Anatomy
Skeleto-Muscular System
&
Yoga Poses
Musculoskeletal System
Consists of:
• Bones
• Cartilages
• Joints
• Bursae
• Ligaments
• Tendons
• Muscles
Skeleton
- Bone made up of 14% of our total body weight.
- Bone get their elasticity from tough elastic rope like
fibers known as collagen.
- An adult skeleton have 206 bones & a baby’s
skeleton have 300 bones or more.
Skeleton
The main job of the skeleton is to
- provide support for our body.
- helps protect your internal organs and fragile
body tissues.
- provide the structure for muscles to attach so
that our bodies are able to move.
- In the middle of some bones is jelly-like bone
marrow, constantly being produce the new blood
cells.
Axial Skeleton
Made up of 80 bones.
• Skull (28)
• Hyoid (1)
• Vertebrae (26)
• Ribs (24)
• Sternum (breast bone) (1)
Appendicular Skeleton
Made up of 126 bones.
Upper Extremity (Arms & Shoulder
Girdle)
• Clavicle (2)
• Scapula (2)
• Humerus (2)
• Radius (2)
• Ulna (2)
• Carpals (16)
• Metacarpals (10)
• Phalanges (28)
Appendicular Skeleton
Made up of 126 bones.
Lower Extremity (Pelvic Girdle,
thighs & legs)
• Hip bones (2)
• Femur (2)
• Patella (Knee cap) (2)
• Tibia (2)
• Fibula (2)
• Tarsals (14)
• Metatarsals (10)
• Phalanges (28)
Bones
• A typical bone has an
outer layer of hard which
is very strong, dense and
tough.
• Inside this is a layer of
spongy bone, which is
like honeycomb, lighter
and slightly flexible.
• In the middle of some
bones is jelly-like bone
marrow, where new cells
are constantly being
produced for the blood.
• Calcium is an important
mineral that bone cells
need to stay strong
Bones
• Bones are also the body’s reservoir for calcium,
critical in a variety of physiological functions
including muscle contraction. The concentration of
calcium is accurately regulated through an
interplay between the skeletal, endocrine and
excretory systems. This involves feedback loops
between the parathyroid gland, the kidneys, the
intestines, the skin, the liver and the bones.
• Bone mass decreases in osteoporosis, with the
loss of estrogen in post-menopausal women.
Resistance-type exercise maintains bone mass
Joints
Joints are areas where bones are linked together. They
have varying degrees of mobility.
Fibrous Joint:- joined by dense irregular connective
tissue that is rich in collagen fibers. Ex: Skull
Cartilaginous Joint:- joined by cartilage. More mobile
than Fibrous joint and less mobile than Synovial
joints. Ex: the Manbrium & Sternum.
Synovial Joint: not directly joined - the bones have a
synovial cavity and are united by the dense irregular
connective tissue that forms the articular capsule
that is normally associated with accessory ligaments
Synoival Joints
Bursa is the liquid which stays between a joint and tendon or
muscle to avoid friction.
Ligaments
• Ligaments are dense bundles of parallel collagenous
fibers. They are often derived from the outer layer of
the joint capsule, but may also connect nearby but nonarticulating bones.
• The ligaments function chiefly to strengthen and
stabilize the joint in a passive way. Unlike the muscles,
they cannot actively contract. Nor (except for a few
ligaments which contain a high proportion of yellow
elastic fibers) can they stretch.
Muscles
Muscle Contraction
• Concentric Contraction – Just contract. Elbow
contraction.
• Eccentric Contraction – Stretch, same time contract.
Lowering an object.
• Isometric Contraction – Holding an object. Joint not
moving. Both side muscle contract.
• Isotonic Contraction- Tension not change, but
lengthening same time.
