il
5 di dicembre
2014!
META
L´esame- I Verbi di Unita´ 8
Verifica - lunedi´
1. Ripasso dell’imperfetto
2. Ripasso del futuro
3. Pagina 167 SuperCiao 1A
1.
SuperCiao 1A
I Verbi
1. Essere:
Leggevo Leggevamo
Leggevi Leggevate
Leggeva Leggevano
2: Finire:
Finivo Finivamo
Finivi
Finivate
Finiva Finivanno
3: Dormire:
Dormivo Dormivamo
Dormivi
Dormivate
Dormiva Dormivano
faranno correzioni
pagina 167 Attivita´ 9
4: Piacere:
Piacevo Piacevamo
Piacevi
Piacevate
Piaceva Piacevano
5: Mettere:
Mettevo Mettevamo
Mettevi
Mettevate
Mettteva Mettevano
2. SuperCiao 1A
pagina 167 Attivita´ 11
Ricordi di festa
Quando avevo sei anni, credevo a Babbo Natale.
La notte di Natale non dormivo e andavo in salotto, vicino all’albero.
Volevo vedere i regali.
La mamma veniva in salotto e facceva i preparativi.
Io restavo nascosto, ma la mamma sapeva che io ero li.
Allora mi predeva e mi riportava a letto.
3. SuperCiao 1A
pagina 167 Attivita´ 12
Preferenze
1. -A Filippo piacciono gli spaghetti
-Gli piacciono gli spaghetti
2. -Luca e Graziano preferiscono il rosotto
-A loro preferiscono il risotto
3. -Io preferisco il pandoro di Verona
-A me piace il pandoro di verona
4. -Non mi piacciono i canditi del panettone
-Non a me piacciono i canditi del panettone
5. -A Gigliola piace l’Epifania
-A le piace l’Epifania
4. SuperCiao 1A pagina 167
Attivita´ 13
Una festa e sorpresa da inventare!
A lavorare in classe e dopo, per i compiti
Pagina 167 e´ una pagina molto importante!
Pronomi italiani
L´ imperfetto in italiano
Conjugating regular Italian verbs
in the imperfect tense
The imperfect tense can actually be used in a few different ways. The examples below
illustrate how it is used to show what was happening in the past. Example, I was reading a
book when... .We will cover other uses of the imperfect tense in class. The imperfect tense
is also relatively easy to learn. In essence all three conjugations have very similar endings.
The only difference between the endings for each conjugation (ARE, ERE and IRE) is the
first letter the endings start with. For instance all of the endings for ARE verbs start with
"a", endings for ERE verbs start with "e" and the endings for the IRE verbs start with "i".
This is illustrated below.
To illustrate how to conjugate these verbs, I like to use math equations as an example but
first here are the conjugated endings for all regular verbs;
Subject Pronoun
Verbs ending in ARE
Verbs ending in ERE
Verbs ending in IRE
Io
Tu
Lui/Lei
Noi
Voi
Loro
avo
avi
ava
avamo
avate
avano
evo
evi
eva
evamo
evate
evano
ivo
ivi
iva
ivamo
ivate
ivano
To conjugate the regular ARE verbs in the imperfect tense = infinitive verb – infinitive
ending = verb stem + conjugated ending = conjugated verb. Example;
Parlare (To Speak) - are = Parl + avamo (ending for we) = Parlavamo (We were
speaking)
Parlare conjugated in the imperfect tense
Io
Tu
Lui/Lei
Noi
Voi
Loro
Parlavo
Parlavi
Parlava
Parlavamo
Parlavate
Parlavano
I was speaking
You were speaking
He/She/It was speaking
We were speaking
Y'all were speaking
They were speaking
To conjugate the regular ERE verbs in the imperfect tense = infinitive verb – infinitive
ending = verb stem + conjugated ending = conjugated verb. Example;
Leggere (To Read) - ere = Legg + evamo (ending for we) = Leggevamo (We were
reading)
Leggere conjugated in the imperfect tense
Io
Tu
Lui/Lei
Noi
Voi
Loro
Leggevo
Leggevi
Leggeva
Leggevamo
Leggevate
Leggevano
I was reading
You were reading
He/She/It was reading
We were reading
Y'all were reading
They were reading
To conjugate the regular IRE verbs in the imperfect tense = infinitive verb – infinitive
ending = verb stem + conjugated ending = conjugated verb. Example;
Vestire (To Dress) - ire = Vest + ivamo (ending for we) = Vestivamo (We were
dressing)
Vestire conjugated in the imperfect tense
Io
Tu
Lui/Lei
Noi
Voi
Loro
Vestivo
Vestivi
Vestiva
Vestivamo
Vestivate
Vestivano
I was dressing
You were dressing
He/She/It was dressing
We were dressing
Y'all were dressing
They were dressing
More on the Italian Imperfect Tense!
Imperfetto [another past tense]
Imperfetto is one of the most frequently used past tenses in Italian, both in oral and written
language. We use imperfetto:
- to describe people, animals, places and situations in the past;
- to tell about habits in the past;
- to describe physical or psycological states in the past;
- when talking about actions which take place at the same moment and same length of time;
One of the main difficulties italian learners normally encounter is to understand when to use this
tense and when to use passato prossimo instead. At the bottom of the page you will find links to
specific exercises to train on this topic.
Here you have some examples of verbs conjugated at this tense:
first conjugation: mangiare [to eat]
io mangiavo
tu mangiavi
lui/lei mangiava
noi mangiavamo
voi magiavate
loro mangiavano
second conjugation: leggere [to read]
io leggevo
tu leggevi
lui/lei leggeva
noi leggevamo
voi leggevate
loro leggevano
third conjugation: partire [to leave]
io partivo
tu partivi
lui/lei partiva
noi partivamo
voi partivate
loro partivano
As you can see, imperfetto is quite simple to conjugate. Almost all verbs are regular, except the
four following ones:
essere [to be]
io ero
tu eri
lui/lei era
noi eravamo
voi eravate
loro erano
fare [to do]
io facevo
tu facevi
lui/lei faceva
noi facevamo
voi facevate
loro facevano
dare [to give]
io davo
tu davi
lui/lei dava
noi davamo
voi davate
loro davate
dire [to say]
io dicevo
tu dicevi
lui/lei diceva
noi dicevamo
voi dicevate
loro dicevano
bere [to drink]
io bevevo
tu bevevi
lui/lei beveva
noi bevevamo
voi bevevate
loro bevevano
Here you have some phrases showing to you how impefetto is used:
-Da piccolo vivevo in campagna in una grande fattoria.
-Io avevo tanti animali.
-Quando abitavo a Bologna con i miei genitori, non usavamo mai la macchina perché
preferivamo la bicicletta.
-Non avevo animali in città perché non avevamo spazio in casa.
-Mentre facevo le fotocopie, Silvia scriveva gli indirizzi sulle buste.
-Da piccolo avevo un cane. Si chiamava Ruben.
-Alla fine della giornata eravamo stanchi ma felici.
-Quando vivevo con mia madre, mi preparava il pranzo quando tornavo da scuola.
Oftentimes, the subject pronouns are
implied in Italian since the form of the
verb already indicates the number,
gender, and case of the subject.
ITALIAN SUBJECT PRONOUNS
PERSON
SINGULAR
PLURAL
I
io (I)
noi (we)
tu (you,
informal)
voi (you all)
II
III
Lei, lui, lei
loro (they)
Loro (you, formal all of you)
There are a few cases in which subject
pronouns are required in Italian.
For contrast: Noi lavoriamo e tu ti diverti.
(We work and you play (have fun).)
For emphasis: Lo pago io. (I'll pay for it.)
After the words almeno, anche, magari,
neanche, nemmeno, neppure: Neanche noi
andiamo al cinema. (We aren't going to
the cinema either.)
When the subject pronoun stands by itself:
Chi vuole giocare? Io! (Who wants to play? I
do!)
A direct object
is the direct
recipient of the action of a verb.
I invite the boys. Whom do I invite? The boys.
He reads the book. What does he read? The
book.
The nouns boys and books are direct objects. They
answer the question what? or whom? Verbs
that take a direct object are called transitive verbs.
Verbs that do not take a direct object (she walks, I
sleep) are intransitive.
Direct object pronouns replace direct object nouns.
I invite the boys. I invite them.
He reads the book. He reads it.
In Italian the forms of the direct object pronouns (i
pronomi diretti) are as follows:
DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS-
SINGULAR
PLURAL
mi me
ci us
ti you (informal)
vi you (informal)
La you (formal m. and f.) Li you (form., m.)
Le you (form., f.)
lo him, it
li them (m. and f.)
la her, it
le them (f.)
A direct object pronoun is placed immediately
before a conjugated verb.
Se vedo i ragazzi, li invito. (If I see the boys, I’ll
invite them.)
Lui compra la frutta e la mangia. (He buys the fruit
and eats it.)
In a negative sentence, the word non must come
before the object pronoun.
Non la mangia. (He doesn’t eat it.)
Perchè non li inviti? (Why don’t you invite them?)
Legacy Italian Subject Pronouns
Call them legacy subject pronouns, call them classic subject
pronouns, but these subject pronouns are still (infrequently) used
in Italian, typically as regionalisms, in formal speech, or in
literature. There are three pairs of Italian subject pronouns for
the third person singular: egli / ella, lui / lei, esso / essa. The
third person plural includes the pair essi / esse and the form loro,
which is the same for both masculine and feminine.
Egli, Lui, Esso
Egli and lui are used with reference to people (lui, specially in
spoken language, can also refer to animals and things); esso is
used for animals and things:
Ho parlato con il direttore e egli [but commonly lui] mi ha
assicurato il suo interessamento.
I spoke with the director and he assured me of his interest.
Cercai di trattenere il cavallo ma esso [also lui] proseguì la
corsa.
I tried to hold back the horse but he continued on the course.
Un importante compito vi è stato affidato; esso dovrà essere
eseguito nel miglior modo possibile.
An important task was entrusted upon you; it must be performed
in the best way possible.
Ella, Lei, Essa
The form ella has already fallen into disuse, specially in spoken
language, and is considered literary and formal. Analogous to
lui, the form lei also refers, especially in spoken language, to
animals and things. The form essa (unlike its masculine
counterpart) also refers to a person, but its use is less common
and has a literary or regional character:
Avverti tua sorella, forse essa [but commonly lei] non lo sa
ancora.
Warn your sister, maybe she still doesn't know.
Ho cercato di prendere la gattina, ma essa [also lei] è scappata.
I tried to hold the kitten, but she ran away.
Essi, Esse
The plural forms essi and esse serve to indicate both people as
well as animals and things; loro is used with reference to people
(and, especially in spoken Italian, also to refer to animals):
Li ho guardati in viso, essi [or loro] abbassarono gli occhi.
I looked at them in the face, but they lowered their eyes.
All'ingresso della villa c'erano due cani; essi [or loro] stavano
per mordermi.
At the entrance to the villa there were two dogs; they were
waiting to bite me.
Il Parlamento ha emanato nuove leggi; esse prevedono la
modifica dell'ordinamento giudiziario.
Parliament issued new laws; they anticipate the modification of
the legal rule.
Wherefore Art Thou, Italian Subject Pronouns?
The "forgotten" Italian subject pronouns egli, ella, esso, essa,
essi, and esse, similar to the remote past tense (passato remoto),
can sometimes seem obsolete, especially since they are often
ignored in modern textbooks. Not only that, but formerly, a
grammatical rule held that egli was a subject pronoun and lui an
object pronoun. But although lui, lei, and loro tend to
predominate in colloquial conversation nowadays, egli, as well
as the other subject pronouns in question, can still be found in
literary texts. In addition, and again similar to the remote past
tense, the subject pronouns egli, ella, esso, essa, essi, and esse
are still a feature of southern Italian dialects.
