6.0 Fuels: Oil/Natural Gas
Frank R. Leslie,
B. S. E. E., M. S. Space Technology
1/28/2010, Rev. 2.1.1
fleslie @fit.edu; (321) 674-7377
www.fit.edu/~fleslie
Rootsweb.ancestry.com
In Other News . . .
 Chrysler developing ENVI plug-in hybrid vehicle drive for
many models, but Fiat may own them by then
 Large oil companies are under Federal ruling on January
20, 2009 in the Southern District of Florida because of
ethanol-containing boat fuel. The fuel destroys fiberglass
fuel tanks, absorbs water and phase separation. --Maritime Reporter 1/27/09
Lawsuit filed in Tampa to recover damages Jan., 2010
--- could be huge settlement
 Pres. Obama stated that he wants offshore oil drilling in
the State of the Union address, also nuclear plus
weatherization of buildings
High speed rail at 168 to 180 mph in Florida
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6. Events: Oil and Coal-to-Liquids (CTL)
 1955 South African Sasol CTL started
 1973 Arab oil embargo due to Israel-Egypt Six-Day War
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1981 Saudi Ghawar field peaked at 5.7Mbbl/day
1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait
1991 First Gulf War
3/19/2003 US invades Iraq
 2005 Kuwait’s second largest Burgan field exhausted,
1.7Mbbl/day
 10/2008 Crude hits $147/bbl intraday high
 2009 Crude oil falls to $33
 1/20/2009 Crude oil at $38, $46 on 1/23/09, $73 1/2010
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6.0.1 Overview: Oil and Natural Gas
 Petroleum or crude oil is a complex hydrocarbon mixture
(mostly gasoline) that is refined to get its constituents or
feedstock for chemical transformations
 Oil (crude) and natural gas are often found in the same
area, and thus are treated together in this presentation
 Oil provides our principal transportation fuels of gasoline
and diesel, while natural gas provides heating
 Coal-to-liquids results in primarily gasoline-like fluids and
is just mentioned here
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6.0 Overview: Oil and Natural Gas Reserves
Revised 030124
Quads normalize the energy
Ref.: National Energy Technology Lab. Why Combustion? CD_ROM
6.0 About This Presentation
 6.1 Oil Consumption
 6.2 Oil Refining
 6.3 Natural Gas
 6.4 Natural Gas Turbine Peaking Power
 6.5 Oil/Gas Reserves
 6.6 Oil/Gas Transportation
 Conclusion
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http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/analysis_publications/oil_market_basics/petflow.htm
6.1 Oil Source and Sink Chart
Petroleum Flow, 2006
(Million Barrels per Day)
Source: Oil Market Basics
http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/analysis_publications/oil_market_basics/default.htm
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6.1.1 Amount of oil to be produced and consumed
The World consumption of oil was some 74,500,000
barrels of oil per day in 2000
What does this large number represent, and
how can we relate to it?
[What do 2 million Mac hamburgers look like?]
Some interesting figures follow by permission of Jim
Woodfin, former Chair of the Sierra Club Turtle Coast
Group, Melbourne FL (January, 2003 group meeting)
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http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/
6.1.1.1 Matters of Scale: World Oil
Consumption
 How can we relate to such large numbers?
 74,500,000 Barrels Per Day (year 2000)
 3,129,000,000 Gallons Per Day
 130,375,000 Gallons Per Hour
 2,172,917 Gallons Per Minute
 36,215 Gallons Per Second
030129
6.1.1.2a Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption
 36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil flowing in West Brevard County

?
Gal/Sec – St. Johns River @ Melbourne, Florida
Revised 030124
6.1.1.2b Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption
 36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil flowing in the St. Johns River?

?
Gal/Sec – St. Johns River @ Melbourne, Florida
River Flow
gallons/second
3,115 average
9,000 high
Water digitally “replaced” with oil
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6.1.1.3a Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption
 36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil

?
Gal/Sec – St. Johns River @ Jacksonville FL
Revised 030124
6.1.1.3b Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption
 36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil

?
Gal/Sec – St. Johns River @ Jacksonville FL
43,610 gallons/second
A little too much!
070121
6.1.1.4a Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption
 36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil
 How Long to fill Lake Okeechobee?
(1,200,000,000,000 gallons)
Revised 030124
6.1.1.4b Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption
 36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil
 How Long to fill Lake Okeechobee?
