An Introduction to the Course
ARCHITECTURAL
(RESIDENTIAL)
DRAFTING
Department Mission Statement
The mission of the Drafting Technology
Department coincides with the institutional
mission: to provide quality vocational and
technical training to students for
employment, to assist students to attain
educational and personal goals, and to
provide occupational training and
vocational/technical information for the
community.
Class
Standards
• Dress standards
– good taste,
common sense,
high moral
standards are
the watchwords
for dress and
grooming
– no hats in classroom
Course Syllabus
Syllabus--A summary outline
of a concurrent enrollment
course for
Weber State
University
“It is the peculiarity of
knowledge that those who
really thirst for it always get
it.”
“If you don’t have time to do it
right at first, when will you
have time to do it over?”
“It’s a cinch by the inch, but
hard by the yard!”
“We learn wisdom from failure
much more often than from
success. We often discover
what will do, by finding out
what will not do.”
Course Catalog Description
A course for Drafting Technology students
who wish to broaden his or her basic
drafting skills in the field of residential
architectural drafting. This course covers
procedures used in developing a complete
set of residential plans. Includes
architectural drafting standards, handlettering procedures, and code requirements.
• The term Details covers the broad category of
isolated and enlarged drawings
• Details along with the plans, elevations, etc., and
specifications form the complete set of construction
documents.
• Knowledge of construction details should give a
clear assembly of parts that form a portion of the
total package of construction.
• Knowing the particulars of materials that make-up a
detail allows the drafter, designer, or architect to
conceptualize faster and get the work completed.
Course Disclaimer
The instructor reserves the right to make
changes, deletions, corrections, or additions
during the course. These changes will be
announced in class. Anyone with special needs
or learning disabilities needs to bring that to my
attention.
Course Overview
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3 credit hour course
3 +/- hours/week lecture
5 +/- hours/week lab
10-12+/- hours/week independent study,
research, class preparation [reading, etc.],
and doing drafting assignments
Course Objectives
• 1--Become acquainted with the materials that makeup details.
• 2--Approach detailing logically and systematically.
• 3--Know the difference between structural detailing
as it applies to aesthetics, and environment.
• 4--Deal with certain confinements and limitations of
creating the detail.
• 5--Develop an appreciation for the work that is
involved in creating details.
• 6--Demonstrate the skills associated with detailing
• 7--Develop line quality, techniques and presentation
skills in drafting the detail,
Course Objectives
• 8--Become acquainted with various facets of
construction for details:
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lumber and metal connections
welding
masonry
footing and concrete connections
exterior wall sections
roof connections,
door and window construction
stairway and fireplace construction
• 9--Develop a portfolio of architectural details
Drawing Project
• Drawings Required: Plot/landscape plan
w/ drawing index(1sht), FTG/FDN plan
(1sht), Floor plans(2sht), Front Elevation
(1sht), Door/Window Schedules, and Stair
section, Fireplace details, and Typical wall
section, Electrical plans with Electrical
symbol legend combined with drawings on
other sheets.
• Drawing for extra credit: elevation(3
possible), stairs elevation, porch section,
cross-section, and others by approval
Organization of the Course
• Organized into Units of Study
– time of unit based upon complexity of material
– assignments given for each unit
• Reading assignments must be done before
lecture
• Suggested to answer chapter questions and
terminology
Teaching Methods
• Lectures and discussion periods
– Students should get involved
– Ask questions
• PowerPoint presentations
• Attendance is taken, students are required to
attend presentations
• Drafting lab/studio time, drafting time
outside of class time is required
• Suggested for students to follow class
schedule and come prepared for each class
period.
Grading and Evaluation
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Drawings – 50 points each – 30% of grade
Lettering – 10 points each – 10% of grade
Homework (W/S) – points vary – 10% of grade
Full set of drawings – 600 points – 25% of grade
Test and Quizzes – points vary – 25% of grade
Possible extra credit – to be determined
Oral Expression
• Work towards learning architectural terms
to expand your vocabulary and ability to
communicate architecturally, see an
architectural glossary get to work and start
increasing your vocabulary.