Direct object nouns and pronouns
answer the question what? or
whom? Indirect object nouns and pronouns
answer the question to whom? or for whom? In
English the word to is often omitted: We gave a
cookbook to Uncle John.—We gave Uncle John a
cookbook. In Italian, the preposition a is always
used before an indirect object noun.
Abbiamo regalato un libro di cucina allo zio
Giovanni. (We gave a cookbook to Uncle John.)
Perché non regali un profumo alla mamma? (Why
don’t you give Mother some perfume?)
Puoi spiegare questa ricetta a Paolo? (Can you
explain this recipe to Paul?)
Indirect object
pronouns
(i pronomi indiretti)
replace indirect object nouns. They are identical in
form to direct object pronouns, except for the third
person forms gli, le, and loro.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
mi (to/for) me
ci (to/for) us
ti (to/for) you
vi (to/for) you
Le (to/for) you (formal
m. and f.)
Loro (to/for) you (form.,
m. and f.)
gli (to/for) him
loro (to/for) them
le (to/for) her
Indirect object pronouns, like direct object
pronouns, precede a conjugated verb, except for
loro and Loro, which follow the verb.
Le ho dato tre ricette. (I gave her three recipes.)
Ci offrono un caffè. (They offer us a cup of coffee.)
Parliamo loro domani. (We’ll talk to them
tomorrow.)
Che cosa regali allo zio Giovanni? (What are you
giving Uncle John?)
Gli regalo un libro di cucina. (I'll give him a
cookbook.)
Indirect object pronouns are attached to an
infinitive, and the –e of the infinitive is
dropped.
Non ho tempo di parlargli. (I have no time to
talk to him.)
If the infinitive is preceded by a form of dovere,
potere, or volere, the indirect object pronoun is
either attached to the infinitive (after the –e is
dropped) or placed before the conjugated verb.
Voglio parlargli. Gli voglio parlare. I want to talk
to him.
THE GREAT
LAW OF
POSITION OF
OBJECT
PRONOUNS
Object pronouns are placed (or come)
before the conjugated verbs
OR
They follow the infinitives and are
attached!
Gli voglio parlare.
Voglio parlargli. =
I want to talk to him.
Gli voglio parlare.
Le and gli never elide before a verb beginning with
a vowel or an h.
Le offro un caffè (I offer her a cup of coffee.)
Gli hanno detto «Ciao!» (They said "Ciao!" to him.)
The following common Italian verbs are used
with indirect object nouns or pronouns.
dare
to give
dire
to say
domandare
to ask
(im)prestare
to lend
insegnare
to teach
mandare
to send
mostrare
to show
offrire
to offer
portare
to bring
preparare
to prepare
regalare
to give (as a gift)
rendere
to return, give back
riportare
to bring back
scrivere
to write
telefonare
to telephone
we learned the direct and indirect object pronouns - mi, ti,
lo, la, gli, le, etc. Unlike English, Italian has another
version of these which you use after a preposition or
verb, often for greater emphasis (hence the name
"stressed pronouns"). First we'll learn what these
pronouns are, then we'll see how to use them.
Stressed Pronouns
PRONOMI TONICI
A
a me (me)
a te (you)
a Lei (you formal)
a lui (him)
a lei (her)
a sé (yourself, himself, herself, oneself - reflexive)
a noi (us)
a voi (you plural)
a loro (them)
a sé (yourselves, themselves - also reflexive)
So they look like a hybrid of direct or indirect object
pronouns and subject pronouns. But take note: although
Lei, lui, lei, noi, voi and loro look like subject pronouns,
when used disjunctively they are not subjects!
So how are they
used?
1) after a preposition
Questo libro è per te. (This book is for you.)
Siamo usciti con loro. (We went out with them.)
Pensa sempre a sé. (He always thinks about himself.)
Studiano sempre da sé. (They always study by
themselves.)
A me non piace questo vino. (I don't like this wine - a more
emphatic way of saying, "Non mi piace questo vino.")
Andiamo da lui. (We're going to his place.)
2) after a verb to give the
direct or indirect object
greater emphasis
Lo amo. - Amo lui. (I love him.)
Ti cercavo. - Cercavo te. (I was looking for you.)
Mi abbraccia. - Abbraccia me. (She hugs me.)
The above pairs of sentences have the same meanings,
but the second in each pair is more emphatic. For even
greater emphasis, use anche, proprio or solamente - e.g.
Cercavo proprio te. Abbraccia solamente me.
3) after a verb to distinguish
between multiple objects
Riconosce me ma non lui. - He recognizes me but not
him.
Ha invitato noi e loro. - He invited us and them.
4) in comparisons
Marcello è più alto di me. (Marcello is taller than me.)
Loro sono meno paurosi di noi. (They are less fearful than
us.)
Tuo fratello non era intelligente quanto te. (Your brother
wasn't as smart as you.)
A very common Italian idiomatic expression that uses
stressed pronouns is, "Tocca a me!" - It's my turn! Of
course, you can use it with the other disjunctive pronouns
too - Tocca a te, tocca a noi, etc. So when the waiter
brings you the bill and someone asks, "Chi paga oggi?"
just say, "Eh purtroppo oggi tocca a te!" (Who's buying
today? - Unfortunately today it's your turn!)
REVIEW RIPASSO
personal pronouns (i pronomi
personali)
A PRONOME, or pronoun, is a
short words which replaces a
noun; they are used very
frequently in language in order to
avoid repetition. Here are some
examples (the PRONOMI are in
red):
"Mio padre si chiama
Giuseppe, e il tuo?"
"Hai telefonato a tua
madre? Sì, le ho telefonato
stamattina"
"Io ho fame, tu hai sonno, loro
hanno freddo e voi avete paura"
"Non mi piacciono le macchine
sportive, preferisco quelle
familiari"
"Preferisci uscire con me o con
lei?"
PRONOMI PERSONALI
SOGGETTO (subject
pronouns)
These are used for subjects of
the verb.
In Italian, they are not necessary
and are usually omitted; they are
used primarily for emphasis.
PRONOMI PERSONALI
SOGGETTO
IO
TU
LUI/LEI (or egli/ella/essa)
NOI
VOI
LORO (or essi/esse)
PRONOMI PERSONALI
OGGETTO DIRETTO (direct
object pronouns)
A direct object receives the
action of the verb directly and is
never preceded by a preposition;
direct object pronouns replace
the direct object ("Hai letto le
pagine per oggi?" "Sì, le ho lette
ieri sera")
In a compound tense the past
participle agrees with the direct
object pronoun ("Hai preso i fiori
per la nonna?" "Certo che li ho
presi")
As for the placement of these
pronouns:
1. they precede a conjugated
verb ("Dove hai messo le
patate?" "Le ho buttate via
perché erano verdi")
2. they attach to infinitives,
gerunds, and informal
imperatives ("Non desidero
mangiare quelle patate verdi, non
desidero proprio mangiarle;"
"Guardandole insieme, si vede
che sono verdi;" "Butta le patate
verdi, buttale subito")
3. with dovere, potere, volere,
the PRONOMI DOPPI can either
precede the verb or be attached
to the accompanying infinitive
("Voglio mangiare quel piatto di
pasta e voglio mangiarlo subito;"
"Voglio mangiare quel piatto di
pasta e lo voglio mangiare
subito;")
PRONOMI PERSONALI
OGGETTO DIRETTO
MI
TI
LO/LA
CI
VI
LI/LE
PRONOMI PERSONALI
OGGETTO INDIRETTO
(indirect object pronouns)
Indirect objects in Italian are
always precede by the
prepositions "a" or "per" (indirect
object pronouns, however, which
stand in for the indirect object,
are not).
In compound tenses the past
participle NEVER agrees with the
indirect object pronoun; and,
unlike PRONOMI OGGETTO
DIRETTO, the indirect ones never
elide ("gli" always stays "gli" and
"le" always stays "le).
These pronouns usually precede
the verb--except "loro," which
always follows the verb; in
contemporary Italian, loro is
usually replaced by "gli," and I
encourage you to follow this
usage--it is also easier.
Except for "loro," then, the
placement rules are the same as
for the PRONOMI OGGETTO
DIRETTO:
1. they precede a conjugated
verb ("Hai telefonato a tua
sorella?" "Le ho telefonato ieri")
2. they attach to infinitives,
gerunds, and informal
imperatives ("Preferisco
telefonarle quando sono più
calma;" "Scrivendole mi sono
sentita meglio;" "Scrivile
immediatamente la verità o esci
da questa stanza!"
3. with dovere, potere, volere,
the PRONOMI DOPPI can either
precede the verb or be attached
to the accompanying infinitive
("Voglio raccontarti subito la
storia della mia vita;" "Ti voglio
raccontare subito la storia della
mia vita")
PRONOMI PERSONALI
OGGETTO INDIRETTO
MI
TI
GLI/LE
CI
VI
GLI/LORO
PRONOMI PERSONALI TONICI
(disjunctive/stressed
pronouns)
These are used in two cases:
a. for emphasis (sì, lo amo, e
amo solo lui, non te=yes, I love
him, and I love only him, not
you)
b. after a preposition (esci con
me o con loro?=are you going
out with me or with them?)
PRONOMI PERSONALI
TONICI
ME
TE
LUI/LEI
NOI
VOI
LORO
and to use; remember, practice
makes perfect.
--Look at the chart below:
a. the indirect object pronoun
precedes the direct object
pronoun;
Attivita´
Here you go guys, an exercise on Moday's lesson - the disjunctive pronouns. Just
replace each noun or regular object pronoun with the appropriate disjunctive. C4N!
1. La rivedremo. - Rivedremo _____.
2. Non li conosco. - Non conosco _____.
3. Ci piacciono. - Piacciono a _____.
4. Ve lo offrono. - Lo offrono a _____.
5. Gli hanno indicato. - Hanno indicato a _____.
6. Le daranno le chiavi. - Daranno le chiavi a _____.
7. Ti dico sempre tutto. - Dico sempre tutto a _____.
8. Ha detto che mi ama. - Ha detto che ama _____.
9. Non ho visto Mauro e Maria. - Non ho visto _____.
10. Sei meno grassa di Mirella. - Sei meno grassa di _____.
Risposte
1. lei 2. loro 3. noi 4. voi 5. lui 6. Lei 7. te 8. me 9. loro 10. lei
Italiano II !!! SuperCi@o.It 1A
Chromebooks – il primo giorno
LE FESTE ITALIANE
Ieri-il primo di dicembre
Il primo di dicembre 2014
1. Ripasso delle feste italiane
2. SuperCiao 1B
a. Pagina 154
I pacchetti-dono
b. i biglietti di auguri e vocabolario
c. SuperCiao 1B pagina 158
d. SuperCiao 1B pagina 160 a leggere
FESTE E TRADIZIONE IN ITALIA
I VERBIe.
L´ esame
VERIFICA Giovedi´ il 4 di diciembre 2014
L´ esame dei verbi in futuro e nell´ imperfetto
Capitolo 8
Ricordate ASSESSMENTS !!!!! A PARLARE
LE FESTE ITALIANE L´ informazione PER COMPRENDERE
LE FESTE DI STROMBOLI-
Stromboli, the most remote of the seven
pearls of the Aeolian archipelago and
Europe’s most active volcano, has since
2008 become home and inspiration for a
unique celebration.
The Festa del Fuoco di
Stromboli
is a celebration of the element of fire and the many ways we
creatively interact with it as human beings. The manipulation of
fire is surely one of humanity’s outstanding qualities, as well as
one of the earliest abilities to distinguish us from our animal
companions.
