Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Eagle Zone
• You will have 3 minutes at the sound of
the bell to get out the following items:
– Lab book (notes section)
– Crossword
– Biochemistry vocabulary review sheet
– Food label sheet
• Failure to have these items out on your
desk when the 3 minutes is over will result
in a 0 daily grade today.
Learning Objectives
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Bio.9A
Compare the structures and functions of different
types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids;
Bio.9C
Identify and investigate the role of enzymes ; and
• Understand the structure/function and how it affects the reaction rate
• Discuss how enzyme activity is influenced by temperature, pH,
concentration and inhibitors
Bio.9D
Analyze and evaluate the evidence regarding
formation of simple organic molecules and their organization
into long complex molecules having information such as the
DNA molecule for self-replicating life.
• Discuss how the monomers make-up polymers
Engage
• Make a list of all the things you like to
eat at the State Fair.
Explore 1
• Food Label Investigation– Students will look at food labels to
determine what types of biomolecules
might be found in their foods
Molecular Organization
(explain)
Cell: Collection of compounds,
smallest unit of living organism
Compound: Combination
of 2 or more elements
Molecule: Bonding of
1 or more elements
Element: made of
one type of atom
Atom: smallest unit
CO2
NaCl
C6H12O6
OR
H
Li
6 Essential Elements
He
Be
B
C
N
O
F Ne
Na Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
K
Ca Sc
Rb Sr
Y
Ti
V
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir
Fr
Pt Au Hg Ti
Pb
Bi
I
H
N
O
P
These six elements make
up all living organisms.
Xe
Po At Rn
Ra Ac Rf Ha Ha
C
Ar
S
Carbon is an element.
H
Li
He
Be
B
C
N
O
F Ne
Na Mg
Al
C
Si
P
S
Cl
K
Ca Sc
Rb Sr
Y
Ti
V
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir
Fr
Ar
Pt Au Hg Ti
Ra Ac Rf Ha Ha
• Let’s talk about carbon.
Pb
Bi
I
Xe
Po At Rn
Carbon is an element.
6
+
+
+
+
+
+
S
C
carbon
12.11
6 atomic number
How many protons?
=
6 atomic mass
How many neutrons?
How many energy levels? 2
How many electrons?
6
Chemical Bonding
• What is a bond?
– Attraction that holds atoms together,
resulting in different forms of matter.
• Ex: NaCl-a.k.a Table Salt
– Sodium (Na) is a metal
that explodes in water.
– Chlorine (Cl) is a
poisonous gas.
– When bonded together,
they become the
compound salt.
Types of Bonds
• Covalent Bonds – sharing of electrons
• Ionic Bonds – gaining or losing
electrons
• Hydrogen Bonds – how polar molecules
“stick” together. (not a chemical bond)
Organic vs. Inorganic
• Organic Compounds contain a carbonhydrogen bond (C6H12O6, CH4)
C6H12O6
• Inorganic Compounds do not contain a
carbon-hydrogen bond (CO2, H2O)
Water-Organic
or Inorganic?
• Polarity
– Cohesive
• Adhesion
• High Heat Capacity
• Universal Solvent
• Surface Tension
• Forms Hydrogen Bonds
Carbon
• Remember the element carbon?
• Carbon is the basis of all organic
compounds
Carbon can make
4 bonds
Hydrocarbon
• Backbone of all organic compounds
• Composed of carbon chains surrounded
by hydrogens
H
H H
H
H
H
H
C C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Remember that
carbon can
make 4 bonds
Functional Groups
• Functional groups bond to the carbon in place
of an H to give the compound unique
chemical and physical properties.
1.
H
H
H C
C
H
H
C
O
OH
Found in Proteins and
Lipids (fatty acids)
Carboxyl
Group
Functional Groups
2.
H
H C
H
H
Hydroxyl
Group
C OH
H
Found in Carbohydrates
and Lipids (glycerol)
3.
H
H C
H
H
C
H
O
O P O
O
_
Found in Nucleic Acids
_
Phosphate
Group
Functional Groups
4.
H
H
H C
C
H
H
H
N
H
Amine
Group
Found in Proteins
5.
H
H
H C
C
C O
H
H
H
Found in Carbohydrates
Carbonyl
Group
Building Organic Compounds
• Monomers
• Polymer
How are monomers
similar to links in a
chain?
Eagle Zone-12 minutes
1)How do you find the number of protons
in an atom?
2)How do you calculate the number of
neutrons in an atom?
3)What is the difference between organic
and inorganic?
4)What are the names of the 4
biomolecules?