Drawing Assignments
• 20+/- possible drawings to help develop drafting
skills using line quality, line techniques, and an
understanding of how building are put together
• You will be doing the assignments on CAD and
you are eligible for a copy of the software to use at
home
• Follow the assignment schedule assignments are due
one week after assigned at beginning of class.
• NO WORK WILL BE ACCEPTE LATE – you
can always turn it in early.
Letter Grades of the Course
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95-100%
86-89%
80-82%
73-76%
67-69%
60-62%
A
B+
BC
D+
D-
90-94%
83-85%
77-79%
70-72%
63-66%
<60%
AB
C+
CD
E
Equipment & Supplies
• Required: 8-12 sheets of D size mylar or plot paper
(depending on if you are using CAD or Manual
drafting styles). You will get one print – additional
prints will be at your expense.
• Note: only required for those on the boards
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Pencils your preference (Mechanical or Metric)
Leads (from 4H to F or HB, your preference)
Drafting erasers (pink pearl or nylon/vinyl)
Drafting tape, erasing shield, & drafting brush
Architectural scale
Triangles: 45 & 30-60
Lead pointer depends upon what pencils you use
Circle template
Lettering guide
French curve
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Drafting Pencils
Drafting Leads
Drafting Erasers
Erasing Shield
Drafting Brush
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Scales
Triangles
Templates Circle
French Curve
Drafting Vellum
• A. Mechanical Pencil-one diameter of lead but
requires a lead pointer or
sharpener
• B. Automatic Metric
Pencil--requires several
grades of leads and mm
diameters, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9
mm diameters are
available
A
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B
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• Leads are graded from 9H (hard) to F (firm) to 6B
(soft) with 4H to HB most common for architectural
work.
• Mechanical Pencil:
– 4H, 2H, H, F or HB
• Automatic Metric Pencil:
– 4H for 0.3 mm pencil
– 2H, H for 0.5 and 0.7 mm pencil
– F for 0.9 mm pencil
• Pink Pearl
• Mylar Plastic
• Metal erasing
shield--used to
erasing lines
close to objects of
the drawing that
you wish not to
disturb.
• Used to sweep erasing crumbs and excess
graphite from the drawing sheet. Using the
brush is important to keep drawing clean.
• Architectural Scale --used for all building
drawings and details
• Civil Engineer Scale --used for plot plans
and all types of land related drawings
Words written on scales to indicate type
• Floor Plan Template-1/4” scale, has
appliances, plumbing
fixtures, doors, etc.
• Circle Template
• Triangles:
– 45 Degree
– 30-60 Degree
– Adjustable
• French Curve
• Protractor
Parts to Know:
1--Base-line wingnut
2--Protractor
brake wing-nut
5
3--Protractor
3
4--Vernier plate
5--Index release
1
2
Angular Measurement
Tools for Lettering
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Drafting Pencils
Drafting Leads
Ames Lettering Guide
Triangle
Drafting Machine
Vellum
• What leads to used for architectural lettering:
Common leads for lettering: F, H,
2H
2” measurement
with 1/8” increments
Ames Lettering Guide
Rotate wheel
1/8
”
Setting for 1/8
spacing between
each hole
• 1--No lines are on your drawing vellum to start with,
therefore needed to give size of lettering.
• 2--Architectural drawing is a form of technical
drawing, tools and instruments are used to create
straight line and legible work.
• 3--All lettering is done using guidelines.
• 4--General rule for guide lines for lettering height:
– 1/8” for notes and dimensions
– 3/16” for room titles
– 1/4” for drawing titles
Architectural Lettering Styles
• Handout Information:
– Proficiency in lettering is valuable and important
– Make lettering consistent, readable, legible, and fast
is the ultimate
– Architectural lettering generally has evolved from
many influences
– Usually architectural offices have a uniform style of
lettering
– Practice, be persistent, and make the effort to do
“Triangle or Straight Edge Vertical Stroke” lettering
it will be worth it
– A requirement of the course
Architectural Lettering
Style
• Triangle or
Straight Edge
Vertical Stroke
lettering
• All vertical
strokes are made
with the triangle
• Fast & popular
architectural style
variations
variations
Example of Triangle Lettering
Triangle Lettering Positions
Architectural Lettering
Exercises
• Instructions and Format:
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“D” size vellum or mylar
Title Block as outlined
Title (heading) of exercise 1/8” high
Lettering 3/32” high with 1/16” spacing between
lines of lettering
“A” size
Title Block
Architectural Lettering
Exercise Suggestions
MORE SPACE
MORE SPACE
MORE SPACE
Classroom Conduct
Unacceptable Conduct
Acceptable Conduct
Horseplay or rowdiness
Sleeping
Drinking or Eating
Honesty
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Alertness
Promptness
Good Attitude
Hard Work
Sheet Layout
Handout
Acceptable title block positions.
