Oxford Centre for Staff and
Learning Development
NVIVO 8 - Part 1
Managing, organising &
coding qualitative data
Patsy Clarke, OCSLD
p.clarke@brookes.ac.uk
&
Alex Friend, CSD
asfriend@brookes.ac.uk
March 2010
Course schedule
Introductions
The qualitative research context
How NVIVO can help
• Overview of NVIVO 8
• Interface & terminology
• Show and tell
Module 1: Getting started
Module 2: Data coding activities
Module 3: Analysis activities
Module 4: Reporting activities
2
Qualitative research context
Beyond binaries
Artistic/
Interpretive
(Ellison, 2008:7)
Social
constructivist
Realist/
positivist
3
Qualitative approaches
Increasingly diverse and ‘fragmented’ (Creswell,
2007:4)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Narrative research/ biographical studies
Phenomenology
Grounded Theory
Ethnography
Framework analysis
Case study
Mixed methods
Crystallization (Ellison, 2008)
Creative analytic practices (Richardson, 2000)
Processes in the field e.g.
• Participant observation
• Participatory action research
4
Questions
Type of question
Approach
About meaning (e.g. ‘What is the meaning of….?’) and
about the core or essence of phenomena or experiences
Phenomenology
Observational questions (e.g. ‘What are the behavioural
patterns of ..?’) and descriptive questions about values,
beliefs, and practices of a cultural group (‘What is going
on here?’)
Ethnography
Process questions about changing experience over time
or its stages and phases (e.g. ‘What is the process of
becoming..?’) or understanding questions (e.g. ‘what are
the dimensions of this experience..?’)
Grounded
theory
Questions directly asserted in applied or policy research,
where specific information is needed from the data. The
methods will be less inductive, more deductive.
Framework
analysis
5
* Lyn Richards, 2006
Backwards..& Forwards
What sort of a study of this issue would
be convincing? (Thinking backwards:
what will the completed study be
like?)
So what needs to be done to reach
that goal? (Thinking forwards).
6
‘Telling’ it
Outline your research in terms of the
questions and issues outlined.
The questions – methodology – scope
– who – challenges – where you are
headed – and how will you know
when you are there?
7
Data generation
‘Triangulation’ /‘Crystallisation’:
Of methods, analysis, settings, perspectives/ researchers /
data
• Interviews with individuals
• Focus groups
• Narratives
• Conversations
• Observations
• Video/audio-tapes/ photographs /maps /models
/artifacts
• Archived material and records; diaries, letters, policy
documents, minutes
• Reflective journals
• Field notes, memos and …….
 Layered texts
8
What to do with the data
Manage, store, access and keep track
To and fro between closeness and distance
Make sense
Reflect on
Generate or confirm theories
Query/look for themes/patterns
Bring in the context
Manage complexity
Show diversity
Go beyond description
Test hunches and get evidence
Rigorously illustrate/ explain /justify claims, options
Fulfill ethical, confidentiality and anonymity principles
Present a trail of evidence and tell the story
Meet the deadline (within budget)
9
Research essentials
The key tools?
• YOU/ YOUR good thinking and reflection
• Collaboration
• Ethics
• Effective planning/organising/checking
• Keep a journal
• Plan and implement back-ups
• More good thinking and reflection
The key question? ‘…So what?…’
10
Technology layer
Project
requirements?
World view
Paradigm
Theory
Ethics
Relationship
Access
Feedback
Follow up
Project
design?
Technology
requirements?
Computerbased data
analysis/
management
Who?
Collect
Store
Analyse
Data?
Computer?
Input
Access
Store/secure
Update
Maintain
Analysis techniques
Access
Literacy
Back-ups
Software?
Access
Familiarity
Maintenance
Legality
11
How NVIVO 8 can help
Part 1 of the course:
1. Store, manage ,link documents and ideas
within an NVIVO software project
2. Code documents at nodes and ‘code
on’/refine your coding
3. Memo your ideas about the data/documents
4. Move between the nodes and the document
detail
5. Shape the project: assign attributes (e.g.
demographic categories) to cases; group
documents or nodes in sets (collections) to
use as search filters
6. Tree node structures to reflect your project
12
design
How NVIVO 8 can help
Part 2 of the course:
7. Relationship linking between ideas
8. Search and scope to ask questions and develop
and test ideas & theories
9. Model and chart to display ideas and theories
10.Reports extraction for inclusion in written work
Part 3 of the course:
11.Working with multimedia data e.g. graphics, audioand video-data
YOU with your research questions select and
drive/control the software to help you manage,
collect, engage with and get evidence for your
research claims/ results/ recommendations.