Stromboli, with its heart of fire and its active crater, erupting
liquid lava several times every hour of every day, is the
predestined place to host an event that has at its core the
exhibition, exploration and exchange of the Fire Arts.
The small volcanic island’s dark nights, unspoiled by street
lamps and light pollution, has become a canvas to a cast of
international artists who gather each year at the end of summer
to create and exhibit sculptures and performances using fire and
physical expression as their medium.
For two weeks each summer, once the frenzy of the high season
has ebbed away, Stromboli is home and playground to a talented
community of international performers. Artists and audiences
collectively explore their fascination with the element of fire, the
volcanic island and it’s naturally mystical energy.
This encounter with the island with the heart of fire and the
hospitality of the community that calls it home foster the spirit
of exchange as new skills are learned, shared, and passed on.
In addition to a full program of performances by the artists and
troupes presenting their choreographed productions, new
collaborations grow out of improvisation and coincidance as the
artists collectively create a final performance dedicated to the
island of Stromboli and the friends of the Festa del Fuoco.
As part of the Festa del Fuoco di Stromboli, workshops for
children are held by the participating artists, allowing local and
visiting children to get involved in exploring physical movement
and creative expression. During these workshops, the children
become part of the festival by creating decorations and
installations and joining with the artists in the performances of
the Festa del Fuoco.
The Festa del Fuoco hopes to continue to enrich the local
cultural life and create an additional motivation to visit the
magical island of Stromboli in the late season, not only for its
natural beauty and fascination, but also to attend and be
entertained by innovative and mesmerizing performances, rub
shoulders with an exotic cast of international artists, enjoy the
spirit of celebration and feed the eternal fascination with the
element of fire.
In time the Festa del Fuoco Di Stromboli has the potential of
becoming a means for Stromboli to influence the flow and type
of tourism it attracts, and affect its international image, which
seems highly desirable.
La Festa
Stromboli, la più lontana delle sette perle dell’arcipelago eoliano
e vulcano più attivo d’Europa, è dal 2008 fonte di ispirazione
per una festa unica, la Festa del Fuoco.
Questa festa rappresenta la celebrazione dell’elemento fuoco e
degli innumerevoli modi coi quali l’uomo può creativamente
utilizzarlo.
La manipolazione del fuoco è certamente una volontà
tipicamente umana, è fra le prime abilità che distinguono l’uomo
da qualsiasi altro mammifero.
Stromboli, dal cuore incandescente di lava, e i suoi crateri attivi
eruttanti lapilli infuocati più volte al giorno, è il luogo
idealmente predestinato per ospitare questo evento, perfetto per
l’esibizione, l’esplorazione, l’interscambio e la diffusione delle
arti
del
fuoco.
Le sue notti incontaminate, senza le fonti di inquinamento
luminoso dei lampioni stradali, permettono emozionanti
spettacoli di un cast di artisti internazionali, qui riuniti ogni
anno a fine estate, per creare sculture e performance fra danza e
fuoco.
Per due settimane, ogni estate, appena passata l’inevitabile
frenesia, solita nell’alta stagione, Stromboli diventa quindi la
dimora di una folta comunità di talenti internazionali.
Gli artisti e il pubblico hanno la possibilità di esplorare insieme
le meraviglie del fuoco e del paesaggio, lasciandosi contaminare
dalla
spontanea
energia
mistica
dell’isola.
Questa magia, frutto del contatto intimo fra gli artisti e la
comunità isolana che li ospita, permette fruttuosi scambi fra le
più
diverse
esperienze.
Oltre al ricco programma di spettacoli già confezionati da
compagnie e singoli artisti, nascono, nell’evolversi della festa,
nuove collaborazioni frutto di improvvisazioni e incredibili
coincidenze, indispensabili per creare la tradizionale
performance collettiva finale, dedicata all’isola e a tutti gli amici
della Festa del Fuoco.
La Festa del Fuoco dà la possibilità agli artisti ospiti, di
organizzare laboratori per l’infanzia, spazi di incontro
straordinari fra tutti i bambini sia ospiti che residenti,
incoraggiandoli alla scoperta del movimento fisico e alla
creatività
del
corpo.
Grazie ai laboratori, i bimbi diventano parte importante della
Festa, creatori di decorazioni e installazioni, e partners degli
artisti nelle performance.
La Festa del Fuoco di Stromboli vuole essere una fonte di
arricchimento culturale per l’isola, contribuendo a fornire
un’occasione in più per poterla visitare in un periodo meno
affollato di turisti, potendone cogliere non solo la naturale
bellezza e fascino, ma lasciandosi coinvolgere da spettacoli
ipnotizzanti e innovativi, alimentando la magia eterna del fuoco.
Saint Nicholas (Greek: Ἅγιος Νικόλαος, Hagios
Nikólaos, Latin: Sanctus Nicolaus); (15 March 270 – 6
December 343),[3][4] also called Nikolaos of Myra, was a
historic 4th-century Christian saint and Greek[5] Bishop of
Myra (Demre, part of modern-day Turkey)[6] in Lycia.
Because of the many miracles attributed to his
intercession, he is also known as Nikolaos the
Wonderworker (Νικόλαος ὁ Θαυματουργός, Nikolaos
ho Thaumaturgos). He had a reputation for secret giftgiving, such as putting coins in the shoes of those who left
them out for him, and thus became the model for Santa
Claus, whose modern name comes from the Dutch
Sinterklaas, itself from a series of elisions and corruptions
of the transliteration of "Saint Nikolaos". His reputation
evolved among the faithful, as was common for early
Christian saints.[7] In 1087, part of the relics (about half of
the bones) were furtively translated to Bari, in Apulia,
Italy; for this reason, he is also known as Nikolaos of
Bari. The remaining bones were taken to Venice in 1100.
His feast day is 6 December.
The historical Saint Nicholas is commemorated and
revered among Anglican,[8] Catholic, Lutheran, and
Orthodox Christians. In addition, some Baptist,[9]
Methodist,[10] Presbyterian,[11] and Reformed churches
have been named in honor of Saint Nicholas.[12] Saint
Nicholas is the patron saint of sailors, merchants, archers,
repentant thieves, children, pawnbrokers and students in
various cities and countries around Europe. He was also a
patron of the Varangian Guard of the Byzantine emperors,
who protected his relics in Bari.
Santa lucia
Sul mare luccica
L'astro d'argento
Placida è l'onda
Prospero il vento
Venite all'agile
Barchetta mia
Santa Lucia
Santa Lucia
Con questo zeffiro
Così soave
Oh, come è bello
Star sulla nave
Su passeggeri
Venite via
Santa Lucia
Santa Lucia
In' fra le tende
Bandir la cena
In una sera
Così serena
Chi non dimanda
Chi non desia
Santa Lucia
Santa Lucia
Mare sì placido
Vento sì caro
Scordar fa
I triboli
Al marinaio
E va gridando
Con allegria
Santa Lucia
Santa Lucia
O dolce Napoli
O suol beato
Ove sorridere
Volle il creato
Tu sei l'impero
Dell'armonia
Santa Lucia
Santa Lucia
Or che tardate?
Bella è la sera
Spira un'auretta
Fresca e leggiera
Venite all'agile
Barchetta mia
Santa Lucia
Santa Lucia
Saint Lucia's Day is on 13 December, in Advent. Her
feast once coincided with the Winter Solstice, the shortest day of the
year before calendar reforms, so her feastday has become a festival of
light.[1][2] [3] St. Lucia’s Day is celebrated most commonly in
Scandinavia, where it is a major feast day, and even in Italy with each
emphasizing a different aspect of the story. This feast is particularly seen
the in Scandinavian countries, with their long dark winters. There, a
young girl dressed in a white dress and a red sash (as the symbol of
martyrdom) carries palms and wears a crown or wreath of candles on her
head. In both Norway and Sweden, girls dressed as Lucy carry rolls and
cookies in procession as songs are sung. It is said that to vividly
celebrate St. Lucy's Day will help one live the long winter days with
enough light.
In Italy, the Saint Lucy's Day is a church feast day dedicated to Lucia of
Syracuse (d.304), also known as Saint Lucy, and is observed on 13
December.[4] A special devotion to St. Lucy is practiced in the Italian
regions of Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, Friuli Venezia Giulia,
Trentino-Alto Adige, in the North of the country, and Sicily, in the
South, as well as in Croatian coastal region of Dalmatia.
Origins
A girl in the Lucia procession in Sweden, 2007
Saint Lucia is one of the few saints celebrated by the overwhelmingly Lutheran
Nordic people — Danes; Swedes; Finns and Norwegians. The St. Lucy's Day
celebrations retain many indigenous Germanic pagan, pre-Christian midwinter
elements. Some of the practices associated with the day predate the adoption of
Christianity in Scandinavia, and like much of Scandinavian folklore and even
religiosity, is centered on the annual struggle between light and darkness.
The Nordic observation of St. Lucy is first attested in the Middle Ages, and
continued after the Protestant Reformation in the 1520s and 1530s, although the
modern celebration is only about 200 years old. It is likely that tradition owes its
popularity in the Nordic countries to the extreme change in daylight hours between
the seasons in this region.
Yule jól,
The pre-Christian holiday of
, or
was the most important
holiday in Scandinavia and Northern Europe. Originally the observance
of the winter solstice, and the rebirth of the sun, it brought about many
practices that remain in the Advent and Christmas celebrations today.
The Yule season was a time for feasting, drinking, giftgiving, and gatherings, but also the season of awareness and fear of the
forces of the dark.
13 December
It was commonly believed in Scandinavia as late as until the mid 18th
century that this was the longest night of the year, coinciding with
Winter Solstice. The same can be seen in the poem "A Nocturnal upon
S. Lucy's Day, Being the Shortest Day" by the English poet John Donne.
While this does not hold for our current Gregorian calendar, a
discrepancy of 8 days would have been the case in the Julian calendar
during the 14th century, resulting in Winter solstice falling on December
13. With the original adoption of the Gregorian calendar in the 16th
century the discrepancy was 10 days and had increased to 11 days in the
18th century when Scandinavia adopted the new calendar, with Winter
solstice falling on December 9.
It is very difficult to tell the exact date of the Winter solstice without
modern equipment (although the Neolithic builders of the Newgrange
monument seem to have managed it). The day itself is not visibly shorter
than the several days leading up to and following it and although the
actual Julian date of Winter solstice would have been on the December
15 or 14 at the time when Christianity was introduced to Scandinavia,
December 13 could well have lodged in peoples mind as being the
St. Lucy
Lucy by Cosimo Rosselli, Florence, c. 1470, tempera on panel
According to the traditional story, Lucy was born of rich and
noble parents about the year 283. Her father was of Roman
origin, but died when she was five years old, leaving Lucy and
her mother without a protective guardian. Although no sources
for her life-story exist other than in hagiographies, St. Lucy,
whose name Lucia refers to "light" (Lux, lucis), is believed to
have been a Sicilian saint who suffered a sad death in Syracuse,
Sicily around AD 310. Jacobus de Voragine's Golden Legend
first compiled in the 13th century, a widespread and influential
compendium of saint's biographies, records her story thus: She
was seeking help for her mother's long-term illness at the shrine
of Saint Agnes, in her native Sicily, when an angel appeared to
her in a dream beside the shrine. As a result of this, Lucy
became a devout Christian, refused to compromise her virginity
in marriage and was denounced to the Roman authorities by the
man she would have wed. They threatened to drag her off to a
brothel if she did not renounce her Christian beliefs, but were
unable to move her, even with a thousand men and fifty oxen
pulling. So they stacked materials for a fire around her instead
and set light to it, but she would not stop speaking, insisting that
her death would lessen the fear of it for other Christians and
bring grief to non-believers. One of the soldiers stuck a spear
through her throat to stop these denouncements, but to no effect.