Feet
• Tarsals(Ankle)-7
• Metatarsus – 5
• Phalanges - 14
Scapula
Shoulder Joint
Palms
• Carpals – 8
• Metacarpals – 4
• Phalanges - 14
Spine
•
•
•
•
•
Cervical Vertebrae – 7
Thoracic Vertebrae – 12
Lumbar Vertebrae – 5
Sacrum – 1
Coccyx - 1
Spine
• sacrum, convex toward the back
• concave lumbar region (the term
lordosis
• convex thoracic region (kyphosis)
• concave cervical region
VERTEBRAE , L4
Spinous Process
Spinal Cord
Vertebral Body
Spinal Disk
Inferior articulating process
Superior articulating process
INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS
Each inter-vertebral disk has a semi-fluid core, the nucleus pulposus, which is
surrounded by a tough but elastic connective tissue exterior, the annulus
fibrosus. The nucleus pulposus comprises only about 15% of the total mass,
but that’s enough liquid to allow the disk to act hydraulically every time you
shift he angle of one vertebral body with respect to its neighbor, the nucleus
pulposus shifts accordingly, bulging out the elastic annulus fibrosis on one side
and every time you twist, the nucleus pulposus presses the annulus fibrosis
outward all around.
Spinal Ligaments
•
•
•
•
•
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Supraspinous Ligament
Interspinous Ligament
Intertransverse Ligament
FLEXION AND EXTENSION
Ribs & Sternum
Back Muscles
Intertransverse Muscles: - Connect the adjacent transverse
process. It connects posterior to the intertransverse process
ligaments.
Action:- Side Bending
Interspinalis Muscles: Connect the adjacent spinous process.
It connects either sides of the ligament.
Action:- Extension
Back Muscles
Transversospinal muscles:- are a group of muscles of the
human back. Their combined action is rotation and extension
of the vertebral column
(a) The semispinalis muscles
(i) Semispinalis Dorsi (Semi Spinalis Thoracis)
(ii) Semiispinalis cervicis
(iii)Semispinalis capitis
(b) The multifidus.
(c) The rotatores
Semispinalis muscles
1. Semispinalis Dorsi (Semi Spinalis Thoracis)
2. Semiispinalis cervicis
3. Semispinalis capitis
Semispinalis dorsi arises by a series of
small tendons from the transverse
processes of the 6th to the 10th
Thoracic vertebrae, and is inserted, by
tendons, into the spinous processes of
the upper 4 Thoracic and Lower
two cervical vertebrae.
Action:- Extend the spine in Thoracic
region
Semispinalis muscles
Semispinalis cervicis :
the
transverse processes of the upper
five or six thoracic vertebrae, and is
inserted into the cervical spinous
processes
Semispinalis capitis: Spinalis capitis
and semispinalis capitis can be
considered together. They originate
respectively from the spinous
processes of C7—Tl and the
transverse processes of C4—T4, and
insert on the occiput.
Action:- Extend the spine in
Thoracic region
Hip & Pelvis
Hip Bone
The pelvis receives the weight of the upper
body and passes this weight on to the lower
limbs via its articulations with the femurs.