13
NVIVO 8 Interface
14
Welcome screen
Create New/Open Project
*
P
R
O
J
E
C
T
(S)
(* Descriptions contribute to the audit trail)
Module 1
15
Password protection
•File > Project Properties > Passwords > Apply > OK
•Volunteering tutorial project located in :
C:\Documents and settings\ All users\
Shared Documents\NVIVO 8 Samples
Module 1
16
Workspace
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
p
a
r
t
s
Module 1
17
Views in workspace
N
A
V
I
G
A
T
I
O
N
Module 1
L
I
S
T
D
E
T
A
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18
Sources: data
• Sources contain data, memos, project notes etc.
•Can be text, graphics, audio, video
Module 1
19
Sources
Sources hold:
• Internals (‘documents’* within NVIVO)
• Externals (internal documents with ideas
or location of external material e.g.
websites, books, press articles)
• Create sub-folders to suit your project
• Memos folder for memos created within
NVIVO while coding, reviewing
documents or reflecting on ideas.
* May be text, graphic, audio or video
Module 1
20
More on text sources
In the NVIVO Volunteering tutorial project,
before import the main questions and subquestions in the text interview transcripts
were formatted using headings Styles in MSWord. This enables ‘autocoding’ of the
questions responses at nodes in NVIVO.
Organising data is this way saves time if your
research design follows a structured
interview guide.
It facilitates coding on question by question
rather than by document.
Module 1
21
Cases & casebook
• Cases are used for comparisons
•Cases can be individuals, regions, schools, etc.
•Cases can be assigned attributes e.g. gender,
age, education levels
•Attributes of Cases are displayed in the Casebook
Module 1
22
Attribute values
• Attribute values can be assigned from Classifications OR
by import of an Excel spreadsheet
Module 1
23
Casebook/attribute values
Sociodemographic data can be stored in
an Excel spreadsheet with each row
corresponding to the document name
Import spreadsheet to NVIVO to
automatically assign the values to each
case
To see the Casebook:
Tools > Casebook > Open Casebook
We will practise this during this course
Module 1
24
Nodes
•Free nodes are a non-hierarchical collection of nodes
•Tree nodes are organised in hierarchies as in a family
generation model with parent and child nodes
Module 2
25
More on Nodes
Nodes are ‘containers’ for categories/concepts/ideas: used
to organise text relevant to a topic or idea under your chosen
node label
Free Nodes hold topics (nodes) as yet unrelated to other
topics
Tree Nodes hold parent and child nodes (up to 9 levels) that
are related in a hierarchy. In the Volunteering tutorial project,
interviews & questions and answers were autocoded at the
parent node Topics – Interviews
Other nodes were manually coded to ‘family values’ and
‘social interaction’ which are Free Nodes, and later organised
together under the thematic parent Tree node ‘Personal
goals’
Case Nodes hold data from each individual in the study under
their name e.g. the case ‘George’ holds all George’s focus
group contribution
Relationships, Matrices & nodes of Search Results can be
created from the data within NVIVO. In the follow up
workshop we will work with this type of coding.
Module 2
26
Links
See Also links: reminders of connections between project
items
Annotations: For footnotes or ‘margin scribbles’ on selected
content in a source/ node
Memos: Comments/reflections on an entire
document/node
Module 2
27
Search options
Look for (Find) - simple and advanced
search for NVIVO project items
Queries - simple and advanced search for
actual content within the NVIVO project
e.g.
•
•
•
•
Word frequency
Text search
Coding search
Matrix search
Extracting and Reporting
28
Module 1 : Data preparation
1. View interview transcripts of ‘Anna’, ‘Frederic’ and
the ‘Nonvols’ focus group.
