Morphology in the lexicon
●
Full parsing
–
in comprehension words parsed into morpheme
–
in production words built out of morphemes
Morphology in the lexicon
●
●
Full parsing
–
in comprehension words parsed into morpheme
–
in production words built out of morphemes
Full listing
–
in comprehension people access whole words
–
in production people give whole words
Morphology in the lexicon
●
Race model
–
in comprehension words are both parsed into
morphemes and searched for as wholes
–
fastest route wins
–
in production (???)
Morphology in the lexicon
●
●
Race model
–
in comprehension words are both parsed into
morphemes and searched for as wholes
–
fastest route wins
–
in production (???)
Dual route model
–
in comprehension (??)
–
in production regulars are built from morphemes,
irregulars are retrieved as wholes from memory
Morphology in the lexicon
●
Are derivation and inflection handled differently?
–
Inflectional affixes: -s, -ed, -ing, -er, -est
–
Derivational affixes: re-, -ment, -ly, -hood, -ate
Morphology in the lexicon
●
Are derivation and inflection handled differently?
–
Inflectional affixes: -s, -ed, -ing, -er, -est
–
Derivational affixes: re-, -ment, -ly, -hood, -ate
●
Derivation changes essential meaning
●
Inflectional adds info like tense, number, person
Morphology in the lexicon
●
Evidence that inflections are added, not preattached
–
Slips of the tongue
•
•
•
Thank Chucks
He's go arounding telling people . . .
Doctrines and Covenant
–
Regularization
» finded, oxes, singed
Morphology in the lexicon
●
Evidence that inflections are added, not preattached
–
Slips of the tongue
•
•
•
Thank Chucks
He's go arounding telling people . . .
Doctrines and Covenant
–
–
Regularization
» finded, oxes, singed
Variation
•
Mothers in law / mother in laws
Morphology in the lexicon
●
Evidence that inflections are added, not preattached
–
Slips of the tongue
•
•
•
Thank Chucks
He's go arounding telling people . . .
Doctrines and Covenant
–
–
Regularization
» finded, oxes, singed
Variation
•
•
Mothers in law / mother in laws
Books of Mormon / Book of Mormons
Morphology in the lexicon
–
Lexical decision task
•
regular inflections prime,irregular don't
–
–
plays primes play as well as plays does
sings doesn't prime sang as well as sings does
Morphology in the lexicon
–
Lexical decision task
•
regular inflections prime,irregular don't
–
–
plays primes play as well as plays does
sings doesn't prime sang as well as sings does
» Could this be due to orthographic similarity?
Morphology in the lexicon
–
PET scan
•
regular and irregular inflections use different part of
brain
Morphology in the lexicon
–
PET scan
•
regular and irregular inflections use different part of
brain
–
Problem: all regulars processed together, then all
irregulars
» Different strategies in each case
Morphology in the lexicon
–
PET scan
•
regular and irregular inflections use different part of
brain
–
Problem: all regulars processed together, then all
irregulars
» Different strategies in each case
» Need to intersperse them
» You can't with PET scan, too slow
Morphology in the lexicon
–
PET scan
•
regular and irregular inflections use different part of
brain
–
–
Problem: all regulars processed together, then all
irregulars
» Different strategies in each case
» Need to intersperse them
» You can't with PET scan, too slow
Problem: other studies found no difference
Morphology in the lexicon
●
LDT
–
Some find different degrees of priming for
derivational and inflectional
•
•
baker > bake
walked > walk
Morphology in the lexicon
●
LDT
–
Some find different degrees of priming for
derivational and inflectional
•
•
–
baker > bake
walked > walk
Others find no difference
Morphology in the lexicon
●
Prefix stripping (full parsing)
–
we decompose words into morphemes then look up
base in mental lexicon
•
•
•
unprefixed word: skittle
prefixed word: reissue
pseudo prefixed word: rejuvenate, deceive
Morphology in the lexicon
●
Prefix stripping (full parsing)
–
we decompose words into morphemes then look up
base in mental lexicon
•
•
•
unprefixed word: skittle fast RT
prefixed word: reissue fast RT
pseudo prefixed word: rejuvenate, deceive slow RT
–
slow because people have stripped affix and search for
*juvenate and *ceive
Morphology in the lexicon
●
Prefix stripping (full parsing)
–
we decompose words into morphemes then look up
base in mental lexicon
•
•
•
unprefixed word: skittle fast RT
prefixed word: reissue fast RT
pseudo prefixed word: rejuvenate, deceive slow RT
–
slow because people have stripped affix and search for
*juvenate and *ceive
Morphology in the lexicon
●
Full listing
–
If words are built online by morphemes (which
have meaning) how do you account for de- and
con- that has no consistent meaning?