Remember that drawings will be placed in
your portfolio and should be readable like a
book
The Design
Sketching
Brain Storm
Analysis
Process
Key Items to Include
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Logo
Name of Company
Personal Name
Address (Local)
Telephone Number (Local)
Chapter 1
Professional, Architectural Careers,
Office Practice, and Opportunities
Links for Chapter 1
Architectural Careers
Design Basics
The Design Process
Related Web Sites
Architectural Careers
• Beginning Drafter - Entry level position to
gain experience and skill
• Experienced Drafter - Expected to make
construction decisions based on initial
designs
• Positions are available with architects,
engineers, and designers
Architectural Careers
• Designer - May work under an architect and as a
coordinator of many drafters
- May design residential size building and dwellings
• Architect - Must be licensed to practice
– Designs residential and commercial buildings
– Additional schooling beyond high school required
– A variety of architectural careers available
Architectural Careers
• Engineer - Work is more technical and
requires high level of math and science
– Education beyond high school required
– A variety of engineering fields available
– Required to pass an examination for
certification
Architectural Careers
• Illustrator - Combines artistic and
architectural skills to produce drawings
• Model Maker - Follows plans to build scale
models
Architectural Careers
• Specification Writer - Understands the
construction process to write necessary
details of the plans
• Inspector - Checks plans to ensure codes
and laws have been followed
Design Basics
• Financial Considerations - Estimates for
labor and material costs are calculated
• The Client - Important to ensure that their
desires in the project are being met
accordingly
The Design Process
• Initial Contact - The designers and
client meet to discuss design ideas, fees,
schedules, and ensure personalities are
compatible
The Design Process
• Preliminary Design Studies - Following the
research, bubble drawings and scaled
sketches are created
– Rooms must be considered throughout this
stage and may include room usage, furniture
layout, and size requirements
The Design Process
• Initial Working Drawings - A drafter begins
to make working drawings that include the
foundation, plot, roof, electrical, cabinet,
and framing plans
• Final Design Considerations - A conference
with the client is needed to discuss the
initial working drawings
The Design Process
• Completion of Working Drawings - Drawings
include at least:
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(A) Architectural
(S) Structural
(M) Mechanical
(E) Electrical
(P) Plumbing
The Design Process
• Permit Procedures - Once all plans are
complete appropriate permits must be
secured before construction begins
• Job Supervision - Although not usually
done by the designer, sometimes he/she is
required to go to the site and solve
problems.
Related Web Sites
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Sweet’s System - www.sweets.com
National Association of Home Builders - www.nahbrc.org
Residential Architect Online - www.residentialarchitect.com
Architect’s First Source for Products - www.afsonl.com
American Institute of Building Design www.aibd.org
• National Council of Building Design Certification –
www.ncabdc.com
• National Council of Architectural Registration Boards –
www.ncarb.org
Chapter 2
Architectural Drafting Equipment
Links for Chapter 2
Drafting Supplies
Drafting Instruments
Drafting Machines
Scales
Drafting Supplies
• Mechanical Pencils - The lead is manually
inserted and sharpened as needed
• Automatic Pencils - The lead advances as
button or tip is pushed
• Lead Grades - Depends on the type of line
– Thick Lines - 2H to F
– Thin Lines - 4H to H
Drafting Supplies
• Pencil Motion - Keep pencil tilted at 45º
with the direction of travel
– Provide even pressure to create sharp crisp lines
– Slowly Rotate the mechanical pencil as the line
is drawn
– Practice this technique as often as possible
Drafting Supplies
• Technical Pens - Used to create inked lines
• Erasers - Use the correct eraser for the job
– Do not press too hard to rip the material
– Erasing shields protect good lines
– Use a dust brush to remove the eraser particles
Drafting Instruments