Compare and plan the format/categories of
documents
•
Usefulness of heading styles
2. Create your NVIVO project
3. Create new folders for various source document
types
4. Create a new document as a coding journal
5. Import interviews and Focus group transcripts
6. Auto-code interview topics at nodes
7. Review autocoding at nodes
8. Import casebook of socio-demographics into
NVIVO
9. Look at Attributes & Values in Classifications
29
Notes to read before you start
1. For the activities you will use interview and
focus group transcripts that were
formatted with heading styles in MS-Word.
2. First find the transcripts on the computer
drive
3. We will look at the format of these
documents in MS-Word to help decision
about formatting our own data.
4. Page references refer to the booklet
‘Teach yourself NVivo 8: the introductory
tutorials’ by Lyn Richards, abbreviated to
TYNV8.
Module 1
30
Data organising activities
31
Activity 1: Create your NVIVO project
1.
2.
After we have viewed the transcripts:
Open NVIVO in your computer
•
•
From Programs > QSR > NVIVO 8
OR
Double-click the NVIVO logo on the desktop
It is a large program so takes a while to open and
looks as though nothing is happening on screen
so:
•
2.
Be patient.
Click on New Project > Name the project
‘Exploring volunteering’ > Click OK
(TYNV8 p 8)
Module 1
32
Activity 2: Create folders for sources
1.
2.
3.
4.
In the Navigation View >Sources > Internals
Right mouse click on the folder Internals > create a new
Folder called Interviews > Click OK
Right mouse click on the folder Internals> Create a new
folder called Focus Groups > Click OK
Right mouse click on the folder Internals> Create a new
folder called Other > Click OK
You may want to create folders for other types of documents
e.g. your proposal, your journals, your literature review, etc.
Module 1
33
Activity 3: Create a new document
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
In the Navigation View >Sources > Internals
Select the folder ‘Other’
Bring your cursor to the List view on the right of the screen
Right click in an empty space New Internal > Document
Enter a name for the document and (optional) description
> Click OK
Module 1
34
Activity 3 (continued)
For memo entries and in any other documents that record
process use the keystroke short cut
Ctrl-shift-T to automatically enter the current date and time
Close the document when you have completed your entry
35
Activity 4: Import interview/s into NVIVO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
In the Navigation View > Sources > Internals
Select the folder Interviews
Bring your cursor to the List view on the right of the screen
Right click in an empty space > Import internals > Browse for the
document/s select Anna, Bernadette, Frederic, Grace, Ken, Mary, Nick, Phoebe
and Sunil > OK
Tick ‘Create descriptions’, AND ‘Create as read only’ AND ‘Code
sources at new cases located under’ Cases > Click OK
The import is completed though you might be presented with the
option to add a new description
36
Activity 5: Autocode interview topics
Use the styled headings to autocode the interviews into
each question topic, and autocode each speaker in the
focus group (TYNV8 pp 67-68)
First create a node:
•
In Navigation View > Nodes. When Nodes opens above
click on Tree Nodes to open it.
•
In the List View > right mouse click >New Tree Node > (Name
it) Topics-Interviews
Now autocode the interview topics at the node:
3.
In Navigation View > click on Sources > Interviews
4.
In the List View, select all the interviews - holding Shift click
on the interviews then right click, and
5.
Choose Autocode from the bottom of the Context menu
Module 1
37
Activity 6: Autocode interview topics
6.
7.
8.
In the Autocode box > select and move with
arrow the appropriate Headings (1 & 2) and from
Available paragraph styles .. to Selected
paragraph styles.
With Existing Node in the Under field click on
Select button to find the node in Tree Nodes >
highlight ‘Topics – Interviews’
Click OK, and on the next screen click OK again.
Module 1
38
Activity 7: Review the autocoding
1. In Navigation View > Node > Tree Nodes.
2. Expand from the plus (+) symbols next to
the parent nodes to see the child nodes
(for sub-questions) that were created.
3. Child nodes contain all participants’
answers for each sub-question.
4. Double click on one of the child nodes to
open the coded content in the Detail View
Module 1
39
Activity 8: Import demographic data
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Demographic data such as gender, age, education etc.
about participants can be imported into NVIVO or it can be
added for individuals manually from within NVIVO.