PELVIS AND HIPS
Hip bone
It have 3 parts
Ilium
-HFGFGF
Pubis
Ischium
Femur
Ischial tuberosity
– Sitting Bone
Pubic symphysis
PELVIS AND HIPS LIGAMENTS
Pelvic Ligaments
Pelvic Nutation
Iliopsoas
Origin:
Psoas
Transverse processes of T12-L5 & the lateral aspects of
the intervertebral discs
Side of T12+L1 & IV intervertebral disc between
Iliacus
Iliac fossa, base of sacrum
End:
Psoas Major
Lesser trochanter of the femur
Actions:
Hip flexion & external rotation
Decelerates hip extension
Decelerates femoral internal rotation at heel strike
Assists in stabilizing the lumbar spine during functional
movements
Sartorius
Origin:
Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
End
Medial condyle of the tibia
Actions:
Assists in hip flexion, abduction & external rotation
Assists in knee flexion
Tensor-Fasciae
Origin:
Anterior superior iliac spine
Insertion:
Iliotibial tract (anterior surface of lateral condyle of tibia)
Actions:
Hip abduction, flexion & internal rotation
Decelerates hip adduction & assists in decelerating hip
extension & external rotation
adductor-magnuss
Origin:
Ischiopubic ramus (anterior, adductor portion)
Lower outer quadrant of posterior surface of ischial tuberosity
(posterior, hamstring or ischial fibers)
End:
Lower gluteal line & linea aspera (anterior, adductor portion)
Adductor tubercle on the medial condyle ridge (posterior, hamstring or
ischial fibers)
Actions
Hip adduction, transverse adduction & external rotation (during
adduction)
Provides frontal plane stabilization during stance & assists in hip
extension
adductor-brevis
Origin:
Inferior ramus & body of pubis
End:
Upper third of linea aspera
Actions
Hip adduction, transverse adduction, (initial) flexion & external rotation
(during adduction)
adductor-longus
Origin:
Body of pubis inferior & medial to pubic tubercle
End:
Lower two thirds of medial linea aspera
Actions
Hip adduction, transverse adduction, & (initial) flexion
Gracilis
Origin:
Outer surface of the ischiopubic ramus
End:
Medial surface of the superior tibia (upper medial shaft of
tibia below sartorius)
Actions:
Hip adduction & transverse adduction
Knee flexion
External Rotation
Decelerates hip flexion
Pectineus
Origin:
Upper border of the pubis (super pubic ramis)
End
Below the lesser trochanter of the femur
Actions:
Hip adduction, transverse adduction & initial flexion
External Rotation
Gluteus-medius
Origin:
External (gluteal) surface of the ilium (just below
crest)
End:
Posterior & lateral surface of the greater trochanter
of the femur
Actions:
Abduction, transverse abduction, internal rotation &
external rotation (during abduction) of the hip
Decelerates hip adduction & internal rotation
gluteus-minimus
Origin:
External (gluteal) surface of the ilium (below origin of
gluteus medius)
End:
Anterior surface of the greater trochanter of the
femur
Actions:
Abduction, transverse abduction & internal rotation
(during abduction) of the femur at the hip
Decelerates hip adduction
gluteus-maximus
Origin:
Posterior gluteal line
Posterior sacrum & coccyx
Fascia of the lumbar area
Sacrotuberous ligament
End
Gluteal tuberosity of the femur
Iliotibial tract
Actions:
Hip extension
Hip external rotation
Hip Adduction (lower portion)
Decelerates hip flexion, adduction & internal rotation during stance phase
Decelerates tibial internal rotation via the IlioTibial (IT) band
piriformis
Origin:
Anterior surface of the sacrum (S2-S4)
End:
Superior aspect of the greater trochanter
Actions:
Lateral (external) rotation of the thigh at the hip
Assist in hip extension during functional movements
Decelerates internal rotation of the hip
rectus-femoris
Origin:
Anterior inferior iliac spine (straight head) & the ilium
above acetabulum (reflected head)
End:
Quadriceps tendon to patella (via ligamentum patellae
into tubercle of tibia)
Actions:
Knee extension
Hip flexion
vastus-lateralis
Origin:
Lateral surface of the femur (upper intertrochanteric
line, base of greater trochanter, lateral linea aspera,
lateral supracondylar ridge & lateral intermuscular
septum)
End
Lateral quadriceps tendon to patella (via ligamentum
patellae into tubercle of tibia)
Actions:
Knee extension
vastus-intermedius
Origin:
Anterior & lateral shaft of femur
End:
Patellar tendon (quadriceps tendon to patella), via
ligamentum patellae into tubercle of tibia
Actions:
Knee extension