Mini Quiz #1
• 1. Give the number of protons, neutrons, and
electrons in the following elements:
– Carbon (atomic # 6, atomic mass=12g)
– Sulfur (atomic #=16, atomic mass = 32)
– Oxygen (atomic #=8, atomic mass=16)
• 2. Is the compound C6H12O6 organic or inorganic?
Why or why not?
• 3. Is water an organic compound? Why or why
not?
• 4. How are monomers similar to links in a chain?
• 5. Provide the name and the elements present for
the following functional groups:
– Carbohydrates
--Lipids
Explore 2- Building
Polymers
• Students will explore how monomers
are linked, chain-like, into polymers
with a building blocks activity
Eagle Zone
• If you did not finish your conclusion
questions for the enzyme lab, do so at this
time. It will be due TODAY, no exceptions,
by the end of Eagle Zone time
• You have 12 minutes to complete today’s
assignment
• If you are done with the questions, answer
this:
– Name the 4 biomolecules and give an example
of each
Eagle Zone
• Name the four carbon compounds
(biomolecules)
• What element are all biomolecules
made of?
• Provide the name of the bond that is
the weakest and that can be found in
water molecules.
Eagle zone- Write the questions
and answer them. 16 minutes
1)
2)
3)
4)
Provide the name of the 4 organic compounds.
Provide a simple definition for “functional group.”
What element are all biomolecules made of?
A monosaccharide is a type of-a) Carbohydrate
b) Lipid
c) Nucleic acid
d) Protein
5) The structure of a lipid contains one ___________
and three __________ _____________ tails.
6)What were the 2 tests we did for carbohydrates?
7) What was the test we did for lipids?
Eagle Zone-write the questions and answer them
• 1) Which of the following correctly describes the parts of a
nucleotide? (use the book for this one)
A) deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
B) ribose sugar, protein, lipid, nitrogen base
C) Nitrogen base, phosphate, ribose sugar
• 2) Saliva breaks down food that you have eaten and changes it
into simple carbohydrates. If a potato was chewed for two
minutes and then spit into a test tube, the organic substance
that would give a positive test would be a
A)Lipid
B)sugar
C)starch
• 3)Which substance would store the most energy?
A) one gram of fat
B) one gram of carbohydrate
C) one gram of protein
4) Copy the class calendar into your agenda for the days
you are in this class. Homework is in red. Study for quiz
on Friday over biomolecules. Quiz next week on enzymes
Carbohydrates
1. Elements: C, H, O
2. Monomers: Monosaccharide
H
3. Structure:
Glucose (C6H12O6)
H
H
C
HO
C
OH
C
O
H
OH H
C
C
H
OH
H
C
OH
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates have 3 monomers:
-Glucose
-Fructose
-Galactose
“ose” indicates sugar
What would this tell you about
the taste of monosaccharides?
Building Carbohydrates
• Many monosaccharides bonded
together form polysaccharides.
C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6
Polysaccharide
• How many water
molecules would be
removed by making
the polysaccharide?
• Polysaccharides are known as starches.
• Will the taste of starches be the same
as sugars?
Functions of Carbohydrates
• To provide a quick source of energy (by
breaking the C-H bonds)
C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6
Functions of Carbohydrates
• To provide a quick source of energy (by
breaking the C-H bonds)
C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6
• Animals store excess sugars as a starch
known as glycogen.
• Plants store excess sugars as a starch
known as cellulose.
Lipids
1. Elements: C, H, O
2. Monomer: Technically, none
3. Structure:
Glycerol
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
H
OH
OH
OH
HO
HO
HO
Fatty Acid
Tails
O
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
Lipids
• The different types of lipids are
determined by the number of C-H
bonds in the fatty acid chain.
HO
O
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
Saturated Fatty Acid: maximum
number of C-H bonds.
Unsaturated Fatty Acid: contains
HO
one double C-C bond.
HO
O
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H H
C C
H
O
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid:
many double C-C bonds.
Functions of Lipids
• Lipids store energy, due to their
numerous C-H bonds.
•Because they are insoluble in water (polar),
lipids are found in animal cell membranes.
•Fats, oils, waxes and many hormones
(steroids) are lipids
Proteins
1. Elements: C, H, O, N, S
2. Monomer: Amino Acids (20)
3. Structure:
H
H
N
H
C
R
O
C
OH
“R” is the functional
group that varies
Functions of Proteins
• Proteins are a major structural component
for living organisms (ex. muscle)
• Proteins function as enzymes to carry out
chemical reactions in the body.
Functions of Proteins
• Some hormones are protein (peptide
hormones).
• Proteins also function to transport or carry
substances in and out of cells.