–
Slips of tongue keep prefixes
•
porcupines < concubines
Morphology in the lexicon
●
Full listing
–
If words are built online by morphemes then you
often have to change pronunciation too
•
•
•
•
•
propel > propel+tion
condense > condense+ation
destroy > destroy+tion
pronounce > pronounce+iation
seduce > seduce +ion
Morphology in the lexicon
●
Full listing
–
If words are built online by morphemes then you
often have to change pronunciation too
•
•
•
•
•
–
propel > propel+tion
condense > condense+ation
destroy > destroy+tion
pronounce > pronounce+iation
seduce > seduce +ion
Wouldn't it be easier to store them as wholes with
surface pronunciation?
Morphology in the lexicon
●
Full listing
–
If words are built online by derivational
morphemes then you would expect slips of the
tongue that switch morphemes
•
indulge+ment < indulge+ance
Morphology in the lexicon
●
Full listing
–
If words are built online by derivational
morphemes then you would expect slips of the
tongue that switch morphemes
•
–
indulge+ment < indulge+ance
Most slips of the tongue don't involve morpheme
switches
•
provisional < provincial
Morphology in the lexicon
●
Full listing
–
complex and simple words recognized equally fast
•
•
•
bak+er vs. motor
dust+y vs. fancy
print+er vs. flounder
Morphology in the lexicon
●
LDT with word pairs
–
non-word in pair
•
–
both monomorphemic
•
–
porcupine attack
both suffixed
•
–
laftor progress
builder printer
one suffixed, one unsuffixed, but with same
spelling
•
slander printer
Morphology in the lexicon
●
LDT with word pairs
–
non-word in pair
•
–
both monomorphemic
•
–
porcupine attack
both suffixed
•
–
laftor progress
builder printer
one suffixed, one unsuffixed, but with same
spelling
•
slander printer
–
–
These took longer to process than builder / printer
This shows we can identify morphemes, not that we
Morphology in the lexicon
●
Frequency affect RT
–
Is it frequency of individual word (window,
windows)?
–
or frequency of room (freq of window+freq of
windows)?
Morphology in the lexicon
●
Frequency affect RT
–
Is it frequency of individual word (window,
windows)?
–
or frequency of room (freq of window+freq of
windows)?
–
Cumulative frequency supports parsing
–
Individual frequency supports whole word storage
Morphology in the lexicon
●
Frequency affect RT
–
river is more freq than rivers
–
windows is more freq than window
river
windo
ws
–
rivers
window
freq of river+rivers is same as freq of
window+windows
Morphology in the lexicon
●
Frequency affect RT
–
RT to river faster than to rivers
–
RT to windows faster than to river
river
windows
rivers
window
Morphology in the lexicon
●
Frequency affect RT
–
RT to river faster than to rivers
–
RT to windows faster than to river
river
windows
–
rivers
window
It looks like individual words are stored, not just
root
Morphology in the lexicon
●
Experiment in Spanish
–
Cumulative freq of miedo(s) “fear
–
Cumulative freq of labio(s) “lip”
labios 322
miedos 25
labio 24
miedo 338
Morphology in the lexicon
●
Experiment in Spanish
labios 322
miedos 25
labio 24
miedo 338
1000
980
960
940
920
miedo(s)
labio(s)
900
880
860
840
820
800
singular
plural
Morphology in the lexicon
●
Experiment in Spanish
labios 322
miedos 25
labio 24
miedo 338
1000
980
960
940
920
miedo(s)
labio(s)
900
880
860
840
820
800
singular
plural
Morphology in the lexicon
●
What does it mean?
