Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. Which of the following is NOT a goal of science? a. to investigate and understand the natural world b. to explain events in the natural world c. to use data to support a particular point of view d. to use derived explanations to make useful predictions
____ 2. Hypotheses may arise from a. prior knowledge. b. logical inferences. c. informed, creative imagination. d. all of the above
____ 3. Which of the following is a valid hypothesis for why a plant appears to be dying? a. The plant is not being watered enough. b. The plant is being watered too much. c. The plant is receiving too much sunlight. d. all of the above
____ 4. A controlled experiment allows the scientist to isolate and test a. a conclusion. c. several variables. b. a mass of information. d. a single variable.
____ 5. A theory a. is always true. b. is the opening statement of an experiment. c. may be revised or replaced. d. is a problem to be solved.
____ 6. Biology is the study of a. the land, water, and air on Earth. b. the living world. c. animals and plants only. d. the environment.
____ 7. What is the term for the land, water, and air on Earth? a. population c. biosphere b. community d. environment
____ 8. What is the term for a group of organisms of one type living in the same place? a. biosphere b. ecosystem c. population d. environment
____ 9. Which of the following terms includes all the others? a. biologist c. zoologist b. botanist d. paleontologist
____ 10. Which level of organization includes all of the other levels? a. organism c. population b. ecosystem d. community
____ 11. In the metric system, the basic unit of length is the a. centimeter. c. millimeter. b. kilometer. d. meter.
____ 12. Which is NOT a unit of measurement in the metric system? a. meter c. liter b. inch d. gram
____ 13. What is the term given to a group of cells that develops from a single original cell?

a. community b. cell culture c. nutrient solution d. cell fractionation
____ 14. What types of living organisms should you NOT come into contact with in your biology laboratory? a. plants b. organisms that cause disease c. organisms that can be seen only with a microscope d. animals
____ 15. The three particles that make up atoms are a. protons, neutrons, and isotopes. b. neutrons, isotopes, and electrons. c. positives, negatives, and electrons. d. protons, neutrons, and electrons.
____ 16. The space surrounding the nucleus of an atom contains a. protons. c. neutrons. b. electrons. d. ions.
____ 17. The nucleus is made up of a. protons and electrons. b. electrons and neutrons. c. protons and neutrons. d. protons, neutrons, and electrons.
____ 18. A covalent bond is formed as the result of a. transferring electrons. b. sharing an electron pair. c. transferring protons. d. sharing a proton pair.
____ 19. The most abundant compound in most living things is a. carbon dioxide. c. sodium chloride. b. water. d. sugar.
____ 20. A solution is a(an) a. breaking of a chemical bond. b. chemical reaction. c. evenly distributed mixture of two or more substances. d. combination of two or more liquids.
____ 21. When salt is dissolved in water, water is the a. reactant. b. solution. c. solute. d. solvent.
____ 22. Suspensions are mixtures a. of water and undissolved material. b. in which the components are evenly distributed throughout the solution. c. both a and b d. neither a nor b
____ 23. A map of eastern North America, showing the pH of rainfall in the various states, indicates that the pH of rain in New York State varies from 4.22 to 4.40. According to these figures, the most acidic rainfall in New York
State has a pH of a. 4.22. b. 4.30. c. 4.35. d. 4.40.
____ 24. A substance with a pH of 6 is called a. an acid. b. a base. c. both an acid and a base. d. neither an acid nor a base.
____ 25. Amino acid is to protein as a. fat is to lipid. b. DNA is to RNA. c. sugar is to fat. d. simple sugar is to starch.
____ 26. Which of the following organic compounds is the main source of energy for living things? a. carbohydrates c. nucleic acids

b. lipids d. proteins
____ 27. When hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water, water is a. a product. c. both a product and a reactant. b. a reactant. d. neither a product nor a reactant.
____ 28. Identify the reactant(s) in the chemical reaction, CO
2
+ H
2
O

H
2
CO
3
. a. CO
2
, H
2
O, and H
2
CO
3 b. CO
2
and H
2
O c. H
2
CO
3 d. CO
2
____ 29. What is the process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals? a. cohesion c. chemical reaction b. adhesion d. dissolving
____ 30. What is the term used to describe the energy needed to get a reaction started? a. adhesion energy c. cohesion energy b. activation energy d. chemical energy
____ 31. A substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction is called a(an) a. catalyst. c. molecule. b. lipid. d. element.
____ 32. Who was one of the first people to identify and see cork cells? a. Anton van Leeuwenhoek c. Matthias Schleiden b. Robert Hooke d. Rudolf Virchow
____ 33. The work of Schleiden and Schwann can be summarized by saying that a. all plants are made of cells. b. all animals are made of cells. c. plants and animals have specialized cells. d. all plants and animals are made of cells.
____ 34. Which of the following is NOT a principle of the cell theory? a. Cells are the basic units of life. b. All living things are made of cells. c. Very few cells reproduce. d. All cells are produced by existing cells.
____ 35. The cell theory applies to a. bacteria. b. plants and animals. c. multicellular organisms. d. all of the above
____ 36. Prokaryotes lack a. cytoplasm. b. a cell membrane. c. a nucleus. d. genetic material.
____ 37. Which of the following organisms are prokaryotes? a. plants c. bacteria b. animals d. all of the above
____ 38. Which of the following is NOT found in the nucleus? a. cytoplasm c. chromatin b. nucleolus d. DNA
____ 39. Which of the following structures is found in the cytoplasm? a. nucleolus c. chromatin b. ribosome d. cell wall
____ 40. Which structure makes proteins using coded instructions that come from the nucleus? a. Golgi apparatus c. vacuole b. mitochondrion d. ribosome