From the network drive > open the file
‘Interview casebook.xls’
Look at the headings on rows and columns to see how the
data is structured.
Re-save the file as a Unicode text file and name it
interview_dem.txt >close the file.
In NVIVO >Import the file from Tools > Import Casebook >
Browse > locate the text file interview_dem.
In the Import Casebook box, set Case name format to
Name > tick all three boxes
Leave Case location as
Cases > OK
The casebook of imported
values opens in the detail
view.
Module 1
40
Activity 9: Look at Attributes & Values
1.
2.
3.
4.
Module 1
The Casebook is now displayed below in the Detail View.
View the values of the attributes that are now assigned to the Cases.
Close the Casebook.
These socio-demographics (age group, gender etc.) knows as attributes
with their values in NVIVO are now stored in the Classification >
Attributes folder.
In addition from Nodes >Cases , right click Anna’s Case > select Case
Properties > click on the Tab: Attribute Values. There you see the sociodemographics that were assigned to Anna’s Case.
41
Activity 10: Import the focus groups
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
In the Navigation View >Sources >Internals
Right click on the folder Internals > Focus Groups
Bring your cursor to the List view on the right of the screen
Right click in an empty space > Import internals > Browse for
& select the NonVols, Vols 01 and Vols 02 focus group
transcripts > click OK
Tick ‘Create descriptions’, and ‘Create as read only’ but
NOT ‘Code sources at Cases’ > Click OK
The focus group transcripts have been imported
Module 1
42
Create attributes manually
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
You can create new attribute values from within NVIVO
e.g. current marital status
From Classifications in the Navigation view select
attributes
In the List view right click on an empty space > New
attribute > name it Marital status
From the Values tab > Add one at a time the values
e.g. Single, Married, Divorced, etc. > OK
Right click in the list view empty space > Open
Casebook > for each case click in the Marital status
column field > from the down arrow select the value
that applies to that case.
(see TYNV8, pp 33-35)
Module 1
43
Some approaches to
Tree node structures
44
Theme-based approach
e.g. Volunteering
tutorial project
Module 2
45
Narrative
Creswell, J.W. (2007) Qualitative Inquiry and research design – choosing among five approaches (2nd edition).
Thousand Oaks. CA :Sage. Page 170
Module 2
46
Phenomenology
Creswell, J.W. (2007) Qualitative Inquiry and research design – choosing among five approaches (2nd edition).
Thousand Oaks. CA :Sage. Page 170
Module 2
47
Grounded theory
Creswell, J.W. (2007) Qualitative Inquiry and research design – choosing among five approaches (2nd edition).
Thousand Oaks. CA :Sage. Page 171
Module 2
48
Ethnography
Creswell, J.W. (2007) Qualitative Inquiry and research design – choosing among five approaches (2nd edition).
Thousand Oaks. CA :Sage. Page 171
Module 2
49
Case study (collective)
Creswell, J.W. (2007) Qualitative Inquiry and research design – choosing among five approaches (2nd edition).
Thousand Oaks. CA :Sage. Page 172
50
Module 2 Data coding activities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Create Free Nodes
Code data at nodes – drag & drop
Look at your coding
Code data at nodes – right click menu
Code data at nodes – Coding toolbar
Create node ‘up’ from the data
-8. Create memos and annotations.
Module 2
51
Activity 1: Create Free Node
(You may prefer to use the already coded Volunteering
tutorial project to learn about coding. From the NVIVO
welcome screen list of projects, open the Volunteering
project in NVIVO).
1.
Go to Nodes in the Navigation view, highlight Free Nodes.
2.
List view >right click >New Free Node > name the node
Family Responsibilities
3.
Navigation view > Sources > click on Interviews > double
click Grace
4.
Change the screen layout from the
View menu > Detail View > Bottom to Detail View > Right
(or from the tool bar)
Module 2
52
Activity 2: Code data at nodes – drag & drop
Using the drag & drop technique (see TYNV8 p 54).
1.
2.
3.
In Navigation View >Nodes > highlight Free Nodes
Highlight text in Grace that could be coded at
the Free Node ‘Family responsibilities’.