Soon afterwards, the Roman consulate in charge was hauled off
to Rome on charges of theft from the state and beheaded. Saint
Lucy was able to die only when she was given the Christian
sacrament All the details of her life are the conventional ones
associated with female martyrs of the early 4th century. John
Henry Blunt views her story as a Christian romance similar to
the Acts of other virgin martyrs.[11] In another story, Saint Lucy
was working to help Christians hiding in the catacombs during
the terror under the Roman Emperor Diocletian, and in order to
bring with her as many supplies as possible, she needed to have
both hands free. She solved this problem by attaching candles to
a wreath on her head.
There is little evidence that the legend itself derives from the
folklore of northern Europe, but the similarities in the names
("Lussi" and "Lucia"), and the date of her festival, December 13,
suggest that two separate traditions may have been brought
together in the modern-day celebrations in Scandinavia.
Celebration
Italy
Celebrations take place on the 13th of December and in May. Saint Lucy or Lucia, whose
name comes from the Latin word "lux" meaning light, links with this element and with the days
growing longer after the Winter solstice.[12]
St. Lucia is the patron saint of the city of Syracuse (Sicily). Sicilians recall a legend that holds
that a famine ended on her feast day when ships loaded with grain entered the harbor. Here, it is
traditional to eat whole grains instead of bread on December 13. This usually takes the form of
cuccia,[12] a dish of boiled wheat berries often mixed with ricotta and honey, or sometimes served
as a savory soup with beans.[13]
St. Lucy is also popular among children in some regions of North-Eastern Italy, namely
Trentino, East Lombardy (Bergamo, Brescia, Cremona, Lodi and Mantua), parts of Veneto,
(Verona), parts of Emilia-Romagna, (Piacenza, Parma, Reggio Emilia and Bologna), and all of
Friuli, where she is said to bring gifts to good children and coal to bad ones the night between
December 12 and 13. According to tradition, she arrives in the company of a donkey and her
escort, Castaldo. Children are asked to leave some coffee for Lucia, a carrot for the donkey and a
glass of wine for Castaldo. They must not watch Santa Lucia delivering these gifts, or she will
throw ashes in their eyes, temporarily blinding them.
Malta
Santa Luċija is the patron saint of the villages of Mtarfa (Malta) and Santa Luċija (Gozo).[12] On
the 13th December Malta also celebrates Republic Day.
In the Nordic countries
In Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Finland, Lucy (called Lucia) is venerated on December 13 in
a ceremony where a girl is elected to portray Lucia. Wearing a white gown with a red sash and a
crown of candles on her head, she walks at the head of a procession of women, each holding a
candle. The candles symbolize the fire that refused to take St. Lucy's life when she was
sentenced to be burned. The women sing a Lucia song while entering the room, to the melody of
the traditional Neapolitan song Santa Lucia; the Italian lyrics describe the view from Santa Lucia
in Naples, the various Scandinavian lyrics are fashioned for the occasion, describing the light
with which Lucia overcomes the darkness. Each Scandinavian country has lyrics in their native
tongues. After finishing this song, the procession sings Christmas carols or more songs about
Lucia.
Sweden
The crowning of a Swedish town's Lucia.
Saint Lucy's Day 1848 by Fritz von Dardel.
The custom involves the eldest daughter arising early and wearing her Lucy garb of white robe,
red sash, and a wire crown covered with whortleberry-twigs with nine lighted candles fastened in
it awakens the family, singing "Santa Lucia", serving them coffee and saffron buns (St. Lucia
buns), thus ushering in the Christmas season.[14]
Although St. Lucy's Day is not an official holiday in Sweden, it is a popular occasion in Sweden.
At many universities, students hold big formal dinner parties since this is the last chance to
celebrate together before most students go home to their families for Christmas.
The Swedish lyrics to the Neapolitan song Santa Lucia have traditionally been either Natten går
tunga fjät (The Night walks with heavy steps)[14] or Santa Lucia, ljusklara hägring (Saint Lucy,
bright mirage). There is also a modern version with simpler lyrics for children: Ute är mörkt och
kallt (Outside it is dark and cold).
The modern tradition of having public processions in the Swedish cities started in 1927 when a
newspaper in Stockholm elected an official Lucia for Stockholm that year. The initiative was
then followed around the country through the local press. Today most cities in Sweden appoint a
Lucia every year. Schools elect a Lucia and her maids among the students and a national Lucia is
elected on national television from regional winners. The regional Lucias will visit shopping
malls, old people's homes and churches, singing and handing out gingernut cookies
(pepparkakor). Guinness World Records has noted the Lucia procession in Ericsson Globe in
Stockholm as the largest in the world, with 1200 participants from Adolf Fredrik's Music School,
Stockholms Musikgymnasium and Stockholmläns Blåsarsymfoniker.
Now boys take part in the procession as well, playing different roles associated with Christmas.
Some may be dressed in the same kind of white robe, but with a cone-shaped hat decorated with
golden stars, called stjärngossar (star boys); some may be dressed up as "tomtenissar", carrying
lanterns; and some may be dressed up as gingerbread men. They participate in the singing and
also have a song or two of their own, usually Staffan Stalledräng, which tells the story about
Saint Stephen, the first Christian martyr, caring for his five horses. Some trace the "re-birth" of
the Lucia celebrations in Sweden to the tradition in German Protestant families of having girls
dressed as angelic Christ children, handing out Christmas presents. The Swedish variant of this
white-dressed Kindchen Jesus, or Christkind, was called Kinken Jes, and started to appear in
upper-class families in the 18th century on Christmas Eve with a candle-wreath in her hair,
handing out candy and cakes to the children. Another theory claims that the Lucia celebration
evolved from old Swedish traditions of “star boys” and white-dressed angels singing Christmas
carols at different events during Advent and Christmas. In either case, the current tradition of
having a white-dressed woman with candles in her hair appearing on the morning of the Lucia
day started in the area around Vänern in the late 18th century and spread slowly to other parts of
the country during the 19th century.
Norwegian Lucia buns, made with saffron.
A traditional kind of bun, Lussekatt ("St. Lucia Bun"), made with saffron, is normally eaten on
this day.
In 2008 there was some controversy over males as Lucia, with one male who was elected Lucia
at a high school being blocked from performing, and another performing together with a
female.[15][16] In another case a six-year-old boy was not allowed to appear with a Lucia crown
because the school said it couldn't guarantee his safety.[17]
Finland
The Finnish celebrations have been historically tied to Swedish culture and the Swedishspeaking Finns. They observe "Luciadagen" a week before the Winter Solstice. St Lucy is
celebrated as a “beacon of brightness” in the darkest time of year.[18] The first records of St. Lucy
celebrations in Finland are from 1898, and the first large celebrations came in 1930, a couple of
years after the popularization of the celebrations in Sweden. The St. Lucy of Finland has been
elected since 1949 and she is crowned in the Helsinki Cathedral. Local St. Lucys are elected in
almost every place where there is a Swedish populace in Finland. The Finnish-speaking
population has also lately begun to embrace the celebrations.[19]
CARNEVALE!
Carnevale , also known as carnival or mardi gras , is celebrated in Italy and many places around the
world 40 days before Easter, a final party before Ash Wednesday and the restrictions of Lent.
How is Carnival Celebrated in Italy?
Carnevale in Italy is a huge winter festival celebrated with parades, masquerade balls, entertainment,
music, and parties. Children throw confetti at each other. Mischief and pranks are also common during
Carnevale, hence the saying A Carnevale Ogni Scherzo Vale
Carnevale has roots in pagan festivals and traditions and
as is often the case with traditional festivals was adapted to fit
into the Catholic rituals. Although carnival is actually one date,
in Venice and some other places in Italy the carnival
celebrations and parties may begin a couple weeks before.
Masks, maschere, are an important part of the carnevale festival
and Venice is the best city for traditional carnival masks.
Carnival masks are sold year round and can be found in many
shops in Venice, ranging from cheap masks to elaborate and
expensive masks. Walking through the streets of Venice, it's a
pleasure to view the variety of masks on display in shop
windows. People also wear elaborate costumes for the festival
and there are costume or masquerade balls, both private and
public.
CARNEVALE
It is said that the Carnival of
Venice was started from a victory of the
"Serenissima Repubblica" against the Patriarch of
Aquileia, Ulrico di Treven in the year 1162. In the honor
of this victory, the people started to dance and make
reunions in San Marco Square. Apparently, this festival
started on that period and became official in the
Renaissance.[1] In the seventeenth century, the baroque
carnival was a way to save the prestigious image of
Venice in the world.[2] It was very famous during the
eighteenth century.[3] It encouraged licence and pleasure,
but it was also used to protect Venetians against the
anguish for present time and future.[4] However, under the
rule of the King of Austria, the festival was outlawed
entirely in 1797 and the use of masks became strictly
forbidden. It reappeared gradually in the nineteenth
century, but only for short periods and above all for
private feasts, where it became an occasion for artistic
creations.[5]
After a long absence, the Carnival returned to operate in
1979.[6] The Italian government decided to bring back the
history and culture of Venice, and sought to use the
traditional Carnival as the centerpiece of its efforts. The
redevelopment of the masks began as the pursuit of some
Venetian college students for the tourist trade. Today,
approximately 3 million visitors come to Venice every
year for the Carnival. One of the most important events is
the contest for la maschera più bella ("the most beautiful
mask") placed at the last weekend of the Carnival and
judged by a panel of international costume and fashion
designers.
Carnival masks
A selection of Venetian carnival masks
Masks have always been an important feature of the
Venetian carnival. Traditionally people were allowed to
wear them between the festival of Santo Stefano (St.
Stephen's Day, December 26) and the start of the carnival
season at midnight of Shrove Tuesday. As masks were
also allowed on Ascension and from October 5 to
Christmas, people could spend a large portion of the year
in disguise. Maskmakers (mascherari) enjoyed a special
position in society, with their own laws and their own
guild.
Venetian masks can be made of leather, porcelain or using
the original glass technique. The original masks were
rather simple in design, decoration, and often had a
symbolic and practical function. Nowadays, most of them
are made with the application of gesso and gold leaf and
are all hand-painted using natural feathers and gems to
decorate.
History
There is little evidence explaining the motive for the
earliest mask wearing in Venice. One scholar argues that
covering the face in public was a uniquely Venetian
response to one of the most rigid class hierarchies in
European history.[7]
The first documented sources mentioning the use of
masks in Venice can be found as far back as the 13th
century.[8] The Great Council made it a crime to throw
scented eggs.[9] The document decrees that masked
persons were forbidden to gamble.[10]
Another law in 1339 forbade Venetians from wearing
vulgar disguises and visiting convents while masked. The
law also prohibited painting one's face, or wearing false
beards or wigs.
Near the end of the Republic, the wearing of the masks in
daily life was severely restricted. By the 18th century, it
was limited only to about three months from December
26. The masks were traditionally worn with decorative
beads matching in colour.
Types of masks
Several distinct styles of mask are worn in the Venice
Carnival, some with identifying names. People with
different occupations wore different masks.
Bauta
Masks at the Carnival of Venice, with the "Bauta" mask
shown on the left.
bauta
The
(sometimes referred as baùtta) is a
mask, today often heavily gilded though originally simple
stark white, which is designed to comfortably cover the
entire face; this traditional grotesque piece of art was
characterized by the inclusion of an over-prominent nose,
a thick supraorbital ridge, a projecting "chin line", and no
mouth. The mask's beak-like chin is designed to enable
the wearer to talk, eat, and drink without having to
remove it, thereby preserving the wearer's anonymity. The
bauta was often accompanied by a red or black cape and a
tricorn.
