Internet Fundamentals
Internet Services
Workings Inside the Internet
Organizations and the Internet
Internet
 Originally a set of public WANs

set of major hubs redundantly linked (packet switch)
 Different services on different WANs


all text-based interfaces
e-mail (bitnet), newsgroups (usenet), info (gopher)
 Operations
 All used TCP/IP protocol
Each node has an IP address (198.4.159.10)
TCP is etiquette for transmission
 Today - one public WAN = WWW
 except for 50% of usenet
Communication on the Internet
 Email (jsmith@sony.com.jp)
 Everything to right is domain name
 Domain name server (DNS) maps it to IP address
 Types of discussions

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Push/Pull, Synchronous/Asynch
Newsgroup - what is a thread?
Mailing lists (LISTSERV)
Online Chat
Messaging
Blog (weblog) - opinion or diary site
 Others can respond
 VoIP (voice over IP)
 Need a gateway to translate analog to digital
– Netmeeting (in windows), Skype.Net (free)
Information Sharing
 World Wide Web
 Client/server system of protocols…
HTTP (hypertext transport protocol)
 Controls transfer of webpages (store/forward)
 HTTPs (secure HTTP)
HTML (hypertext markup language)
 Commands used to create web page
 For storing/retrieving information
Home page (entrance to website)
Hypertext interface -- links, tracking
Website vs. Portal
Workings of a Web Page
 Web pages sit on text based servers
 So why are web pages so fancy?
 formatting commands are embedded in text
<bold> IT 610 Info Tech Mgt </bold>
 The embedded codes are HTML
 HyperText Markup Language
 they ‘markup’ the text
 Filename must have htm or html
URL’s -- web site addresses
 Universal Remote Locator
 Ex: www.microsoft.com/~mann/pubs/help.htm
 Machine Name

www.microsoft.com
 Location on machine (folders)


/~mann
/pubs
 File that has HTML
 help.htm
 Domain Name Server (DNS)
 Translates URL to IP address (68.10.16.30)
Other Web Services
 Telnet
Use Internet to control host remotely
 Login, send commands
 Ftp (file transfer protocol)
Put files on host (upload)
Get files from host (download)
Need ftp software
 Web Drive middleware
Acts like server is another hard drive
 Interface between windows explorer and…
 Ex: webdav, web folders
Connecting to the Internet
 What is an ISP?
 Basic service vs. online service
 What are your options at home?
 How get to internet at work?
 How does organization connect?
 Internet gateway from a location
access only, no website
Internet and Organizations
 Gen 4 in Networking History
 In addition to being connected to
the web firms have…
Extranets
 Public websites
 Private websites on Public Internet
Intranets
 In-house websites
 Virtual Private Net (VPN)
creates dedicated net on Internet
Intranets, Extranets vs Internet
 All of them
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Are TCP/IP based
Use HTTP and HTML
Have hyperlinking and data entry forms
Use web servers
Give access to multimedia
Are User Friendly
 Intranet, is
 Network is within the organization
 Intranet has access to Internet but not
vice versa
Extranet
 Extranet is created for outsiders
 ex: customers, the public, partners
 separate web server from intranet, firm’s
backbone
 People connect to it from Internet
 Connections to firm’s systems
 View web pages
 Download info from firm’s web server
 Interact with firm’s systems
 fill in form, data goes to web server
 web server accesses db servers, legacy
systems
Firm Creates a Website
 Registers a domain name
 Hires an Internet Hosting Site
 Creates web pages
 Home page with links to other
pages
 Uses FTP to upload pages to host site
 Using their web servers
 Now users can get to site!
 But site is only informational
E-Commerce
Fundamentals
What is e-commerce?
 Doing business on the Internet
 What is meant by business?
Activities you can do on firm’s website
 Customer life cycle
 gather info
 acquire product
Including mass customization
 manage its use
 retire the product
B2C - business to customer
 Components
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public internet + extranet architecture +
third parties (electronic mall, EFT)
or electronic hub
 Steps
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create an attractive marketplace
interact with consumers
 use site to improve customer relations
use information to improve operations
C2C or P2P
 C2C = customer to customer
 Electronic Broker
connects customers together
 contact database
 auctions
 P2P = person to person
 When you want to sell something
to someone you know
B2B - Business to Business
 What if can’t get other firms to use
your EDI?
 Most firms can only get 10% to 20%
 Ex: Cessna has 4k suppliers, only 71 signed up
 Two other options -- e-mail EDI, web EDI
 E-mail EDI
 PC software has data entry form

