Branding
 Some analysts see Brands as the major enduring asset of a
company, outlasting specific products and facilities
 Brands are powerful assets that must be carefully managed
and developed
 They are more than just names or symbols. They are a key
element in the company’s relationship with the consumer
 The real value of a strong Brand is its power to capture
consumer preference and loyalty.
- Kotler
There are a number of interpretations of the term brand (De
Chernatony 2003). They are summarized as follows:

A brand is simply a logo e.g. McDonald's Golden Arches.
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A brand is a legal instrument, existing in a similar way to a patent or copyright.

A brand is a company e.g. Coca-Cola.
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A brand is shorthand - not as straightforward. Here a brand that is perceived as having benefits in the mind of the
consumer is recognised and acts as a shortcut to circumvent large chunks of information. So when searching for a
product or service in less familiar surroundings you will conduct an information search. A recognised brand will
help you reach a decision more conveniently.

A brand is a risk reducer. The brand reassures you when in unfamiliar territory.
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A brand is positioning. It is situated in relation to other brands in the mind of the consumer as better, worse,
quicker, slower, etc.

A brand is a personality, beyond function e.g. Apple's iPod versus just any MP3 player.

A brand is a cluster of values e.g. Google is reliable, ethical, invaluable, innovative and so on.

A brand is a vision. Here managers aspire to see a brand with a cluster of values. In this context vision is similar to
goal or mission.

A brand is added value, where the consumer sees value in a brand over and above its competition e.g. Audi over
Volkswagen, and Volkswagen over Skoda - despite similarities.
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Brand Equity
 A powerful Brand has high Brand equity
 This is the positive differential effect that knowing the brand
name has on customer response to the product or service
 One way of measuring equity is the extent to which
customers are willing to pay more for the Brand
 There is significant competitive advantage with high brand
equity; enjoy a high level of consumer awareness, loyalty,
more leverage in bargaining with resellers, easier to launch
line extensions, strong and profitable customer relationships
Brand valuation
 The process of estimating the total financial value of the
Brand
 Measuring this value is not straight forward and can be
difficult
 E.g: coke is valued at $67 billion, Microsoft $57 Billion, IBM
$56 Billion.
Building Strong Brands
Brand Positioning
 Positioning can be done at 3 levels Product attributes- least desirable for Brand positioning.
Competitors can easily copy attributes
 Benefit-go beyond the Product attribute and position based on
the benefit to the customer (Nike-performance, Volvo-safety,
FedEx- on time delivery)
 Beliefs & values- engaging the customers on a deep emotional
level. Creating passion and excitement around a Brand.
The marketer needs to establish a vision and mission for the
Brand. A Brand is the company’s promise to deliver a specific
set of features, benefits, services and experience.
Brand Name selection
 This is part science, part art and a measure of instinct
 It should suggest something about the Product benefits, easy
to pronounce and remember, distinctive, extendable to other
categories, be able to be translated to other languages,
capable of registration and legal protection
 Once chosen the Brand name should be protected with the
registered trademark symbol
 There are instance of protected brands becoming generic
names; aspirin, nylon, escalator, thermos
Brand Sponsorship
Manufacturer Brands Vs Private
Brands
 Almost every retailer now carry their own brand
 Private Brand is a brand created and owned by a reseller of a
product or service
 The retailer controls the stock, where they go on the shelf,
price to be charged.
 They give the reseller exclusive brands that are not available
with the competition
 Retailers tend to price their products lower than the
competition to appeal to the budget conscious shopper.
Licensing
 Some companies license names or symbols previously created
by other manufacturers, names of celebrity names or popular
movies
 E.g: Calvin Klein, Armani, Gucci, Sesame Street, Spider man
 Licensing can be a highly profitable business. Annual sales in
Licensing business is more than $ 175 billion today
 Licensing can provide an instant and proven Brand name
Co-Branding
 The practice of using established Brand names of 2 diferent
companies on the same product
 Because each brand dominates in a different category, the
combined brands create broader consumer appeal and brand
equity
 Allows a company to enter into a new category that might be
difficult to enter otherwise (Walmart & SunTrust Bank)
 Co-branding involves complex legal contracts and licenses.
Each partner must coordinate its advertising, promotion and
other marketing efforts
Brand Development
Line Extension
 When a company extends existing Brand names to new
forms, colors, sizes or flavours of an existing product
 (e.g Newdale yoghurts)
 This may be a low cost, low risk approach to introduce new
products or to use up excess capacity
 However an over extended brand name might lose its specific
meaning; e.g: Coke and its variants of Diet coke
Brand Extension
 Extending an existing brand name to new product categories
 This gives a product instant recognition and faster
acceptance.
 Saves on high advertising costs required to build a new brand
name
 Sometimes a brand extension may not be appropriate to
certain products
Multibrands
 Companies introduce additional Brands in the same category
 Offers a way to establish different establish different features
and appeal to different buying motives
 A major drawback is that brands may command a small
market share and may not be very profitable
 The company may end up spreading resources over many
Brands instead of building a few to highly profitable levels
New Brands
 A company may create a new Brand when the existing one is
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on the decline or when entering a new product category or
market
Matsuhita Corp : JVC, Panasonic, Quasar
Too many brands can result in a copmany spreading resources
too thin
Some industries have too many Brands with too little
differentiation
E.g: consumer packaged goods
Managing Brands
 Brands positioning must be continuously communicated to
consumers
 E.g.: coke spends $ 317Million on the coke brand
 Today's Brands are maintained through the Brand experience.
Customers know it through a wide range of touch point and
contacts
 Companies need to periodically audit their brand’s strengths
and weaknesses

Branding gives the seller several
advantages:
 Brand name makes it easier for the seller to
process orders and track down problems
 Seller’s brand name and trademark provide legal
protection of unique product features
 Branding gives the seller the opportunity to
attract a loyal and profitable set of customers.
 Branding helps the seller segment markets.
 Strong brands help build corporate image,
making it easier to launch new brands and gain
acceptance by distributors and consumers.
Brand building tools
 Public relations and press releases
 Sponsorships
 Public facilities
 Social cause Marketing
 Clubs and consumer communities
 Factory visits
 Trade shows
 Event marketing
 Founder’s or a celebrity personality
 Mobile phone marketing