vastus-medialis
Origin:
Medial surface of femur (lower intertrochanteric line,
spiral line, medial linea aspera & medial intermuscular
septum)
End:
Medial patella (via ligamentum patellae into tubercle
of tibia)
Actions:
Knee extension
biceps-femoris
Origin:
Long Head
Ischial tuberosity, part of the sacrotuberous ligament (tendon also
common to semitendinosus)
Short Head
Lateral lip of the linea aspera below the gluteal tuberosity
(between the adductor magnus & vastus lateralis)
End
Long Head
Fibular head (primarily) & lateral collateral ligament and lateral
tibial condyle
Short Head
Styloid process of head of fibula. lateral collateral ligament and
lateral tibial condyle
Actions
Knee flexion & tibial external rotation
semitendinosus
Origin:
Upper inner quadrant of posterior surface of ischial tuberosity & part of
the sacrotuberous ligament
End:
Proximal aspect of the medial tibial condyle (pes anserine)
Actions
Knee flexion & internal rotation of the tibia
Hip extension
semimembranosus
Origin:
Upper outer quadrant of posterior surface of ischial tuberosity
End:
Posterior aspect of the medial condyle of tibia below articular margin
(fascia over popliteus & oblique popliteal ligament)
Actions
Knee flexion & internal rotation of the tibia
Hip extension
Shoulder Girdle & Neck Muscles
Trapezius
Origin:
Upper Fibers
Medial third of the superior nuchal line and
external occipital protuberance of the skull
Middle Fibers
Spinous processes of vertebrae T1-T3 & C7
Lower Fibers
Spinous processes of vertebrae T4-T12
End: Upper Fibers
Lateral third of the posterior clavicle
Middle Fibers
Medial border of acromium process
Lower Fibers
Inferior middle spine of scapula
Action: next slide
Trapezius
Action: Upper Fibers
Elevation of the scapula
Extension of the cervical spine
Extension, lateral flexion & rotation of the
atlantoccipital & antlantoaxial neck
Middle Fibers
Adduction (rectaction), upward rotation and
elevation of the scapula
Lower Fibers
Upward rotation, adduction (retraction) &
depression of the scapula
Weak extensor of the thoracic spine
Upper Fibers
Assists in providing dynamic stability to the cervical
spine and shoulder complex
Middle Fibers
Assists in dynamically stabilizing the scapula during
functional movements
Lower Fibers
Assists in dynamically stabilizing the scapula
Levator scapulae
Origin:
Transverse processes of the upper 3 or 4 of the
cervical vertebrae
Insertion:
Superior part of medial border of the scapula
Actions: Concentric Functions:
Elevation, downward rotations & abduction (protraction)
of the scapula
Eccentric Functions:
Decelerates head & neck flexion (bilaterally)
Decelerates scapular depression & upward rotation
(unilaterally)
Decelerates lateral flexion of the cervical spine
(unilaterally)
Isometric Function:
Dynamically stabilizes the cervical spine during
functional movements
Rhomboids :
Major originate from spinous
processes of the T2 to T5 vertebrae and end to
scapula and Minor originate from spinous
processes of the C7-T1 and end to scapula.
Action: keep the scapula pressed against
thoracic wall and to retract the scapula toward
the vertebral column
Splenius capitis originates from the
nuchal ligament and the spinous
processes of C7 through T3-T4. It
inserts on the mastoid process and
adjacent occipital bone.
Splenius cervicis runs
from the spinous process
of T5-T7 to the transverse
processes of C1-C3.
Actions: contracting bilaterally, these muscles
extend the head and cervical spine.
Contracting
unilaterally, they cause side bending and
rotation
toward the contracting side.
sternocleidomastoid
Origin: Manubrium sterni, medial portion of the
clavicle
Insertion:
Mastoid process of the (temporal bone) skull, superior
nuchal line
Action:
Flexion, rotation, lateral flexion of the (cervical spine)
neck
Flexion, rotation, lateral flexion & extension of the
(atlantooccipital & atlantoaxial) head
Dynamically stabilizes the cervical spine during
functional movements
scalenes
Origin:
Anterior: Transverse processes of cervical
vertebrae C3-C6
Medial: Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
C2-C7
Posterior: Transverse processes of cervical
vertebrae C5-C6
Insertion:
Anterior: 1st rib
Medial: 1st rib
Posterior: 2nd rib
Action:
Flexion & rotation of the (cervical spine) neck
Accelerates lateral flexion of the (cervical spine)
neck.