collects transaction info and validates it
 It then sends a formatted e-mail message
 Web-EDI
 Extranet data entry processed by app server
Adv of B2B (Web Based EDI)
 Benefits
 Cheap



already have ISP and browser
already know how to use
don’t need translator
 Easy

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don’t need software or even IS dept
can outsource it all to service provider
 Fast -- set up new firm in minutes
 Disadvantages
 Less efficient (esp. for high volume)

unless data also goes to their system,
redundant data entry
 Harder to lock in suppliers
E-Commerce Software
 Web Hosting Service
 Web Content Management Tools

Including dynamic webpages
 Web Performance Monitoring Tools
 Personalization
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Allow customer to choose interface
 Cust Tracking
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clickstream tracking and cookies
collaborative filtering
 predict what want to see next
 Search Tools on website
 3rd party search engines
 User interaction on website
Payments on the web (frequent)
 Prepaid Accounts
 phone 3rd party, set up account
 Create prepaid debit account or
 Access to limited $ - credit card or bank account
 give ID to vendor
 vendor emails 3rd party who sends you email
 or use digital signature + PIN #
 Accumulated balance
 Create account & make several purchases
 Vendor keeps a tab, periodically bills you
 Or puts it on your credit card
 Electronic Billing Support Systems
 Coordinate your routine bills, pay online
One time payments
 Like certified funds w/ no float time
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buy online - 3rd party that works w/ bank
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bank gives you online $ and password
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you give password to merchant to use w/ bank

bank gets $ from bank thru tradl EFT

merchant confirms payment
 3rd party P2P site (PayPal)
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Buyer uses credit card to make account & payment
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Seller gives bank/credit info to get payment
Payments on web (other types)
 Add-ons to browser
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sends credit info
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or client software + cash service
 transmission decrypted by bank
 bank notifies merchant of approval
 Can pay people w/ same system
 Smart card + card reader
 Take credit/checking to web
 Digital Credit (credit co does authorization
 Handles electronic funds transfer
 Digital Checking (cheaper)
 Works w/ your checking account
 Online banking
M-Commerce
 Architecture = wireless web
 microbrowser + WML
 Internet Appliances
 Pagers, Cell/mobile phone
 Handhelds
 Wireless websites
 Wireless/mobile portals
 Voice portals
 Services
 Information based (lookup)
 Transaction based (buy)
 Personalized (who, where you are)
M-Commerce Applications
 Email/phone
 Web info and ticket buying
 Transportation
 Entertainment
 Location info
 nearest….
 Access to Media (newspapers)
 Financial services
 Bill pay, stock trade (also alerts)
 Wireless advertising
 M-payments (similar to web versions)
E-Commerce and Supply Chain
 Intermediation
 When one firm acts as an
intermediary in the supply chain
 Disintermediation
 When E-Commerce allows a firm to
remove intermediary from supply
chain
 Reintermediation
 When intermediary is shifted to a
new source
E-Commerce Models
 Virtual Storefront – sell products
 Information Broker
 Provides/sells info on firms, revenue from firms
 Transaction Broker
 Process online sales for other firms (fee based)
 Online Marketplace
 Where buyers and sellers meet, auctions
 Content Provider (syndicator)
 Packages news, music… over the web
 Online Service Provider
 Access to internet + portal to other services
 May sell member info
 Virtual Community
 Hosts chats, bulletin boards, etc.
 Pure-play vs. Clicks-and-Mortar
Web-based Infrastructure
 Intranet Servers
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file server
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database servers
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web server
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application servers
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groupware server
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directory server
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enterprise server or EAI servers
 gives access to shared files (ex: manuals)
 records, web page components
 gives access to hypermedia pages w/ links
 provide access to shared software or
 display web front-end (user interface)
 connect w/ legacy systems, db servers or
 discussion + email + calendar, etc.
 controls access to other servers
 connect multiple hosts, integrate CRM/ERP
E-Commerce Infrastructure
 Extranet
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Give access to public website (informational)
Give access to employee or partner intranet
 Process transactions, communicate with customer
 using application, database, email servers
 Handle large amount of traffic
 load balancers
 Firewalls - Protect internal sites