Cell membrane
channel protein
Nucleic Acids
1. Elements: C, H, O, N, P
2. Monomer: nucleotide
3. Structure:
O
O
P
O
1.
2.
O
C H2
C H3
C
O
CH
3.
HC
C H CH
HO H O
O
C
CH
N
N
C
O
Adenine
H
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotide
1.
1. Phosphate Group
2.
2. 5-Carbon Sugar
(Dexoyribose or Ribose)
3. Nitrogen Base
O
O
P
O
3.
3.
1.
2.
O
C H2
C H3
C
O
CH
HC
C H CH
HO H O
O
C
CH
N
N
C
O
H
Function of Nucleic Acids
• Store genetic code (ATCG) - DNA
Remember, all living organisms
share a universal genetic code!
• Help make proteins (RNA)
Overview
Now you should fill in the notes page
that I have provided to you (the 2
front/back pages)
• The 4 biomolecules:
–
–
–
–
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
• Other terms for biomolecules:
–
–
–
–
Carbon compounds
Organic compounds
Organic molecules
macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Elements
Present
Used by
organisms
for ...
Building
Block
Related Terms
& Info
dissaccharide =
2 connected
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
C:H:O = 1: 2 : 1
always
Monosaccharides
energy
structure
(simple
sugars)
ex: glucose
C6H12O6
monosaccarides
(ex: maltose)
polysaccharide
3 or more
connected
monosaccarides
(ex: starch,
glycogen, chitin,
cellulose)
Proteins
Elements Present
Used by organisms for ...
Related Terms & Info
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
NITROGEN
structure & movement
(muscles)
peptide bond = the bond
that holds amino acids
together in protein
molecules
(always those 4)
antibodies
phosphorus
sulfur
(possibly)
hormones
enzymes
pigments
amino acids
Building Block
of Proteins:
dipeptide = two connected
amino acids
polypeptide = 3 or more
connected amino acids
Lipids
Elements
Present
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
ONLY !
There is no
specific H:O
ratio.
Used by Organisms
for ...
Stored Energy
Structure
(important part of
cell membranes)
fatty acid :
Building Blocks
of Lipids
glycerol :
Related Terms & Info
saturated fat = C-C bonds are all
single bonds
unsaturated fat = contain at least one
double or triple C-C bond
Nucleic Acids
DNA
RNA
FULL NAME
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Ribonucleic acid
BASIC STRUCTURE
2 long twisting strands of
nucleotides in the
form of a
"double helix"
1 single strand of
nucleotides
NUCLEOTIDE
SUGAR
Deoxyribose
Ribose
NITROGENOUS
BASES
guanine (G)
cytosine (C)
adenine (A)
thymine (T)
guanine (G)
cytosine (C)
adenine (A)
uracil (U)
LOCATION IN A
CELL
Nucleus
(the chromosomes)
Nucleus,
in the cytoplasm,
& at the ribosomes
FUNCTION
the hereditary material
of a cell, directs
& controls cell activities
involved in protein
synthesis
Explore Lab
• Students will test the presence or
absence of the groups of biomolecules
through a series of activities using
compound indicators
Elaborate
• Indicators:
– Determine what class of organic
compound foods belong to when
testing them using indicators
(McMush Lab)
Evaluate
• The student will construct a flip chart
that organizes the biomolecules, their
building blocks, polymer,
characteristics, and examples
• The student will keep a Nutrition Log
for one week to organize the foods they
ate and classify those foods into the
biomolecule groups
Mini Quiz #2
1) Fructose is a compound found in many fruits
which give them their sweet taste. The suffix
“ose” lets us know that fructose can be classified
as aa) Carbon
b) starch c)sugar
d)protein
2) Starch and sugar are two types of _________.
3) The biomolecule which has functional groups
that contain elements carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen is________.
Mini Quiz #3
1) Proteins are made up of molecules
called _______ ________.
2) Lipids contain the following structures
1) Carbon chain and an “r” group
2) A glycerol and 3 fatty acids
3) A glycerol and an amine group
Evaluate
I CANNOT HELP YOU
1. Create a data table in your journal similar to the one
below
Sample #
Color change
biomolecule
2. Obtain 3 test tubes and label them a, b,c
3. Choose a sample and record the sample number in your data
table. Add 3 mL of the sample substance to each test tube
4. Add 8 drops of iodine to test tube “a”
5. Add 10 drops of benedict’s to test tube “b”
6. Add 1 mL of biuret’s to test tube “c”
7. Record the color change and tell which type of biomolecule is
present based on the color
8. Clean out your test tubes and repeat steps 3-7 using a
different sample #. Clean out test tubes when you are done.