Decelerates lateral flexion of cervical spine,
cervical rotation & extension.
Dynamic stabilization of the spine during
functional movements
Serratus posterior superior
runs from the spinous processes of C7 to T3
and inserts on the first five ribs.
Action: elevates the ribs and thereby aids in
inspiration
Serratus posterior inferior
runs from the spinous processes ofT l2 to L2
and inserts on the last four ribs.
Action: depresses these ribs and thereby aids in
expiration
Serratus Anterior
Origin: Fleshy slips from the outer surface of
upper 8 or 9 ribs
End: Costal aspect of medial margin of the
scapula
Action:
1. Abduction (protraction) & upward rotation
of the scapula
2. Decelerates dynamic scapular retraction
3. Helps stabilize the scapulo-throacic joint
Pectoralis Minor
Origin: Anterior surface of the (3rd to
5th) ribs near the costal cartilages
End: Medial border and superior
surface of the coracoid process of the
(superior anterior) scapula
Action:
1. Abduction (protraction), depression
& downward (during abduction)
rotation of the scapula
2. Decelerates scapular retraction,
shoulder extension, horizontal
abduction, external rotation and
retraction
3. Dynamically stabilizes the scapula
during functional movements
Muscles of Shoulder Joints
Deltoids
Origin:
Anterior Deltoid
Anterior border & upper surface of the lateral
third of the clavicle
Lateral Deltoid
Surface of the lateral third of the clavicle
Posterior Deltoid
Inferior edge of the spine of the scapula
Insertion:
Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
Action:
Raises and rotates arm in all direction
Teres-major
Origin:
Posterior aspect of the inferior angle of the scapula
Insertion:
Medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus (grove) of the
humerus
Action:
Shoulder extension, internal rotation and adduction
Stabilizes humeral head in glenoid fossa (cavity)
Pectoralis Major
Origin:
Sternal head
Anterior surface of the sternum, the superior
six costal cartilages (2nd to 6th ribs), and the
aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
Clavicular head
Anterior surface of the medial half of the
clavicle.
Insertion:
Intertubercular groove of the proximal,
anterior humerus
Action:
Transverse flexion, adduction, internal rotation,
adduction, abduction & extension of the shoulder
Decelerates shoulder extension, horizontal
abduction and external rotation
Latissimus dorsi
Origin:
Spinous processes of thoracic T7-T12, thoracolumbar
fascia, iliac crest & ribs 9-12
Insertion:
Floor (medial side) of intertubercular groove of the
(proximal anterior/medial) humerus
Action:
Adducts, extends and internally rotates the humerus
Decelerates flexion, abduction and external rotation
of the upper extremity
Functions as a bridge between the upper and lower
extremity
Assists in dynamic stabilization of the lumbo-pelvichip complex
4- Rotator Cuff Muscles
a group of muscles and their tendons that act to stabilize the shoulder. There
are four muscles together create this rotator cuff.