labios 322
miedos 25
labio 24
miedo 338
1000
980
960
940
920
miedo(s)
labio(s)
900
880
860
840
820
800
singular
plural
Morphology in the lexicon
●
What does it mean?
labios 322
miedos 25
●
labio 24
miedo 338
Same thing found in Dutch and Italian
1000
980
960
940
920
miedo(s)
labio(s)
900
880
860
840
820
800
singular
plural
Morphology in the lexicon
●
Middle of the road approach
–
Words are stored as wholes
Morphology in the lexicon
●
Middle of the road approach
–
Words are stored as wholes
–
Words are connected to other words that are
phonologically, semantically, orthographically
similar
Phonology in the lexicon
●
Bathtub effect
–
beginnings and ends of words more salient
•
•
In ToT state people remember beginning and end
sounds more often
This must relate to storage
Phonology in the lexicon
●
Bathtub effect
–
beginnings and ends of words more salient
•
•
–
In ToT state people remember beginning and end
sounds more often
This must relate to storage
rhythmic pattern is stored
•
In malapropisms words with similar pattern used
Phonology in the lexicon
●
Syllabic information is stored
–
blends keep rime intact
•
breakfast + lunch = brunch, *breach
Phonology in the lexicon
●
Syllabic information is stored
–
blends keep rime intact
•
•
breakfast + lunch = brunch, *breach
thirsty + hungry = thungry , *thirgry
Phonology in the lexicon
●
Syllabic information is stored
–
blends keep rime intact
•
•
–
breakfast + lunch = brunch, *breach
thirsty + hungry = thungry , *thirgry
speech errors keep rime intact
•
shout + yell = shell, *shall
Phonology in the lexicon
●
Syllabic information is stored
–
blends keep rime intact
•
•
–
breakfast + lunch = brunch, *breach
thirsty + hungry = thungry , *thirgry
speech errors keep rime intact
•
•
shout + yell = shell, *shall
big + strong = strig, *strog
Phonology in the lexicon
●
Words with similar sounds are connected
–
errors involve similar sounds
•
religious profession (procession) involves fricatives
Phonology in the lexicon
●
Words with similar sounds are connected
–
errors involve similar sounds
•
•
religious profession (procession) involves fricatives
clogged brain (drain) involves voiced stops
Phonology in the lexicon
●
Connections between similar words leads to
pattern that can be generalized to other words
–
tollude + ion = ?
Phonology in the lexicon
●
Connections between similar words leads to
pattern that can be generalized to other words
–
tollude + ion = ?
•
•
•
tolludion
tollusion
tollution
Phonology in the lexicon
●
Connections between similar words leads to
pattern that can be generalized to other words
–
tollude + ion = ?
•
•
•
–
tolludion
tollusion
tollution
This knowledge comes from
•
•
•
collide > collision
delude > delusion
deride > derision
Phonology in the lexicon
●
Connections between similar words leads to
pattern that can be generalized to other words
–
say these words:
•
•
•
setty
rotain
fitguard
Phonology in the lexicon
●
Connections between similar words leads to
pattern that can be generalized to other words
–
say these words:
•
•
•
–
setty
rotain
fitguard
flap
[t]
glottal stop
How do you know how to pronounce them?