authentication server
 handles login
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certificate server
 manages encryption

proxy server  pretends to be real web server, prevents hacking
 replicates web content of interest to one group
Web Infrastructure Issues
 When create extranet
 Security is primary issue
 Issues with any website/intranet
 As hits on website grow…
 Or as interactiveness grows….
 Issues
Load Balancing
Scalability
Modularity
E-Commerce Infrastructure
Firewalls
PC
Web
Server
Load
Balancer
Web
Server
Application
Server (ERP)
Load
Balancer
Web
Server
Load
Balancer
Thin Client
Database
Server
File
Server
Storage
Area Net
Application
Server (CRM)
Legacy
Host
Load
Balancer
Keys to Building
A Simple Web Site
Doris Thompson
Abridged presentation given in
IT 610
HTML “tags”
 As mentioned earlier in class, HTML uses a
set of commands called “tags”.
 Each tag is encased within < and />…
 It is a good idea to use capital letters within
< and > for your commands. It makes it
easier to read the code.
 For example:
This is <BOLD> bold </BOLD> text
Would display the following:
This is bold text
HTML “tags” Cont.
 There are many special tags to HTML
 <HTML> </HTML> signals the
beginning and the end of an HTML
document. Surprised?
 <B> <I> <T> represent Bold, Italic,
and Typewriter.
 <HR>, Horizontal Reference, gives
you a line like this:
HTML “tags” – A Few More
 <BR> breaks the text and begins it on the
next line
 (like hitting “Enter” on a keyboard)
 <P> stands for Paragraph and does the
same exact thing as <BR>,
 but it skips a line before starting the text
again
 <H1> through <H8> are heading
commands.
 H1 is the largest, H8 the smallest.
HTML Text Justification
 Text in HTML is automatically leftjustified.
 To center text, use the <CENTER>
command.
 Right-justification can be achieved by
using <P ALIGN=“right”>.
 When an attribute is added to a
single tag such as <P>,
 then you need to end the command
with </P>.
HTML “Attributes”
 Some commands have attributes (a
command within a command).
 <FONT SIZE=“+6”> is the largest font.
“-6” is the smallest.
 <FONT COLOR=“LIME”>
 changes the color of the letters to lime
green
 End either or both at the same time by just
using </font>.
HTML “tags”
 Multiple commands can be used at the same
time but you must be careful

work inside out
 Here is a correct example
<BIG>
<Center>
<I>
actual text
</I>
</Center>
</BIG>
 If you make a mistake a formatting might go
on longer than you intended
HTML “tags”
 You can view the source code for any web
site by going to “View”, then “Source
Code” at the top of your browser’s tool
bar.
 Just like with programs, web page builders
often reuse any interesting code they find,
such as graphics, text enhancements, and
fancy backgrounds.
 If you use Word, you don’t have to play
with tags, just save as HTML
Final Steps

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
With PC’s, use SAVE AS, then html as the
extension.
You will need space on an internet server so that
people can get to it.
You upload the webpage to the server with
software that uses the File Transfer Protocol
 WSFTP.EXE is one option
 You can create folders on the website to help
keep it organized
Once you upload the webpage to the server, user
your browser to view it
Links in HTML

HTML is called a Hyper Language because of it’s
ability to let the user jump from page to page in
a non-linear fashion.
To create a link in Word,
select the text, and then use
the Insert Hyperlink button
(Globe + link of chain)
To edit link, right click,
then click on Hyperlink
The Hyperlink command
 The following command would make a link to the
website where I found a lot of information for this
project.
<A HREF=“http://www.htmlgoodies.com”> Click Here For
HTML Goodies </A>
 Offsite links -- go to a different server
 Internal links -- go to a different page on the
same server

you don’t need to include the server

<A HREF=“tutors/sitelinks.html”>Click Here For HTML
Goodies</A>
Placing Images on a Website
 If the picture is in the same folder as
the webpage, then you just need this
command:
<IMG SRC="sally.gif">
 If the picture is in a different folder or
a different server, then you need to
include that information in the link