B9B5D9681A846D1F…
HOW TO RECHARGE GROUND WATER AND
PREVENT CONTAMINATION?
. The entire Earth is facing a several threats, like change in climate pattern,
less rainfall, extreme heat and so on. We also suffer from different types of
infectious diseases, hunger, thirst, and so on due to global warming. Due
toover growth of population we are experiencing shortage and scarcity of
water,electricity, food etc. Due to industrial growth we are facing the problem
ofpollution of vital elements of the earth, depletion of ground water,
ecologicalimbalance, endangering of species, and environmental degradation.
There is an ecological threat in the ground water being contaminated due
toindustrial and population growth. So, to overcome the threat we have
toidentify certain toxic eating bacteria, synthesise it and should be
introducedinto the Ground water resources. Pseudomonas bacteria also help
in removing thecontamination of Ground Water. Contamination of ground
water is not the onlyproblem we are facing today, but we are experiencing
crucial shortage.
To overcome this scarcityof water we have to devise various low cost
methods to recharge groundwater.Artificial recharge is the process by which
the ground water reservoir iseffected through increased infiltration of water
by artificial structures andinnovative methods.
Rainfallis the main source of ground water recharge. Other sources include
rechargefrom rivers, streams, irrigation water etc. Rainfall is limited for a
fixedduration, natural recharge of ground water is restricted to a particular
periodonly. Large volume of rainfall flows into the sea and is evaporated.
Since wecannot depend on rains to recharge ground water we have to adapt
artifcialmethods that are low in cost, and easy to use.
Diunduh dari: http://kayjayr-akshay.blogspot.com/2012/05/how-to-recharge-ground-waterand.html…
GREY WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM
Municipal and industrialwaste water should be treated
chemically to remove contaminants and pollutantsand
then introduced into the ground water resources.
Diunduh dari: http://kayjayr-akshay.blogspot.com/2012/05/how-to-recharge-ground-water-and.html …
RAIN WATER HARVESTING METHOD
Rainwater harvesting is another method to replenish ground
water. But this methos can be used only during the rains. In
urban and rural areas, the roof top rainwater can be conserved
and used for recharge of ground water.
This approach requires connecting the outlet pipe from the
rooftop to divert the water to existing wells/ tubewells/
borewells or specially designed wells.
Diunduh dari: http://kayjayr-akshay.blogspot.com/2012/05/how-to-recharge-ground-water-and.html
RECHARGE BY DUGWELL METHOD:
. There are thousands of dug wells, which have either gone dry, or the
water levels have declined considerably. These dug wells can be used
as structures to recharge the ground water reservoir. Storm water, tank
water, canal water etc. can be diverted into these structures to directly
recharge the dried aquifer.
Diunduh dari: http://kayjayr-akshay.blogspot.com/2012/05/how-to-recharge-ground-water-and.html
ARTIFICAL RECHARGE THROUGH INJECTION
WELL METHOD
Injection wells are structures similar to a tube well but
with the purpose of augmenting the ground water
storage of a confined aquifer by pumping in treated
surface water under pressure.
In this method, water is led directly into the depleted
aquifers.
This method is effective because the recharge of ground
water is instantaneous and there is no loss of water due
to evaporation. In both the above methods purity of
ground water is assured.
Diunduh dari: http://kayjayr-akshay.blogspot.com/2012/05/how-to-recharge-ground-water-and.html
ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE THROUGH UNUSED
DRAINAGE CANALS
The unused drainage canals can be transformed into temporary
reservoirs. The network of surface drains that controls floods and
waterlogging during monsoon can be modified effectively to collect
excess rain water during monsoon season. This indigenous method
can replenish the declining ground water table. Excess water not
needed for irrigation can be diverted into these unused canals, where
‘check structures’ slow it for recharge.