In the 18th century, together with a black cape called a
"tabarro", the bauta had become a standardized society
mask and disguise regulated by the Venetian
government.[12] It was obligatory to wear it at certain
political decision-making events when all citizens were
required to act anonymously as peers. Only citizens (i.e.,
men) had the right to use the bauta. Its role was similar to
the anonymizing processes invented to guarantee general,
direct, free, equal and secret ballots in modern
democracies. Also, the bearing of weapons along with the
mask was specifically prohibited by law and enforceable
by the Venetian police.
Given this history and its grotesque design elements, the
bauta was usually worn by men, but many paintings done
in the 18th century also depict women wearing this mask
and tricorn hat. The Ridotto and The Apple Seller by
Pietro Longhi are two examples of this from the 1750s.
Epiphany in Italy
Quick Facts
Epiphany is a national holiday in Italy celebrated annually on January 6.
Local names
Name
Language
Epifania
Italian
Epiphany
English
Heilige Drei Könige German
Epiphany is celebrated in Italy on January 6 every year. This holiday is based on the story of the
three wise men (or kings) offering Jesus gifts of gold, frankincense and myrrh.
What do people do?
The Epiphany feast, known as La Befana, is an important part of the Christmas festivities in Italy. La
Befana originates from a fairytale about a woman who flies on a broomstick bringing presents to children
in Italy. La Befana is believed to be searching for baby Jesus, hence why she bears gifts for children.
Many cities and towns in Italy organize festivities and parades to celebrate Epiphany on January 6.
Public life
Epiphany is a public holiday in Italy. Organizations and businesses that are closed on January 6 include:
Government offices.
Post offices.
Banks.
Schools and other educational institutions.
Transport options, such as taxis, rail services between major cities and major long-route bus lines, are
available on Epiphany but travelers are advised to check first with local transport authorities.
Background
Epiphany commemorates the first two occasions on which Jesus’ divinity, according to Christian belief,
was manifested: when the three kings (also known as wise men or Magi) visited infant Jesus in
Bethlehem, and when John the Baptist baptized him in the River Jordan.
LA BEFANA
In Italy, La Befana is loved as much as
Santa Claus. She is usually portrayed as an old
woman who wears a black shawl and rides a
broomstick. Figures of this character are sold in
shops in Italy around January 6.
La Befana and Epiphany in Italy
January 6 Events
The Befana Regatta in Venice. Marco Secchi/Stringer/Getty Images News/Getty Images
The Feast of the Epiphany, celebrated January 6 with a national holiday in Italy, and the tradition
of La Befana are a big part of Italian Christmas celebrations. Epiphany commemorates the 12th
day of Christmas when the three Wise Men arrived at the manger bearing gifts for Baby Jesus.
The traditional Christmas holiday season in Italy lasts through Epiphany.
La Befana
La Befana
Italy's traditional celebration includes the tale of an old woman known as
who arrives on her broomstick during the night of January 5 and fills the stockings with toys and
sweets for the good children and lumps of coal for the bad ones.
According to the legend, the night before the Wise Men arrived at the manger they stopped at the
shack of an old woman to ask directions. They invited her to come along but she replied that she
was too busy. Then a shepherd asked her to join him but again she refused. Later that night, she
saw a great light in the sky and decided to join the Wise Men and the shepherd bearing gifts that
had belonged to her child who had died. She got lost and never found the manger.
La Befana
Now
flies around on her broomstick each year on the 11th night, bringing
gifts to children in hopes that she might find the Baby Jesus. Children hang their stockings on the
evening of January 5 awaiting the visit of La Befana.
La Befana
The origins of
may actually go
back farther, to the Roman's pagan festival of
Saturnalia, a one or two week festival starting just
before the winter solstice. At the end of Saturnalia,
Romans would go to the Temple of Juno on the
Capitoline Hill to have their augers read by an old
crone. Many pagan traditions were incorporated into
Christmas celebrations when Christianity became
main stream. La Befana was a good substitute for the
old woman who read the augers. The saying augur
originated with this practice, too, as it was common
to wish someone good augers.
La Befana Festivals
The town of Urbania, in Le Marche region, holds a
4-day festival for La Befana from January 2-6.
Children can meet La Befana in La Casa della
Befana. This is one of the biggest celebrations for
La Befana in Italy.
The Befane races, Regatta delle Bafane, are held in
Venice on January 6. Men dressed as La Befana race
in boats on the Grand Canal. See Regatta delle
Befane on Living Venice.
Epiphany Processions and Living Nativities
In Vatican City, following another Epiphany
tradition, a procession of hundreds of people in
medieval costumes walk along the wide avenue
leading up to the Vatican, carrying symbolic gifts for
the Pope. The Pope says a morning mass in St
Peter's Basilica to commemorate the visit of the
Wise Men bearing gifts for Jesus.
Florence's historical procession,
Calvacata dei Magi, usually starts from Pitti Palace
in the early afternoon and going across the river to
the Duomo. Flag throwers perform in Piazza della
Signoria.
Milan holds an Epiphany Parade of the Three Kings
from the Duomo to the church of Sant'Eustorgio.
Rivisondoli, in the Abruzzo region (Abruzzo map),
has a reenactment of the arrival of the 3 kings on
January 5 with hundreds of costumed participants.
Many towns and villages in Italy have similar
processions, although not as laborate, ending with a
living nativity scene, presepe vivente, where
costumed people act out the parts of the nativity.
Living nativities, presepi viventi, are often presented
December 24-26 and repeated for Epiphany.
Churches in cities and larger towns often hold
special concerts, usually free.
Read more about Italian Nativity Scenes, presepi,
and where to find them in Italy.
LA CAVALCATA DEI MAGI
FIRENZE
Firenze La Cavalcata dei tre Re Magi Florence The Cavalcade of the three Kings
A gallery curated by Buonaventura's… | 17 photos | 7,137
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Fin dal 1417 è documentata l’esistenza a Firenze di una
Confraternita intitolata ai Santi Re Magi, che aveva fra i suoi
compiti anche quello di organizzare il 6 Gennaio (giorno
dell'Epifania) con periodicità triennale una festosa
rappresentazione (detta appunto “Festa de’ Magi”), durante la
quale veniva fatta sfilare per le vie cittadine la cosiddetta
“Cavalcata dei Magi”. Della citata Confraternita dei Magi, detta
anche “La Stella”, fecero parte i maggiori componenti della
famiglia dei Medici ed era la Compagnia politicamente più
potente nella Firenze di allora. La Confraternita pagò questo
suo legame mediceo con la sua soppressione, avvenuta subito
dopo la cacciata dei Medici da Firenze nel 1494.
Oggi la Cavalcata, costituita dai Magi e da un corteo di figuranti,
parte da piazza Pitti nel primo pomeriggio del 6 gennaio di ogni
anno, e dopo aver attraversato il Ponte Vecchio, arriva in piazza
della Signoria, unendosi ai Bandierai fiorentini. Il corteo
prosegue fino a raggiungere piazza del Duomo, dove i Magi
presentano le offerte a Gesù Bambino nel Presepe vivente
allestito sul sagrato di S. Maria del Fiore.
Since 1417 the existence in Florence of a confraternity,
dedicated to Saint three Kings Magi, is documented. It was
among its tasks to organize, on January 6 (Epiphany) a festive ,
called Feast of the three 'Magi', during which the Cavalcade of
the Magi paraded through the streets. The Confraternity of the
Magi, also known as "The Star", comprised the major
components of the Medici family. It was the most politically
powerful brotherhood of the Florentine Republic.The Company
paid this link with its deletion, which occurred immediately
after the expulsion of the Medici from Florence in 1494.
Today, the Cavalcade (consisting of the three Magi and a
procession of characters) goes from Piazza Pitti , and after
crossing the Ponte Vecchio, arrives in Piazza della Signoria,
where it join with the flag-wavers. The procession continues
until you reach Piazza del Duomo, where the wise men bring up
the offerings to the Christ Child in the Living Nativity set in the
parvis of St. Maria del Fiore
Il Babbo Natale
Father Christmas
Excerpt from Josiah King's The Examination and Tryal of Father Christmas (1686), published shortly after
Christmas was reinstated as a holy day in England.
Father Christmas is the traditional British name for a figure associated
with Christmas. The term is also used in many English-speaking
countries outside Britain. A similar figure with the same name (in other
languages) exists in several other countries, including Canada and
France (Père Noël), Spain (Papá Noel, Padre Noel), Azerbaijan (Şaxta
Baba), almost all Hispanic South America (Papá Noel), Brazil (Papai
Noel), Portugal (Pai Natal), Italy (Babbo Natale), Ireland (Daidí na
Nollag), Armenia (Dzmer Papik), India (Christmas Father), Andorra
(Pare Noel), Romania (Moş Crăciun) Turkey (Noel Baba), Hungary
(Télapó) and Bulgaria (Dyado Koleda, Grandfather Christmas ).
Although he has a quite different origin, in the English-speaking world,
Father Christmas is now associated with the development in the United
States of Santa Claus, and most people consider them to be different
names for the same figure. In English Canada and French Canada, Santa
Claus and Père Noël are the same character.
Some History
In England the earliest known personification of Christmas does not
describe him as old, nor refer to him as 'father'. A carol attributed to
Richard Smart, Rector of Plymtree from 1435 to 1477, takes the form of
a sung dialogue between a choir and a figure representing Christmas,
variously addressed as "Nowell", "Sir Christemas" and "my lord
Christemas". He does not distribute presents to children but is associated
with adult celebrations. Giving news of Christ's birth, Christmas
encourages everyone to eat and drink: "Buvez bien par toute la
campagnie,/Make good cheer and be right merry."[1] However, the
specific depiction of Christmas as a merry old man emerged in the early
17th century.[2] The rise of puritanism had led to increasing
condemnation of the traditions handed down from pre-Reformation
times, especially communal feasting and drinking. As debate intensified,
those writing in support of the traditional celebrations often personified
Christmas as a venerable, kindly old gentleman, given to good cheer but
not excess. They referred to this personification as "Christmas", "Old
Christmas" or "Father Christmas".[3]
Ben Jonson in Christmas his Masque, dating from December 1616,[4]
notes the rising tendency to disparage the traditional forms of
celebration. His character 'Christmas' therefore appears in outdated
fashions,[5] "attir'd in round Hose, long Stockings, a close Doublet, a
high crownd Hat with a Broach, a long thin beard, a Truncheon, little
Ruffes, white shoes, his Scarffes, and Garters tyed crosse", and
announces "Why Gentlemen, doe you know what you doe? ha! would
you ha'kept me out? Christmas, old Christmas?" Later, in a masque by
Thomas Nabbes, The Springs Glorie produced in 1638, "Christmas"
appears as "an old reverend gentleman in furred gown and cap".[6]
During the mid-17th century, the debate about the celebration of
Christmas became politically charged, with Royalists adopting a proChristmas stance and radical puritans striving to ban the festival
entirely.[7] Early in 1646 an anonymous satirical author wrote The
Arraignment, Conviction and Imprisoning of Christmas, in which a
Royalist lady is frantically searching for Father Christmas: this was
followed months later by the Royalist poet John Taylor's The Complaint
of Christmas, in which Father Christmas mournfully visits puritan towns
but sees "...no sign or token of any Holy Day". A book dating from the
time of the Commonwealth, The Vindication of CHRISTMAS or, His
Twelve Yeares' Observations upon the Times (London, 1652),[8]
involved "Old Christmas" advocating a merry, alcoholic Christmas and
casting aspersions on the charitable motives of the ruling Puritans. In a
similar vein, a humorous pamphlet of 1686 by Josiah King presents
Father Christmas as the personification of festive traditions pre-dating
the puritan commonwealth. He is described as an elderly gentleman of
cheerful appearance, "who when he came look't so smug and pleasant,
his cherry cheeks appeared through his thin milk white locks, like
(b)lushing Roses vail'd with snow white Tiffany". His character is
associated with feasting, hospitality and generosity to the poor rather
than the giving of gifts.[9]
This tradition continued into the following centuries, with "Old Father
Christmas" being evoked in 1734 in the pamphlet Round About Our
Coal Fire, as "Shewing what Hospitality was in former Times, and how
little of it there remains at present", a rebuke to "stingy" gentry.[10] A
writer in "Time's Telescope" (1822) states that in Yorkshire at eight
o'clock on Christmas Eve the bells greet "Old Father Christmas" with a
merry peal, the children parade the streets with drums, trumpets, bells,
(or in their absence, with the poker and shovel, taken from their humble
cottage fire), the yule candle is lighted, and; "High on the cheerful fire.