(1,200,000,000,000 gallons)
394 days
Revised 030124
6.1.2.1 Oil History – A chronology
 Oil was first discovered in ancient times, and asphalt was used to
caulk the seams of ships
 1814 First oil well in Caldwell, Ohio discovered oil instead of salt
water; Darn! (:-((
www.aoghs.org
 1829 Oil discovered in Burkesville KY; 50,000 bbls total; they
wanted salt water − Why? Hint: food
http://www.fohbc.com/images/American%20Oil.pdf
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1850 Samuel Kerr distilled oil shale to produce oil
1857 E. L. Drake hired to drill for industrial oil in Pennsylvania
1866 First “gusher” in Texas
1866 PA oil was about $6 a barrel (~$35, 2004; $73, 2010)
1901 Lucas Spindletop “gusher” near Beaumont, Texas, and “Big
Oil” began
http://www.sjgs.com/history.html
6.1.2 Old Oil Well Field in Pennsylvania
See http://www.greentechhistory.com/2009/08/gallery-theworlds-first-oil-field/ for a 3-D photo; adjust browser photo
width to match your eye spacing, stare at infinity, and watch
the well pop into 3-D
There are perhaps 20 stereopticon slides at this site
http://www.greentechhistory.com/2009/08/gallery-the-worlds-first-oil-field/
6.1.2.2 Oil History – A chronology
1901 Oil found in Louisiana
1905 Oil found in California
1920 Chevron-Texaco prospecting in the Middle East
1932 California Arabian Standard Oil Company found oil in Bahrain
1938 SOCAL discovered oil at Damman, Kuwait
In the 1950s, oil and natural gas replaced coal due to the lower
pollution and ease of use; natural gas predominated
 Oil is produced mainly in Saudi Arabia, Russia, and US
 Some important products are plastics, detergents, drugs, fertilizers,
pesticides, explosives, paint rubber, epoxies, recording disks,
Crayons
 Known reserves will be economically gone in mid-21st century
(2050)
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6.2 Oil Refining
 Crude oil contains many compounds; not homogenous
 Refining separates the various compounds by
evaporation temperature (fractional distillation)
 Conversion causes chemical changes to make a different
product by recombining the molecular chains
Methane (CH4), 1 C; propane, 3C; butane, 4C;
pentane, 5C; hexane, 6C; heptane, 7C; octane, 8C
 Octane rating is percentage of octane mixed with
heptane and determines pre-ignition point in a standard
engine (knocking is bad for the engine)
 See http://www.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining2.htm for
a good animated drawing of distilling crude oil
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6.2.1 Crude Oil is A Complex Mixture!
The mixture contains
many useful
products that must
be refined out of the
crude oil
Distillate fuel oil is
“diesel” oil or home
heating oil
Gasoline, a complex
mixture, is much of
the barrel
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http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter08.html
6.2.9 Will Oil Shale Save Us?
From Peoples Gas briefing to FECC
Colorado mined a lot in ~1970s before cheap oil returned
6.3 Natural Gas (NG) History – A chronology
 6000-2000 yr BCE Gas seeps discovered in Iran
 Marco Polo saw gas seeps in 1264 at Baku
"Eternal Fires of the Apsheron Peninsula“
http://www.sjgs.com/history.html#baku
 1659 Gas discovered in England
 1815 NG found in US while digging a well for salt brine
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1859
1860
1885
1905
Fredonia Gas Light Co. formed (West New York)
Liquefied natural gas used as a portable fuel
Coffee roasted by NG and air flame
NG discovered in California
 1918 Texas well produced 70 million cubic feet of gas
per day
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http://hearth.com/what/gashistory.html
6.3.1 Natural Gas Heating Values
State
Location
Btu/cu. ft.
KS
Leavenworth
964
MO
Kansas City
967
LA
Caddo Parish
1039
OK
Park City
1076
CA
Los Angeles
1108
TX
Abilene
1129
OH
Cleveland
1150
WV
Charleston
1172
OK
Kiefer
1272
Heat content affects the price
(true of hot peppers, too! [see Scoville units])
Zerban and Nye, 1952
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6.3.2 Butane, Propane, Etc. Energy Densities
Name
Composition
Btu/lb
Propane
C3H8
21690
Butane
C4H10
21340
Coke-oven gas
19320
Blast-furnace gas
1208
Water gas (coke) mixture of CO and H2
6600
Gasoline
C8H18
20336
JP-4 jet fuel
95% kerosene
18725
No. 2 fuel oil
C14H30 to C20H42
19440
Hydrogen
H2
61100
Crude oil, Avg.
US
mixture
19589
(C6H14 to C12H26)
Harder, 1982; Zerban and Nye, 1952
060115
6.4.1 Gas Turbine Peaking Systems
such as Oleander Energy Plant at Cocoa FL
 $200M, 650 MW peaking plant west of Cocoa near I-95
 Located close to gas pipeline and transmission lines
 Five 150 MW aeroderivative gas turbines spin generators
(derived from aircraft engines)
 Muffled hot exhaust is directed straight up into the air
 A more-efficient design would use heat recovery steam
generators to cool the exhaust by making steam
 That type of combined cycle plant would not qualify
under the previous PURPA law, so that wasn’t built
 PURPA was intended for solar and wind energy systems,
but was written inadvertently such that other merchant
plants could be licensed; “unintended consequences”
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6.4.2 Oleander Energy Plant -- 600 MW
 5 x 160 MW
 The turbine is directly
coupled to the
generator and jointly
turns at 3,600 RPM. The
first four combustion
turbines produce
electricity at 18,000
volts before being
“stepped up” in a
transformer to 230,000
volts for transmission,
while the 5th
combustion turbine
produces electricity at
18,000 volts before
being “stepped up” in a
transformer to 138,000
volts for transmission.