Diunduh dari: http://kayjayr-akshay.blogspot.com/2012/05/how-to-recharge-ground-waterand.html…
MODIFICATION OF IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES
TO RECHARGE GROUND WATER:
Paddy rice irrigation aids recharge of ground water.Paddy rice
requires continuous supply of water through canal irrigation. The
canals used for irrigation of paddy crops should be made in earthen
material to aid recharge of water. For paddy rice, around 60% of the
irrigation water is used by the plants; the remaining 40% filters
through the soil to recharge the aquifer below. Similarly, cultivation
of sugar cane crops helps in recharging and replenishing ground
water.
Diunduh dari: http://kayjayr-akshay.blogspot.com/2012/05/how-to-recharge-ground-water-and.html
CLAY POT OR PITCHER IRRIGATION TECHNIQUE TO
RECHARGE GROUND WATER:
. Ground Water meets nearly 55% of agricultural requirements.That means farmers
exploit ground water to the maximum extent. By proper irrigation techniques we have
to irrigate the crops and adapt methods in such a way that we conserve water and
recharge ground water. If methods like pitcher irrigation , are adapted, they deliver
water to the underground directly to the roots of the plant. There is no water wasted
through evaporation or run off. In this system of pot irrigation, earthern pots filled with
water and closed with a lid are burried deep into the soil next to the plants or trees.
Water seeps slowly through the sides of the pots, and into the soil, providing water to
the roots of the plants, exactly where it is needed. Water only moves underground from
the pot to the area around the plant roots, so there is no water loss due to evaporation.
It is important to cover the top of the pot to stop the water from evaporating and to
prevent mosquitoes from breeding. By this method ground water is recharged,
replenished and conserved.
Diunduh dari: http://kayjayr-akshay.blogspot.com/2012/05/how-to-recharge-ground-water-and.html
RAIN GARDEN TO RECHARGE GROUND
WATER:
Rain garden is designed to hold rain water runoff from roof tops, drive ways, patios, or
lawns. It contains native shrubs, perennials, plants etc. Every time it rains, water runs
off impermeable surfaces, such as roofs or driveways,collecting pollutants like
particles of dirt, fertilizer, chemicals, oil, garbage, and bacteria along the way. The
pollutant-laden water enters storm drains untreated and flows directly to nearby
streams and ponds. Rain gardens collect rainwater runoff, allowing the water to be
filtered by the vegetation and percolate into the soil recharging groundwater aquifers.
This process filter out pollutants.
The advantages of rain Garden are:
• Improve the water quality by filtering pollutants.
• Pleasing appearance to the building.
• Preserves native vegetation.
• Provides strom water and flood control.
• Attracts bees, birds, insects.
• Maintenance is easy.
• Helps in ground water recharge.
Diunduh dari: http://kayjayr-akshay.blogspot.com/2012/05/how-to-recharge-ground-waterand.html…
PHYTOREMEDIATION TO RECHARGE GROUND
WATER:
In addition to all other above methods planting and cultivation of woody trees help in
replenishing ground water conservation because the roots help in percolation of rain
water deep into the soil and keep the water table steady. Cultivation of trees not only
enriches the quality of water but also raises the ground water table. They also remove,
transfer, stabilize, and/or destroy contaminants present in the soil and in the ground
water. They clean up contaminated soil, sludge and ground water. This method of
cleaning up ground water pollution and maintaining the water table and soil
contaminants using different species of plants and trees is a low cost, environmentally
friendly and effective for a wide range of chemicals such as pesticides, solvents,crude
oil, poly aromatic hydrocarbons and metals etc.
Diunduh dari: http://kayjayr-akshay.blogspot.com/2012/05/how-to-recharge-ground-water-and.html
SAVE GROUND WATER TO SAVE LIFE ON
EARTH!!!
. Ground water resources should be recharged artificially, but innovatively.
People should be trained in these methods to protect Mother Nature’s
precious gift. People should be properly educated in methods of harnessing,
conserving, cleaning ground water resources. Laboratories for testing quality
of water should be commissioned in every cities and villages to moniter
ground water resources and supply. This helps in maintaining the health of
the community.Water is Elixir of Life. If the resources of water is not
preserved properly and comes under threat, then the entire planet and its
biodiversity will be threatened.
Diunduh dari: http://kayjayr-akshay.blogspot.com/2012/05/how-to-recharge-ground-water-and.html