Is blazing seen th' enormous Christmas brand."[11] A letter to The Times
in 1825, warning against poultry-dealers dishonestly selling off substandard geese at Christmas time, is jokingly signed "Father
Christmas".[12]
In these early references, Father Christmas, although invariably an old
and cheerful man, is mainly associated with adult feasting and drinking
rather than the giving of presents. Since the mid-Victorian era
however,[13] Father Christmas has gradually merged with the pre-modern
gift-giver St Nicholas (Dutch Sinterklaas, hence Santa Claus) and
associated folklore. Nowadays in Britain the figure is often called Santa
Claus but also often referred to as Father Christmas: the two names are
synonyms. In Europe, the figure is usually translated as Father
Christmas (Père Noël, Papá Noel, Padre Noel, etc.) rather than "Santa
Claus" and is often said to reside in the mountains of Korvatunturi in
Lapland Province, Finland.
Current folklore
Father Christmas is often seen as synonymous with Santa Claus.
Father Christmas often appears as a large man, often around seventy
years old. He is dressed in a red suit trimmed with white fur, often
girdled with a wide black belt, a matching hat, often long and floppy in
nature, and dark boots. Often he carries a large brown sack filled with
toys on his back (rarely, images of him have a beard but with no Urban
myth has it that the red suit only appeared after the Coca Cola company
started an advertising campaign depicting a red suited Father Christmas
in the 1930s.[14] However, the red suit was used long before, including
by American illustrator Thomas Nast.[15][16][17]
Father Christmas comes down the chimney to put presents under the
Christmas tree or in children's rooms, in their stockings. Some families
leave a glass of sherry or mulled wine, mince pies, biscuits, or chocolate
and a carrot for his reindeer near the stocking(s) as a present for him. In
modern homes without chimneys he uses alternative means to enter the
home, such as a magical key that unlocks all doors. In some homes
children write Christmas lists (of wished-for presents) and send them up
the chimney or post them. He is often said to live at the North Pole.
Father Christmas (originally Babar et le père Noël, 1941), C. S. Lewis's
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950), Raymond Briggs's Father
Christmas (1973), Debbie Macomber's There's Something About
Christmas (2005), Robin Jones Gunn's Father Christmas Series (2007),
Pagina 208-pagina 209
copiate tutto dell´ imperfetto
Pagina 210 attivita´ A e B
On looseleaf with FULL HEADING
1. ASSESSMENTS!!!
a parlare!!!!
More use instruction and
practice using the basics via the assessments.
2.
A Presentare..
una persona!
Meeting new people-
Introducing them to the class!
3. Capitolo 8
ripasso del capitolo
Buone feste
SuperCiao 1A
Buon compleanno
Un Brindisi/
pagina 151
Ripasssi
pagina 152
pagina 153
Un Giorno Speciale
pagina 154
tutti a la tavola!
Sulla tavola ci sono......................
BUONE FESTE per tutto l’anno
Pagina 155
Compiti
Pachetto Capiptolo 8 pagina 73 per domani:
Il 15 di novembre 2012 giovedi’ in classe- il ripasso della pagina 73
SuperCiao 1A
Pagina 74 per favore -fate la pagina
Il Progetto: A Cuocere
In Bibliotecca il progetto 20 min.
I Giorni delle FESTE
San Nicola
il 6 dicembre
Santa Lucia
il 13 dicembre
La Vigilia di Natale
il 24 dicembre (Eve of 7 fishes feast)
Il NATALE
il 25 dicembre
Il Capodanno
il 31 dicembre
L’anno nuovo
il primo di gennaio
La Epifania
il 6 gennaio
Epifinia il 6 di gennaio
Il 6 di gennaio
Il 6 di gennaio
LAZIO
Roma
Modena,
Italia
Jewish Traditions in Italy
Florence's stunning synagogue is where much of the city's
Hanukkah highlights take place.
December in Italy isn’t all about Christmas. The country has a
storied history with the Jewish community, which
started in 160 BC when the first Jews arrived in
Rome straight from historic Israel, fleeing the Syrian King
Antiochus. That immigration began what would become the
oldest Jewish outpost in Western Europe. As a result, Hanukkah
is celebrated just as vigorously in Italy as Christmas.
While Jews settled all over Italy, the majority lived (and still do)
in Rome, inhabiting the Trastevere neighborhood until 1555
when they were forced into a ghetto on the other side of the
Tiber in between the ruins of the Theater of Marcellus and the
Isola Tiberina (close to Piazza Venezia). It was there that some
13,000 Jews lived on seven acres for over 300 years, setting up
restaurants, stores, schools, and a synagogue along Via del
Portico d’Ottavia. The neighborhood, its walls long demolished
but charming narrow streets still intact, has undergone its own
renaissance, now thriving with art galleries and desirable
apartments. Members of the Jewish community who don’t live
nearby still gather at the fountain in Piazza Mattei with its
Bernini turtles and buy torta di ricotta (ricotta pie filled with
sour cherries or chocolate) from the local bakery. While history
has changed all around it, Rome’s Jewish community has stayed
true to its traditions.
Come Hanukkah, this year from December 20 to 28, Romans
gather in Piazza Bernini at the 20-foot-high menorah and at a
scaled-down version at Piazza Bologna.
Venice’s Hanukkah Bash in the Ghetto Square brings the
world’s oldest Jewish ghetto to life with dancing, music, latkes,
doughnuts, and a nightly menorah lighting. The area, part of the
Cannaregio neighborhood, once thrived with nearly 4,000
residents within a 2½ block radius. The ghetto is remarkably in
tact—particularly its five synagogues, three of which were
squeezed into clusters of top-floor apartments. In addition to the
Jewish Museum and the Jewish Cemetery located on the Lido,
check out the red and gold interior of the Levantine Synagogue,
one of the few to be built on ground level.
Florence is full of Jewish history—much of which you can find
at some of the city’s most famous attractions: from the doors of
the Baptistery and the Duomo to Michelangelo’s David. Visit
the Jewish museum, Via dei Giudei (Street of the Jews), the
Renaissance Jewish neighborhood, and Piazza della Reppublica,
where the city’s ghetto once stood. The highlight, though, is
Florence’s magnificent synagogue, the interior of which is wood
and bronze with marble floors and mosaics. It’s there that you
can join Florence’s strong Jewish community in Hanukkah
celebrations and the lighting of the menorah.
Hanukkah Celebrations in Italy
Piazza bologna
Turin Italia
While fleeing the Syrian King, Antichus, the first Jews began arriving in Rome as far back as 160 BC;
creating one of the oldest Jewish communities in Western Europe. So, with over thirty-thousand Jews
calling Italy home, it isn’t surprising that Hanukkah: the festival of lights is celebrated just as passionately
as Christmas.
Hanukkah celebrations last for eight days, with the
dates being dictated by the Hebrew calendar. This
year’s celebrations began on the 27th of November and
end on the 5th of December.
Each night a candle is lit on the nine-branched
candleholder called the menorah until all eight candles
are burning. The shamash; the ninth candle is raised
above the eight others, its purpose being as a flame to
light the religious candles below.
On Rome’s via Sacra, just over two-hundred metres
from the Coliseum stands the Arch of Titus. Built in
AD81, a relief shows a procession following the raid on
the Temple of Solomon, and above the heads of the
triumphant Romans a menorah is carried aloft.
Today, a twenty-foot menorah is erected in Piazza
Barberini, and this becomes the central focus for
Rome’s Jewish community, attracting a wealth of
spectators each night for the lighting ceremony. For
those wanting to avoid the crowds, there is a smaller
candelabrum and ceremony at Piazza Bologna: both
menorahs are serviced by Rome’s Metro underground
services.
In Milan the large public menorah is traditionally set
in Piazza San Carlo with the hope that its light will
reach the hearts of the people and heat the houses.
While in Venice, following the lighting of the menorah, the
Cannaregio neighbourhood is brought to life with music and
dancing.Once the home of the world’s oldest Jewish ghetto the
five synagogues remain intact and are still used for worship by
the local community. The sumptuous gold and red interior of the
Levantine Synagogue is a veritable feast for the eyes.
Florence’s past is also steeped in Jewish history and a visit to the
Jewish museum on Via dei Giudei (street of the Jews) is highly
recommended as is a stroll around Piazza della Repubblica,
where the city’s ghetto once stood; continue your walk for a
further twelve-minutes and you reach, Tempio Maggiore. Built
between 1874 and 1882, this Great Synagogue of Florence is
where the city’s Jewish community gather to celebrate and light
their Menorah, before the feasting begins.
No festivities are complete without delicious treats and the
Jewish communities celebrate with a fried feast. Chicken is
marinated in olive oil, lemon and nutmeg before being dredged
in flour and deep fried, as are thin slices of aubergine and
mashed potato pancakes. Frittelle de Chanukah (sweet fried
dough fritters) are the climax to all Italian Hanukkah meals;
balls of bread dough are stuffed with raisins and flavoured with
aniseed which, after frying, are drizzled with hot honey. It
would be fair to say that the evening air on Hanukkah has the
aroma of fresh doughnuts.
Though people wouldn't think so, given the presence of the Vatican,
Italy has always had a significant Jewish population -- the urban Roman
Jewish community at the time of Tiberius (14-37 AD) is estimated to
have been 60,000 strong, and many Jews fleeing persecutions elsewhere
in Europe settled in the Peninsula during the Renaissance; Ferrara,
Venice, and Rome, among other cities, had flowering communities.
Alas, many of the most vibrant Jewish communities were north of the
Front on Spetember 8, 1943, and therefore fell into Nazi hands following
the Fascist collapse -- up until then Galeazzo Ciano, Mussolini's son-inlaw and minister of the Interior, had systematically stymied German
attempts at deportation by having his bureaucrats find fault with the
requests or tell the Germans that the necessary papers had expired or
were missing (there was a war on, after all). The Germans were incensed
and Himmler accused Ciano of subversion, but there wasn't much they
could do until they had direct control.
Mira Sacerdoti and her family were among the fortunate; they managed
to get to Korcula, an island in the Adriatic off Yugoslavia, and though
German airplanes occasionally strafed their town they were otherwise
left alone. After the war she returned to a changed land -- families were
scattered and entire communities had vanished. With time however
many of the survivors returned and established families; the
reconstruction began.
One unexpected victim of the tragedy was Italian Jewish cooking; it was
primarily family oriented, and almost entirely passed on from mother to
daughter, aunt to niece. Many of the younger women establishing
families had been too young to cook before the war and now had nobody
to turn to. Mira, on the other hand, still had her mother to learn from and
remembered the dishes prepared by her aunts and neighbors. Once her
children were grown they asked her to write down the recipes they had
loved in childhood. She did, under the title Italian Jewish Cooking .
The book is delightfully written, with lots of recipes and menus for the
major Jewish holidays. During Hanukkah week, she notes, it's the
custom to serve sweets and other foods fried in oil, as the oil used in the
frying also commemorates the miraculous oil that kept the sacred flame
of the Temple alight for 8 days following the victory of the Maccabeans
over Antiochus of Syria in 165 BC.