Drag it onto the node for ‘Family responsibilities’ in
the List View
Module 2
53
Activity 2 - continued
4. Double click on the Free Node ‘Family
responsibilities’ to open it in the Detail
View.
5. You can see the text you have coded
there.
54
Activity 3: View your coding
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
When you look at the content of a source or Node in the
Detail View, you can use highlights and Coding Stripes to
examine your coding.
Using Coding Stripes (TYNV8 p 60 – 62)
With Grace open in Detail View, set Coding Stripes to ‘Show
nodes most coding item’.
This should open the Coding Stripes window.
Double click on any coding stripe to see all text coded at
that node.
Hover the cursor over the grey/black Coding Density stripe
to see all the node names at which that piece of text is
coded.
Right click on a stripe and select Highlight Coding to
highlight text coded at that node.
To see coding for particular nodes only, reset the Coding
Stripes button to Show Nodes Coding Item.
Select the relevant nodes from the Project Items box.
Module 2
55
Views of coding examples
Document with
stripes showing
coding at nodes
Context of
document
showing
coding at
‘Motivation’
node
56
Module 2
Activity 4: Code data with
nodes-right-click menu*
To code with the right-click-menu (see TYNV8 p 55)
1.
Highlight some other text in Grace that could be coded as
‘Family responsibilities’.
2.
Right click > Code > Code selection at Existing Node.
3.
In the Select Project Items box, make sure Free Nodes is
selected > tick the ‘Family responsibilities node.
4.
Click OK.
*Useful for ‘double’ or ‘multiple’ coding
Module 2
57
Activity 5: Code with the coding toolbar
Using the Coding toolbar (see TYNV8 p 55-56)
1.
Drag the coding toolbar elsewhere on the screen to be
more convenient or visible.
2.
Make sure the source (Grace) is showing in the detail view
3.
If you have been coding at ‘Family responsibilities’, the bar
should show: Code at ‘Name’ then ‘Family responsibilities’,
and In ‘Free Nodes’.
4.
5.
6.
Highlight another selection of text to code at that same
node.
Click on the Code button on the right side of the toolbar.
Review your coding: go to ‘Family responsibilities’ (if it is still
open in detail View) or click the Nodes > Free Nodes >
double click ‘Family responsibilities’.
Module 2
58
Activity 6: Create node ‘up from the data
6.1 Using the coding toolbar (see TYNV8 p 57-58)
•
•
•
With Grace showing in Detail view, select her answer to
question 5.
Type ‘left wing’ into the Name box on the Coding bar > hit the
return /enter key.
A new Free node has been created named ‘left wing’
6.2 Using the menus (TYNV8 p 55)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Module 2
With Grace showing in Detail view> select her answer to 5a
Right click > select Code Selection at new node.
New node > Location should be Free nodes.
Name the node ‘passion’
A new Free node ‘passion’ has been created.
Short cut: do this with Ctrl-F3
59
Activity 6: Code In Vivo ‘up from the data’
6.3 Using the coding bar ‘In Vivo’ (see TYNV8 p 58)
1. Use this method to create nodes using terms from
the data.
2. It creates a Free node with the name = the
selected text.
3. In Grace, select ‘unrealistic expectations’ in
question 6 a
4. On the Coding bar, click on the Code In Vivo
button
5.
Short cut: Ctrl-F8
60
Module 2
A tip about quotes
Have a node of quotes you want to
include in your report
Can also jump to context from each
quote when you need to
61
Activity 7: Create memos
Write a memo about your coding (see TYNV8 p 44)
1.
Write a note about why you decided to create or add to
e.g. the ‘Family responsibilities’ node.
To do this:
2.
In the List view right click on that node’s name.
3.
Select ‘Memo link’ to ‘Link to New Memo’. Name the
memo and in the memo first Ctrl-Shift-T to add the date and
time each time you write – for audit trail purpose. Then write
some text.
4.
The memo is linked to the node and is stored in Sources>
Documents > Memos.
[Alternate method: from within the open node right click
then Links > Memo link > Link to new memo]
5.
Read the Blurred Boundaries memo. Memos can become
your writing, provide insights into your work for yourself, the
team or assessment.