090127
Now owned by the Southern Company
http://www.southerncompany.com/southernpower/pdfs/SP_Plant_Oleander.pdf
http://www.constellation.com/generation/oleander.asp
6.4.3 The Mighty Snow Natural Gas Engine
This Snow
engine ran on
natural gas in a
New Jersey
water plant
It produced
400hp, less than
some SUVs
It’s now in the
Florida
Flywheelers
Museum near Ft.
Meade, FL
(Sorry, I could
only get the right
end in the photo)
Photo by F. Leslie, 2003
Feb 24 thru 28, 2009 - 18th Annual Antique Engine &
Tractor Show
www.floridaflywheelers.org/
6.5.1 Estimated Crude Oil Reserves
 Production Oil in billion barrels to May 2009
hslu.wordpress.com/2009/08/13
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/2
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6.5.1 US Imported Crude Oil --- 2003
Crude Oil Imports (Top 15 Countries) (Thousand Barrels per Day)
Country
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Nov-09
Oct-09
YTD 2009
Nov-08
YTD 2008
CANADA
1,984
1,858
1,927
2,028
1,949
MEXICO
951
1,015
1,099
1,296
1,192
NIGERIA
948
853
748
775
927
SAUDI ARABIA
837
938
998
1,487
1,514
VENEZUELA
809
879
983
1,080
1,040
IRAQ
458
499
460
476
636
ANGOLA
408
437
466
450
499
KUWAIT
287
104
188
292
207
BRAZIL
261
169
304
280
233
ALGERIA
219
327
272
381
319
COLOMBIA
216
282
261
160
181
RUSSIA
169
159
238
152
122
ECUADOR
150
174
182
222
210
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
136
32
95
124
75
LIBYA
116
67
66
63
71
http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/company_level_imports/current/import.html
6.5.2 Estimated Natural Gas Reserves
 Natural Gas in trillion cubic feet
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/25opec/sld015.htm
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6.6 Oil/Gas Transportation
 LNG is vented at ~100 psi
 NG is piped to customers at
~0.5 psi
http://www.nkk.co.jp/en/jigyosho/tsu/text_02.html
LNG Tankers
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk/lngtank.jpg
Oil Tanker
http://www.kmss.no/www/01/wProd.nsf/AllWeb/14CE017B56B8367FC125694A006CE37D?OpenDocument
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Conclusion: Oil & Natural Gas
 Oil is an energy-dense liquid, easy to store and
transport, and thus works well in vehicles
 Many chemicals are made from oil, thus burning it may
prevent a better, higher use for materials
 Choices are made from the economics and cost of doing
business; supply and demand sets prices
 Natural gas is the feedstock for fertilizers, plastics, etc.
97% of hydrogen is now made from natural gas
How can enough hydrogen be made to replace
existing transportation fuels?
090127
References: Books
 Pickens, T. Boone. The First Million is the Hardest. NY: Crown Business, 2008, p. 136.
 Harder, Edwin L. Fundamentals of Energy Production. NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1982.
 Zerban, Alexander H. and Edwin P. Nye. Power Plants. Scranton: International
Textbook Co., 1952.
 Anon. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 2002.
 Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1992. 0-262-02349-0,
TJ807.9.U6B76, 333.79’4’0973.
 Duffie, John and William A. Beckman. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes. NY:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 920 pp., 1991
 Gipe, Paul. Wind Energy for Home & Business. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea
Green Pub. Co., 1993. 0-930031-64-4, TJ820.G57, 621.4’5
 Patel, Mukund R. Wind and Solar Power Systems. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999, 351
pp. ISBN 0-8493-1605-7, TK1541.P38 1999, 621.31’2136
 Sørensen, Bent. Renewable Energy, Second Edition. San Diego: Academic Press,
2000, 911 pp. ISBN 0-12-656152-4.
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References: Websites, etc.
Woodfin, Jim. Personal communication. Slides on oil rate from a Sierra Club meeting, 1/23/2003
http://www.naturalgas.org/
http://www.sjgs.com/history.html#baku
http://hearth.com/what/gashistory.html
http://www.pa-roots.com/~clarion/books/caldwell/oil2.html
http://www.koffeekorner.com/koffeehistory.htm
http://www.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining.htm
http://www.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining2.htm a good animated refining process
http://www.participate.net/files/syrianaDiscussion.pdf
http://www.silverbearcafe.com/private/expectation.html
______________________________________________________________________________mailto:energyresources@egroups.com
www.dieoff.org. Site devoted to the decline of energy and effects upon population
www.ferc.gov/ Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
www.google.com/search?q=%22renewable+energy+course%22
solstice.crest.org/
dataweb.usbr.gov/html/powerplant_selection.html
080121
Olin Engineering Complex 4.7 kW Solar PV Roof Array
Questions?
080116
Slide stockpile follows!
Older slides follow this one.
Look at these if you have
interest or time. It’s difficult
to decide what to leave out
of the lecture to save time!