SITS
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
teres-minor
subscapularis
supraspinatus
Origin:
Supraspinous fossa (groove) of (superior) scapula
Insertion:
Superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus
Action:
Shoulder abduction
Decelerates adduction of the arm
Assists dynamic stabilization of the humeral
head in the glenoid fossa
infraspinatus
Origin:
Infraspinous fossa of the (medial) scapula
Insertion:
Middle facet of greater tubercle of the (posterior)
humerus
Action:
External rotation, transverse abduction &
transverse extension of the humerus
Decelerates shoulder internal rotation
Assists in posterior stabilization of the shoulder
joint
teres-minor
Origin:
Lateral border (posterior on upper & middle part) of the
(lateral) scapula
Insertion:
Inferior facet of (posterior) greater tubercle of the
humerus
Action:
External rotation, transverse abduction &
transverse extension of the humerus
Decelerates shoulder internal rotation
Posterior stabilization of the shoulder joint
subscapularis
Origin:
Subscapular fossa (groove) on the anterior scapula
Insertion:
Lesser tubercle of the (proximal anterior) humerus
Action:
Anteriior rotation the humerus
Anterior & posterior stabilization of the shoulder joint
Anterior & posterior stabilization of the shoulder joint
Core Muscles
rectus-abdominis
Origin:
Crest of pubis
Insertion:
Costal cartilage of ribs 5-7 & the xiphoid
process of sternum
Action:
Lumbar flexion of the spine
Decelerates extension & rotation of the spine
Stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex
external-obliques
Origin:
External surfaces of ribs 5-12 (Lower 7 or 8
ribs)
Insertion:
Anterior 2/3 of the iliac crest & the lateral 2/3
of the inguinal ligament
Actions
Flexion, rotation and lateral reflection of the
(lumbar spine) torso
Decelerates extension & rotation of the
(lumbar) spine
Dynamically stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip
complex
internal-obliques
Origin:
Lateral 2/3 of the inguinal ligament, anterior
2/3 of the iliac crest & the lumbodorsal fascia.
Insertion:
Linea alba, xiphoid process and the inferior
(lower 2-4) ribs.
Functions:
Flexion, rotation and lateral reflection of the
(lumbar spine) torso
Decelerates extension & rotation of the
(lumbar) spine
Dynamically stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip
complex & intersegmental spinal stabilization
transverse-abdominis
Origin:
Inner rim of iliac crest, inguinal ligament, thoracolumbar
fascia, & costal cartilages of inferior 6 ribs
Insertion:
Xiphiod process, linea alba, and pubis
Concentric Functions:
Pulls abdominal wall inward (forced expiration) &
increases intra-abdominal pressure
Eccentric Functions:
Dynamically stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex
during functional movements
Isometric Function:
Dynamically stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex
quadratus-lumborum
Origin:
Posterior inner lip of iliac crest & iliolumbar
ligament
Insertion:
Transverse processes of the upper 4 lumbar
vertebrae & the lower border of 12th (last) rib
Actions
Lateral flexion of the spine & extension of the lumbar
spine (w/ bilateral contraction)
Dynamically stabilizes lumbo-pelvic hip complex
Dynamically stabilizes lumbo-pelvic hip complex
multifidus
Origin:
Sacrum, sacroiliac ligament, spinous processes
of the lumbar, thoracic & last 4 cervical
vertebrae
Insertion:
Lumbar and cervical spinous processes (up to
C2)
Actions:
Acceleration of spinal extension and
contralateral rotation
Deceleration of spinal flexion and ipsilateral
rotation
Stabilization of the lumbar spine
erector-spinae
Origin:
Iliocastalis
Lower posterior surface of the sacrum & posterior ribs
Longissimus
Transverse processes of lumbar & thoracic vertebrae
Spinalis
Transverse processes of thoracic & cervical vertebrae &
ligamentum nuchae (posterior neck ligaments)
Insertion:
Iliocastalis
Transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae & posterior
ribs
Longissimus
Transverse processes of the cervical & throacic vertebrae &
the mastoid process of the skull
Spinalis
Spinous processes of the thoracic & cervical vertebrae &
the occipital bone of the skull
Erector-spinae
Actions:
Iliocastalis
Lateral flexion of the (thoracic, lumbar & cervical) spine
Rotation of the (thoracic, lumbar & cervical) spine
Longissimus
Extension of the (thoracic, lumbar & cervical) spine
Lateral flexion of the (cervical) spine
Rotation of the (cervical) spine
Spinalis
Extension of the (thoracic, lumbar & cervical) spine
Decelerates flexion, rotation and lateral flexion of the spine
Dynamically stabilizes the spine during functional movements