• Compasses - Used to draw circles and arcs
– Drop-bow is used for small circles
– Center-wheel is used by professional drafters
– Beam is used for large arcs or circles
• Keep the compass needle sharp and the lead
point sharpened like a chisel point
Drafting Instruments
• Dividers - Used to transfer dimensions or
divide distances
• Parallel Bar - Slides up and down the
drafting board by cables mounted on
pulleys
• Triangles - Two standard types
– 30º-60º-90º is known as 30º-60º triangle
– 45º-45º-90º is known as 45º triangle
Drafting Instruments
• Templates - A plastic sheet that contains
standard symbols used for tracing
– Be sure the scale matches your drawing
– Keep both sides clean
• Irregular Curves - There is no constant radii
and is commonly called a French curve
Drafting Machines
• Arm Drafting Machine - The arm clamps to
the table and the head can rotate to a variety
of angles with different scales attached to it
• Track Drafting Machine - The traversing
arm moves left and right across the table
and the head can also lock and pivot
Scales
• Notation - Scale of the drawing is noted in
each title block
– Architecture - 1/4”=1’-0” or 1”=1’-0”
– Civil - 1”=50’ or 1”=500’
• Metric - Scale is based on the meter (m)
unit
– Millimeter (mm) is most commonly used on
drawings
Scales
• Architect’s Scale - Contain 11 different
scales
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Locate the correct scale before beginning
Ten of the scales are based on the inch unit
Other scale is divided into 1/16th of an inch
Be careful when reading from left to right
The 1/4”=1’-0” is the most common scale
Scales
• Civil Engineer’s Scale - Contain 11
different scales
– Locate the correct scale before beginning
– The scales are based on the inch unit in
multiples of 10
– Be careful when reading from left to right
– The 50 scale is most popular
Chapter 3
Drafting Media and Reproduction
Methods
Links for Chapter 3
Papers and Films
Sheet Sizes & Layout
Diazo Reproduction
Selecting Papers and Films
• Durability - Ability to last with wear and
tear
• Smoothness - Ability to accept line
work and lettering
• Erasability - Lines are removed without
ghosting (residue left after erasing)
Selecting Papers and Films
• Dimensional Stability - Maintaining size
in different atmospheric conditions
• Transparency - Ability for light to pass
through easily
• Cost - Determined by the intended use
of the drawings
Types of Papers and Films
• Vellum
– Designed to accept pencil or ink
– Least expensive
– Good smoothness and transparency
• Polyester Film (Mylar®)
– More expensive, but dimensionally stable
– Good durability, erasability, and transparency
Sheet Sizes and Layout
• Sheet sizes recommended by ANSI
A
8 1/2 X 11 or 11 X 8 1/2
B
17 X 11
C
22 X 17
D
34 X 22
E
44 X 34
F
40 X 28
Sheet Sizes and Layout
• Sheet sizes used by Architects
A
9 X 12
B
12 X 18
C
18 X 24
D
24 X 36
E
36 X 48
F
48 X 72
Title Blocks and Borders
• Identifies the company that has made the
drawings
• Placed along the right side of the sheet
• Usually preprinted on drawing paper
• Borders are thick lines that surround the entire
drawing
• Leave room on the left side for binding
Title Block Information
• Title blocks contain the following information
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Drawing Number
Company Information
Project or Client
Drawing Name
Scale
Drawing
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Date
Drawn by
Checked by
Architect or Designer
Revisions
Diazo Reproduction
• Commonly known as “blue-prints”
• Ultraviolet light passes through a translucent
drawing to expose chemically coated paper
• Machine speed is determined by the diazo
material and the transparency of the original
• Be sure to run a test paper to make sure the
settings are correct
Diazo Reproduction Steps
1. Place the diazo material on the feedboard with
the yellow side up
2. Place original drawing on the diazo material with
the image side up and align edges
3. Push material into the diazo together
4. Once exposed, separate paper and feed diazo into
the developer section
Diazo Reproduction Safety
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Wear eye protection when changing ammonia
Avoid skin contact with ammonia
Do not inhale ammonia fumes
Wash skin immediately if ammonia is spilled on
it
• Do not look directly at ultraviolet light