Embodiment
●
Idea that comprehension of sounds is aided by
activation of part of brain that controls
articulation
Embodiment
●
●
Idea that comprehension of sounds is aided by
activation of part of brain that controls
articulation
When you hear a word your vocal tract brain area
lights up
Embodiment
●
●
●
Idea that comprehension of sounds is aided by
activation of part of brain that controls
articulation
When you hear a word your vocal tract brain area
lights up
When you watch a sport your muscle control
areas light up
–
spectators move in synch with athletes
Embodiment
●
●
●
Idea that comprehension of sounds is aided by
activation of part of brain that controls
articulation
When you hear a word your vocal tract brain area
lights up
When you watch a sport your muscle control
areas light up
–
spectators move in synch with athletes
–
watching football is almost like playing it
Embodiment
●
When you see someone smile, cry, laugh it
makes you feel the same
Embodiment
●
When you see someone smile, cry, laugh it
makes you feel the same
–
Experiment: people watch faces and describe what
they are doing
Embodiment
●
When you see someone smile, cry, laugh it
makes you feel the same
–
Experiment: people watch faces and describe what
they are doing
–
When they see a smiling face, they smile before
naming the action
Embodiment
●
How embodied is language?
–
LDT on sentences
•
•
•
I take the begin for over (bad sentence)
I take the money from Bob
I give the money to Bob
Embodiment
●
How embodied is language?
–
LDT on sentences
•
•
•
I take the begin for over (bad sentence)
I take the money from Bob
I give the money to Bob
–
•
Subjects responded with joystick
» toward or away
RT when toward meant “good sentence”
–
–
fast for “I take the money from Bob”
slow for “I give Bob the money”
Embodiment
●
How embodied is language?
–
LDT on sentences
•
•
•
I take the begin for over (bad sentence)
The waiter carries the tray
The boxer punches the referee
–
•
Subjects responded by hitting button with open hand or
closed fist
RT when fist meant “good sentence”
–
–
fast for “The boxer punches the referee”
slow for “The waiter carries the tray”
Embodiment
●
How embodied is language?
–
LDT on sentences
•
•
•
I take the begin for over (bad sentence)
The waiter carries the tray
The boxer punches the referee
–
•
RT when fist meant “good sentence”
–
–
•
Subjects responded by hitting button with open hand or
closed fist
fast for “The boxer punches the referee”
slow for “The waiter carries the tray”
RT when open hand meant “good sentence”
–
–
slow for “The boxer punches the referee”
fast for “The waiter carries the tray”
Embodiment
●
How embodied is language?
–
People read sentence then saw picture
•
–
Does the picture match the sentence?
Far and near were contrasted in sentences
•
•
The sheep walks up to you and bleats
The sheep wanders to the other side of the hill from
you and bleats
Embodiment
●
How embodied is language?
–
People read sentence then saw picture
•
–
Far and near were contrasted in sentences
•
•
–
Does the picture match the sentence?
The sheep walks up to you and bleats
The sheep wanders to the other side of the hill from
you and bleats
Far and near were contrasted in the pictures
•
Sheep close up versus sheep far away
Embodiment
●
●
When sheep was close in sentence and picture
RT was fast
When sheep was close in sentence and far in
picture RT was slower
Embodiment
●
●
●
●
When sheep was close in sentence and picture
RT was fast
When sheep was close in sentence and far in
picture RT was slower
When sheep was far in sentence and far in picture
RT was fast
When sheep was far in sentence and close in
picture RT was slower
Embodiment
●
How embodied is language?
–
LDT on sentences
•
•
•
I take the begin for over (bad sentence)
I take the money from Bob
I give the money to Bob
–
•
RT when toward meant “good sentence”
–
–
•
Subjects responded with joystick
» toward or away
fast for “I take the money from Bob”
slow for “I give Bob the money”
RT when away meant “good sentence”
–
–
slow for “I take the money from Bob”
fast for “I give Bob the money”
Morphology in the lexicon
●
Middle of the road approach
–
Words are stored as wholes
–
Words are connected to other words that are
phonologically, semantically, orthographically
similar
–
When tons of words are connected because they
end in -er (verb-er), and they mean person who
does X, a morpheme is identified without removing
or adding it to the word during processing