____ 41. Which organelle converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use? a. chloroplast b. Golgi apparatus c. endoplasmic reticulum d. mitochondrion
____ 42. Which organelles help provide cells with energy? a. mitochondria and chloroplasts c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum b. rough endoplasmic reticulum d. Golgi apparatus and ribosomes
____ 43. Unlike the cell membrane, the cell wall is a. found in all organisms. b. composed of a lipid bilayer. c. a flexible barrier. d. usually made of tough fibers.
____ 44. You will NOT find a cell wall in which of these kinds of organisms? a. plants c. fungi b. animals d. all of the above
____ 45. Which of the following structures serves as the cell’s boundary from its environment? a. mitochondrion c. chloroplast b. cell membrane d. channel proteins
____ 46. The cell membrane contains channels and pumps that help move materials from one side to the other. What are these channels and pumps made of? a. carbohydrates b. lipids c. bilipids d. proteins
____ 47. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a. an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. b. an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. c. an area of equilibrium to an area of high concentration. d. all of the above
____ 48. The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called a. osmotic pressure. c. facilitated diffusion. b. osmosis. d. active transport.
____ 49. Which of the following is an example of an organ? a. heart c. digestive system b. epithelial tissue d. nerve cell
____ 50. A group of similar cells that perform a particular function is called a(an) a. organ. c. tissue. b. organ system. d. division of labor.
____ 51. Which list represents the levels of organization in a multicellular organism from the simplest level to the most complex level? a. cell, tissue, organ system b. organ system, organ, tissue, cell c. tissue, organ, organ system d. cell, tissue, organ, organ system
____ 52. Which of the following is an autotroph? a. mushroom b. deer
____ 53. What are the three parts of an ATP molecule? a. adenine, thylakoids, stroma b. stroma, grana, chlorophyll c. leopard d. tree c. adenine, ribose, phosphate groups d. NADH, NADPH, and FADH
2
____ 54. In Figure 8–1, between which parts of the molecule must the bonds be broken to form an ADP molecule? a. A and B c. C and D b. B and C d. all of the above
____ 55. Which of the following is(are) used in the overall reactions for photosynthesis?

a. carbon dioxide b. water c. light d. all of the above
____ 56. Plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules called a. pigments. c. chloroplasts. b. thylakoids. d. glucose.
____ 57. Which region of the visible spectrum is not absorbed well by chlorophyll? a. blue c. green b. violet d. red
____ 58. A granum is a a. stack of chloroplasts. b. stack of thylakoids.
____ 59. What is a product of the Calvin cycle? a. oxygen gas b. ATP c. membrane enclosing a thylakoid. d. photosynthetic pigment molecule. c. high-energy sugars d. carbon dioxide gas
____ 60. Which of the following is released during cellular respiration? a. oxygen b. air c. energy d. lactic acid
____ 61. Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down a. food molecules. c. carbon dioxide. b. ATP. d. water.
____ 62. The starting molecule for glycolysis is a. ADP. b. pyruvic acid. c. citric acid. d. glucose.
____ 63. Which process is used to produce beer and wine? a. lactic acid fermentation c. alcoholic fermentation b. glycolysis d. the Krebs cycle
____ 64. The starting molecule for the Krebs cycle is a. glucose. b. NADH. c. pyruvic acid. d. coenzyme A.
____ 65. The Krebs cycle does not occur if a. oxygen is present. b. fermentation occurs. c. glycolysis occurs. d. carbon dioxide is present.
____ 66. Which of the following passes high-energy electrons into the electron transport chain? a. NADH and FADH
2 c. citric acid b. ATP and ADP d. acetyl – CoA
____ 67. All of the following are sources of energy during exercise EXCEPT a. stored ATP. c. lactic acid fermentation. b. alcoholic fermentation. d. cellular respiration.
____ 68. Plants cannot release energy from glucose using a. glycolysis. b. photosynthesis. c. the Krebs cycle. d. cellular respiration. d. Interphase consists of the G
1
, S, and G
2
phases.

Modified True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.
____ 88. An important goal of a scientist is to use evidence to learn about the natural world.
____ 89. “The bird has brown spots on its wings” is an example of an inference.
____ 90. Paleontologists study dinosaurs and other ancient life.
____ 91. Living things can be studied at different levels of organization, from the molecular level to the largest level, the ecosystem.
____ 92. In a laboratory, you are responsible for your own safety, as well as the safety of your teacher and classmates.
____ 93. When sugar is dissolved in water, the sugar and water are chemically combined.
____ 94. Lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.
____ 95. The substances that are present when a chemical reaction begins are the products.
____ 96. If a cell contains a nucleus, it must be a prokaryote.
____ 97. The cell represented in Figure 7–1 is a eukaryote.
Figure 7–1
____ 98. Ribosomes stud the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum.
____ 99. The Krebs cycle releases energy in the form of ATP.