Recipes 101 a mangiare…. Tutti a tavola!



As a first course:
Salame di spinaci, a pasta roll stuffed with spinach, or
Risotto con le uvette, risotto with raisins.
As a Second Course:
Pollo Fritto Hanukkah, Fried Chicken Hanukkah style.
Melanzane alla giudea, Jewish-style eggplant, as a side dish.
For Dessert:
Precipizi, fritters that bring Neapolitan struffoli to mind.
Italian Jewish Cooking
Traditional Recipes and Menus
Edda Servi Machin
About the Author
- some great cultural and historical
informationEdda Servi Machlinwas born in a rural
village in Tuscany, Italy, in 1926. She
settled in America in 1958 and has
taught Italian and Italian Jewish cooking
for decades while writing her books, one
of which is a memoir of her growing up in
Fascist Italy that has been used in
history classes at Yale and Yeshiva
Universities. Her recipes have appeared
in dozens of cookbooks by other authors
and in newspapers all over the world.
She now lives in New York City, and,
although confined to a wheelchair, she is
still writing.
In this definitive volume of Italian Jewish
recipes, Edda Servi Machlin, a native of
Pitigliano, Italy, a Tuscan village that was
once home to a vibrant Jewish
community, reveals the secrets of this
delicate and unique culinary tradition
that has flourished for more than two
thousand years. Here you'll find recipes
for the quintessential Italian Jewish
dishes - from Goose "Ham," Spicy
Chicken Liver Toasts, and Jewish
Caponata to Sabbath Saffron Rice, Purim
Ravioli, and Tagliatelle Jewish Style
(Noodle Kugel). Selected from Edda Servi
Machlin's three books on Italian Jewish
cuisine and filled with memories from her
birthplace, this rare collection of more
than three hundred recipes is a tribute to
a rich cultural heritage and a rare gift.


Tagiatelle Jewish Style (Noodle
Kugel) Tagliatelle all'ebraica
Gino's Vegetable Risotto - Risoot
con le verdure di gino
Precipizi Recipe Italian Hanukkah
Treats
By Kyle Phillips
Italian Food Categories
This is an Italian Jewish Hanukkah treat. When
cooked, they should resemble torrone (nougat).
Ingredients







For each egg you will need:
1 tablespoon flour
1 tablespoon sugar
1 tablespoon olive oil
1 tablespoon the liquor of your choice
Honey
More olive oil for frying
Preparation
Mix the eggs, flour, sugar, olive oil and liquor to
obtain a smooth, soft dough. Shape it into almondsized balls.
Heat the oil in a pot and fry them until they are
golden brown, then drain them well on absorbent
paper.
Lightly oil your work surface (it must be heat
resistant).
Put enough honey to cover all the balls in a pot and
heat it. When it's quite hot stir in the dough balls,
then pour the mixture out onto your work surface,
spreading the balls out so they're close to each
other but not touching. Using a greased knife, cut
the mixture into 1 by 2-inch rectangles, transferring
the cut pieces to another lightly greased platter and
keeping them separate so they don't stick to each
other. As they cool they will harden, and at that
point be ready.
Classic Italian Jewish Cooking starts with the
ancient Italian adage Vesti da turco e mangia
da ebreo (Dress like a Turk and eat like a
Jew). In this definitive volume of Italian
Jewish recipes, Edda Servi Machlin, a native
of Pitigliano, Italy, a Tuscan village that was
once home to a vibrant Jewish community,
reveals the secrets of this delicate and unique
culinary tradition that has flourished for more
than two thousand years.
Classic Italian Jewish Cooking
Traditional Recipes and Menus
by Edda Servi Machlin
In this definitive volume of Italian Jewish
recipes, Edda Servi Machlin, a native of
Pitigliano, Italy, a Tuscan village that was
once home to a vibrant Jewish community,
reveals the secrets of this delicate and unique
culinary tradition that has flourished for more
than two thousand years. More than a mere
adaptation of Italian dishes, it is a brilliant
marriage of ancient Jewish dishes and
preparation methods to the local ingredients,
relying on the imaginative use of fresh herbs,
fruit and vegetables, and enriched by
Sephardic dishes from Spain and Portugal.
Here you will find recipes for the
quintessential Italian Jewish dishes -- Goose
"Ham", Spicy Chicken Liver Toasts, and
Jewish caponata to Sabbath Saffron Rice,
Purim Ravioli, Tagliatelle Jewish Style,
Creamed Baccala, Creamed Fennel, Fried
Squash Flowers, Sourdough Challah, Haman's
Ears, and Passover Almond Biscotti. And
much more!
Filled with beautifully rendered memories
from the authors birthplace, this rare
collection of more than three hundred recipes
is a powerful tribute to a rich cultural heritage
and a rare gift to food lovers. With a special
section on Jewish holiday menus, Classic
Italian Jewish Cooking is a volume to treasure
for generations.(418 Pages)
Contents of Italian Jewish
Cooking
Classic Italian Jewish Cooking
starts with the ancient Italian
adage Vesti da turco e mangia
da ebreo (Dress like a Turk
and eat like a Jew). In this
definitive volume of Italian
Jewish recipes, Edda Servi
Machlin, a native of Pitigliano,
Italy, a Tuscan village that
was once home to a vibrant
Jewish community, reveals the
secrets of this delicate and
unique culinary tradition that
has flourished for more than
two thousand years.
Classic Italian Jewish Cooking
Traditional Recipes and Menus
by Edda Servi Machlin
In this definitive volume of
Italian Jewish recipes, Edda
Servi Machlin, a native of
Pitigliano, Italy, a Tuscan
village that was once home to
a vibrant Jewish community,
reveals the secrets of this
delicate and unique culinary
tradition that has flourished for more than two thousand years. More than a mere
adaptation of Italian dishes, it is a brilliant marriage of ancient Jewish dishes and
preparation methods to the local ingredients, relying on the imaginative use of fresh
herbs, fruit and vegetables, and enriched by Sephardic dishes from Spain and Portugal.
Here you will find recipes for the quintessential Italian Jewish dishes -- Goose "Ham",
Spicy Chicken Liver Toasts, and Jewish caponata to Sabbath Saffron Rice, Purim Ravioli,
Tagliatelle Jewish Style, Creamed Baccala, Creamed Fennel, Fried Squash Flowers,
Sourdough Challah, Haman's Ears, and Passover Almond Biscotti. And much more!
Filled with beautifully rendered memories from the authors birthplace, this rare collection
of more than three hundred recipes is a powerful tribute to a rich cultural heritage and a
rare gift to food lovers. With a special section on Jewish holiday menus, Classic Italian
Jewish Cooking is a volume to treasure for generations.
About the Author
Edda Servi Machlinwas born in a rural village in Tuscany, Italy, in 1926. She settled in
America in 1958 and has taught Italian and Italian Jewish cooking for decades while
writing her books, one of which is a memoir of her growing up in Fascist Italy that has
been used in history classes at Yale and Yeshiva Universities. Her recipes have appeared
in dozens of cookbooks by other authors and in newspapers all over the world. She now
lives in New York City, and, although confined to a wheelchair, she is still writing.
Largest Buddhist temple in Europe opens
Rome, Italy — While much of the international focus was on Pope Francis delivering his first
Urbi et Orbi Easter Sunday address in Piazza S. Pietro, another significant religious event was
taking place in the suburbs to the east of the capital.
The largest Buddhist temple in Europe was
inaugurated in Rome on 31 March in the
presence of the city’s mayor Gianni Alemanno,
thousands of members of the capital’s Chinese
community, and Tibetan monks.
Located between warehouses on Via Omo in the
Tor Tre Teste area, the “Hua Yi Si” temple is
designed in the style of a pagoda.
It was funded by the city’s Chinese community
which Alemanno described as growing “in peace and harmony with the rest of Rome”.
Alemanno hailed the temple as “another record of religious tolerance in our city. We already
have the largest mosque in Europe and now this Buddhist temple.”
The Chinese community living in the city and province of Rome is estimated to number between
5,000 and 7,000 people, with most of them coming from a specific area of ??the Zhejiang
province in southern China.
In 2005 the first Chinese Buddhist temple in Europe opened on Via Ferruccio 8, near Piazza
Vittorio in the Esquilino area of the city.
The Mosque of Rome is located in the Acqua Acetosa area, at the foot of the Monti Parioli, and
it is also the seat of the Italian Islamic Cultural Centre. Designed by Italian architect Paolo
Portoghesi, the project was financed by 23 Muslim countries including its main sponsor Saudi
Arabia, and was inaugurated in 1995.
Buddismo in Italia
ANNO NUOVO
You are visiting Italy this New Year and are very excited to explore the celebrations happening in
Rome and Venice. Discover the Italian New Year traditions to know more about the ritual and
festivities
of
this
awaited
holiday.
On visiting any part of this beautiful country you can find various Italian New Year customs. Venice,
Rome, Naples and Florence are the places where there are many families who celebrate New Year
in traditional style. New Year celebrations are spread for three days. People held gatherings, special
dinner and exchange gifts during this period.
Italian New Year Traditions
The Romans prepare for the New Year celebrations with great excitement and joy. The New Year is
known as 'January Kalends'. The preparations start with decoration of houses and work places.
Lights are adorned and greenery is given much preference during the New Year Italian decorations.
The Italian people wear new clothes and exchange gifts on these days. The gifts play very vital role
in brining fortune to homes. People are extra careful in choosing the right presents for their loved
ones. The Italian New Year gift items that are considered very lucky sweets, honey jar, Gold, silver,
money, coins and lamps. Every gift denotes something very special features and this is the reason
that
Italian
people
love
spreading
their
happiness
by
sharing
these
gifts.
Honey signifies sweetness and peace; gold and other precious metals are to bring prosperity and
lamps
are
to
illuminate
the
year
with
light.
Another tradition in Italy on New Years is to wear red inner wears. It is auspicious to welcome the
new beginning by ringing in 'La Fiesta di San Silvestro' which means - New Years Eve in Italy.
Italian New Year Lucky Foods
In Italy, food is given much upper hand while observing the Italian New Year customs. The customs
vary from region to places but, some of the major items never changes. Sweet bread or cake is
clicked and served in most of the parts of Italy. This food item symbolizes prosperity and hope for
New
Year.
Lentils are considered very lucky in Italy and these are consumed with the New Year traditional
meals. The black eyed peas are considered fortune bringing food item. It symbolizes money and
since, they are green it is really auspicious. Pork with fatty sausages signifies fattening wallets.
For special dinner as one of the significant Italian New Year traditions different cuisines are prepared
and enjoyed with all the family members. Here is the menu for Italian New Year meals 
Appetizers - Pickled herring (you can opt for herring as salad or with sour cream sauce)

Black-eyed peas and ham (other option includes beef short ribs or sauerkraut)


Cole slaw or you can go with cabbage salad
In dessert, pig shaped cookies, plain cake (with coin baked in it) and other Greek cuisines
are very popular in the New Years Italian celebrations.
Italians, just like many other people in the world, merrily celebrate and welcome the arrival of the New
Year. They also traditionally celebrate the New Year's Eve with fireworks and sparklers. While waiting for
the countdown of the last seconds of the old year together with families and friends, Italian people are
enjoying the celebration of the New Year's Eve, festive and bright.
Italians stick to their old New Year's Eve traditions, and one of the most specific ones is throwing
old things to the streets through windows. People believe that by throwing old things out they will
also banish and forget the bad luck, unhappiness and bad days, and leaving them behind, create a
space for the new things and good fortune in the year that is coming through their doors. This tradition of
discarding the old and unnecessary things, which may include old clothes, furniture, and various other
stuff, is typical for the south of Italy.
One of the traditional gestures is firing the Christmas log on the last day of the old year. Practicing this
tradition, which originates from the old, pagan days, Italians are trying to repel the evil spirits and bad
thoughts, and have the revitalizing fire blaze and chase away all bad emotions, purify and warm them
through the night all the way to the first day of the New Year. This ritual is tied to the legend of Virgin
Mary which is entering the humble homes in the midnight hour, trying to warm her newly born child beside
the log smoldering in a fireplace.
The New Year’s Eve dinner is also often prepared in a traditional way. The usual meal in this
occasion is roasted pork served with lentils. The pork is a symbol of good health, while the lentils
represent the good fortune and lots of money in the incoming year. In addition, sweet bread or a cake on
the table symbolizes hope and prosperity. Beside these, the Italian New Year’s Eve menu often includes
cotechino, a big spicy sausage, and zampone, pig legs.
Just like in other countries in the world, many Italians wait for the midnight hour on the squares and
streets of the Italian cities. The toasts and wassails are held with the Italian champagne, Spumante
or Prosecco. Many believe that wearing red underwear in this night brings good luck, and Italians
do it gladly.
The biggest and most glamorous fireworks occurs in Naples. The whole-day New Year's events and
happenings called Lo Sciuscio gather amateur musicians, and people used to give them coins and
sweets in order to draw a good luck in the year that is coming. In Rome, the New Year's Eve gathering
and celebration is organized at Piazza del Popolo.
There are so many various events and happenings – music events, rock, pop, classic music
concerts, spectacular midnight fireworks... Venice, Bologna, Milan...all the cities are celebrating, the
festive time is knocking on all doors!
People of Italy – cheers! Happy New Year!
Buon Natale!
ROMA, ITALIA
New Year's Eve sees many festive events throughout Italy but the biggest and most popular are
in these Italian cities.
Note about New Year's Eve events in Italy: Major events draw huge crowds. Plan to arrive early
or watch from afar. Driving and parking will be difficult (or impossible) in most places so check
out public transportation options ahead of time and remember that they'll be crowded.
Rome's traditional New Year's Eve celebrations are centered in Piazza del Popolo. Huge crowds
celebrate with rock and classical music and dancing and of course, fireworks. The celebrations
last well into the night. On New Year's day (while the adults are sleeping), children will be
entertained in the square by performers and acrobats.
Next to the church of Santa Maria del Popolo, you can still see the exhibit of traditional nativity
scenes (through January 8) from 100 regions of Italy and other countries of the world.
Another good place to celebrate is near the Colosseum on Via dei Fori Imperiali where there's
live music usually starting around 10PM and midnight fireworks. There is usually a classical
music concert outdoors on the square in front of the Quirinale, off Via Nazionale, around 11:00
also followed by fireworks at midnight.
Yule Logs!!!
\
Lankaramaya Buddhist Temple
Founded in 1996, Lankaram Buddhist Temple (Sri Lanka Buddhist Association –Milano O.N.L.U.S)is a Temple of Theravada
Buddhism.
Theravada Buddhism
The Theravada Buddhists believe that they practice the original form of Buddhism as it was handed down to them by Buddha. Theravada Buddhism
dominates the culture of Sri Lanka, but is also very prominent in Thailand and Burma.
While Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, spent several decades teaching, none of his teachings were written down until several hundred years later. In
the third century, Asoka, the great Mauryan emperor, converted to Buddhism and began to sponsor several monasteries throughout the country. He
even sent missionaries out to various countries both east and west. During his reign, the teachings of Buddha spread all across India and Sri Lanka.
Disturbed by the prolific growth of Buddhist heresies, a council of Buddhist monks was convened at the Mauryan capital of Patna during the third
century BC to purify the doctrine. What arose from that council, more or less, were the definitive teachings of Theravada Buddhism; from this point
onwards, Theravada Buddhism undergoes little if any change
Vision
*
Establish a Buddhist society in Milan that is independent and supports spiritual and social needs.
Mission
*
*
*
*
provide for the betterment of the `Sambuddha Sasanaya' .
Provide co-operation and unity amongst Buddhists and Nations around the World.
Represent Buddhists Community in Italy and organize religious activities.
Dhamma Pasala’ is very special to Buddhists Children because they are taught the Buddha Dhamma.
The present chief incumbent Lankarama Vihara is
Olaboduwe Dammika Thero
7 fishes VIGILIA
Feast of the Seven
Fishes
The Feast of the Seven Fishes (Italian: Festa dei sette pesci), also
known as The Vigil (Italian: La Vigilia), is a Southern Italian and Italian-American celebration
of Christmas Eve with meals of fish and other seafood.[1][2]
Origins
The Feast of the Seven Fishes is part of the Italian-American Christmas Eve celebration.[1][3]
Today, it is a feast that typically consists of seven different seafood dishes. It originates,
however, from Southern Italy, where it is known as The Vigil (La Vigilia). However, some
Italian-American families have been known to celebrate with nine, eleven or thirteen different
seafood dishes. This celebration commemorates the wait, the Vigilia di Natale, for the midnight
birth of the baby Jesus.
It is unclear when the term "Feast of the Seven Fishes" was popularized.
Tradition
The long tradition of eating seafood on Christmas Eve dates from the Roman Catholic tradition
of abstinence.[1] In this case, refraining from the consumption of meat or milk products – on
Wednesdays, Fridays and (in the Latin Church) Saturdays, as well as during Lent and on the eve
of specific holy days. As no meat or butter could be used on such days, observant Catholics
would instead eat fish, typically fried in oil.
The meal may include seven, eight, or even nine specific fishes that are considered traditional.
The most famous dish Southern Italians are known for is baccalà (salted cod fish). The custom of
celebrating with a simple fish such as baccalà is attributed to the greatly impoverished regions of
Southern Italy. Fried smelts, calamari and other types of seafood have been incorporated into the
Christmas Eve dinner over the years.
There are many hypotheses for what the number "7" represents. Seven is the most repeated
number in the Bible and appears over 700 times.
One popular theory is the number represents completion, as shown in Genesis 2:2: "By the
seventh day God completed the work he had been doing; so on the seventh day he rested from all
his work." During the feast of the seven fishes, participants celebrate the completion of God's
promise of the Messiah through baby Jesus.
Other theories include: that the number represents the seven Sacraments of the Roman Catholic
Church; or it represents the Seven hills of Rome that surround the city.[1][2] It may represent
perfection (the traditional Biblical number for divinity is three, and for Earth is four, and the
combination of these numbers, seven, represents God on Earth, or Jesus Christ).
A typical Christmas Eve meal
The meal's components may include some combination of anchovies, whiting, lobster, sardines,
dried salt cod, smelts, eels, squid, octopus, shrimp, mussels and clams.[2]
The menu may also include pastas, vegetables, baked or fried kale patties, baked goods and
homemade wine. This tradition remains very popular to this day.[4]
Popular dishes


















Baccalà (salt cod) with pasta, as a salad or fried
Baked cod
Cod fish balls in tomato sauce
Deep fried cod
Deep fried fish/shrimp
Deep fried scallops
Dolphinfish (Baked or Fried)
Fried smelts
Insalata di mare (seafood salad)
Linguine with anchovy, clam, lobster, tuna, or crab sauce
Marinated or fried eel
Octopus salad
Oyster shooters
Scungilli salad
Stuffed calamari in tomato sauce
Stuffed-baked lobsters
Stuffed-baked quahogs
Whiting
Squid
Presepe in Italia
Progetto: A cuocere per il giorno di
Ringraziare
Il nonno descrive com’era la vita quando lui era
giovane. Faccia la parte del nonno, sostituendo il
Soggetto delle frasi con i nuovi soggetti indicati tra
parantesi.
1. Ai miei tempi. i treni arrivavano in orario. (la
posta/ gli studenti)
2. La gente aveva pochi soldi. (noi, la mia famiglia/
io)
3. I generi alimentari non costavano tanto. (la
scuola/ le case/ le macchine)
4. I politici non dicevano bugie (lies). (il governo/ noi
bambini/ io)
5. Le donne stavano in casa. (mia madre/ i ragazzi
piccoli)
6. La vita era piu’ semplice allora. (le cose/ l’amore)
Oggi in Italia, Pagina 210 Attivita’ C
Ricordate!
In coppia: Chieda ad un altro studente/un’altra
studentessa se faceva le seguenti cose quando
aveva tredici anni.
Essempio: amare la scuola
S1- Quando avevi tredici anni amavi la scuola?
S2- Si’, amavo la scuola./ No, non amavo la scuola.
1. Frequentare il liceo
2. Dovere pulire la tua camera
3. Avere un amico preferito/un’amica preferita
4. Discutere con i tuoi genitori
5. Mangiare volentieri le verdure
6. Bere il latte
7. Uscire con i ragazzi/ le ragazze
8. Ubbidire sempre ai genitori.
SuperCiao 1A
Capitolo 8
SuperCiaio 1A pagina 150
Buone feste
Obiettivi
 Augurare
 Ringraziare
 Feste e tradizioni in Italia
Un Giorno Speciale:
Festa di compleanno
Festone
Macedonia
Piatti
Bicchieri
Forchette
Pizzette
Pasticcini
Salatini
Budino
Tartina salate
Patatine
Bibite
Torta
La musica - impianto stereo
Festeggiare
Sorridente e felice
Augurare
I pachetti
Donno
Pachetto
Fiocco
Nastro
I Biglietti di auguri
Regalo
Auguri!
Tanti auguri!
Buone Feste per tutto L’anno pagina 155
Piatti
bicchieri
budino
patatine
Tartine salate
tartine salate
Salatini
pasticcini
sfogliatelle
Bibite
Macedonia
macedonia
auugurare
Struttura ed
uso
L’Imperfetto
The imperfect is a past tense used to talk
about things that used to happen or that
were going on over a period of time in the
past.
Provare -are regular
Provavo
Provavi
Provava
Provavamo
Provavate
provavano
Scrivere
Scrivevo
Scrivevi
Scriveva
Scrivevamo
Scrivevate
Scrivevano
-ere regular
Sentire
Sentivo
Sentivi
Sentiva
Sentivamo
Sentivate
Sentivano
-ire regular
l’ImperfettoIrregular cases below:
ESSERE
Ero
Eri
Era
Eravamo
Eravate
Erano
Bere
Bevevo
Bevevi
Beveva
Bevevamo
Bevevate
Bevevano
DIRE
Dicevo
Dicevi
Diceva
Dicevamo
Dicevate
dicevano
FARE
Facevo
Facevi
Faceva
Facevamo
Facevate
facevano
COMPITI
Per il 16 di novembre:
1. Pachetto di Capitolo 8
SuperCiao 1A
pagina 73 a finire
(-Quad
erno di lavoro)
Pagina 74 (e in
classe)
2. Leggere SuperCiao 1A
a. pagina 155 per studiare Buone Feste per
tutto l’anno!
b. pagina 160 Feste e tradizione in Italia!
3. Il Progetto
-a cuocere (cooking project)!!!
SuperCiao 1A BUONE FESTE!
I COMPITI
I COMPITI
Mini lezione
12 to 15 minutes - at least 12 minutes per
nightOf current lesson in
HOME JOURNALS!!!
Monday-Friday !!!
REVIEW THE VERBS IN THE VERB PACKET!
Review and conjugate
5 FIVE VERBS each night!
Finish page 167 SuperCiao 1A
COMPITI per domani
Studiate per l’ esame dei verbi Unita’ 8
Verifica domani
In bocca al lupo!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Buona Sera!