Module 2
62
Activity 8: Create annotations
Write an annotation as a reminder (TYNV8 p 43)
1.
The pale blue highlight text indicates annotations –
footnotes/margin scribbles which are stored separately
2.
To Read annotations: with Grace open , go to View >
Annotation. The annotation box opens at the bottom of the
Detail view. Highlight the blue text to see the specific
annotation.
3.
To Write an annotation: In Grace > highlight some text >
Right click > Links > Annotation > New Annotation.
4.
An annotation box will open at the bottom of the
documents. Write a note there. *
Module 2
63
What have we learnt?
So far we have learnt how to:
1.
Import or create documents
2.
Auto-code nodes based on structured data collection
3.
Assign socio-demographic attributes to cases
4.
Set up coding structures relevant to research designs
5.
Code data at nodes using various methods
6.
Use visual aids to examine your coding
7.
Create memos and annotations.
In the next workshop we will cover:
1.
Queries e.g. text and word searches, coding, and matrix searches
2.
Sets of items and relationships between project items
3.
Graphically represent research ideas, hunches and findings with
modeling and charting
4.
Extracting material from the NVIVO project for inclusion in reports
(A third follow up workshop focuses on handling multimedia data
e.g. images, audio and video data).
64
Useful tips and hints
When first you load NVIVO a user profile pop-up requires your name and
initials – for team work this can identify each member’s work in merged
projects. (This can also be set from Options)
By default NVIVO projects are saved in My Documents in a file with the project
name you provided and the file extension .nvp
Import your documents as ‘Read only’ (also vital if team work is contributing to
coding)
Import interviews with individuals as ‘Cases’
Do not work directly off a flash memory stick OR a network drive
When first you create your NVIVO project create a new document as a
Coding Journal to make notes about your coding activities and your growing
and changing ideas. Ctrl-Shift-T will put in the date and time automatically
each time you begin a journal or memo entry.
Add the day’s date to your (short) project name each time you make a
(regular) back-up. Copy/ back up to different location/media.
The comprehensive Help includes ‘Working with your data’ guidelines and
‘Working with the software’ guidelines plus links to online animated tutorials.
If you are working in a team to code the same data you can merge the
separate NVIVO projects by importing them all into one of them and
renaming the project
(N.B make sure that all documents and names are identical and that all
sources were originally imported into the separate projects as READ ONLY)
NVIVO interface can be in
65
Tips and hints (cont.)
If you forgot to import interviews as ‘Cases’
• Select the required interviews in the list view
• From the right click pop-up menu select Create
As/ Create Cases
• Under ‘Name’ click once on ‘Cases’
• OK
-----------------------------------------------------
NVIVO 8 interfaces are available in French,
German, Spanish, simplified Chinese and
English
66
NOT a good tree node structure
Node structure
This structure can
add to the coding
load and also requires
two new nodes to be
created each time a
new topic arises
Positive comments about volunteering
Negative comments about volunteering
Positive comments about time
X
See the next slide for
a better option.
Negative comments about time
And have to keep adding on positive and
negative subtopics in this way
Positive comments about some other topic
67
A better Tree node structure
Node structure
This structure lightens the
load as follows:
1.
2.
3.
Double coding is quick (e.g.
code a piece of text at the
node ‘positive comments’
AND at ‘comments about
volunteering’).
Do this with the ‘right click
and code from the menu’
option (Module 2, slide 59).
Then to obtain the specific
e.g. positive comments about
a topic you can do a CODING
QUERY ‘Positive’ AND
‘Comments about….’ Then
save the results as a new
node.
This method also requires
that you simply create only
ONE node - not 2 – each time
a new topic arises that has
positive and negative
comments.
‘Broad-brush’ is quicker to do
√
Text which is a positive
comment about volunteering
gets double coded - at
‘Positive comments’ AND at
‘Comments about
volunteering’
Negative comments
Positive comments
Comments about volunteering
Comments about time
Comments about……… etc.
68
NVIVO 8 help resources
‘Using the software’, ‘Working with your
data’ in NVIVO 8 help
‘Getting started’ at:
http://www.qsrinternational.com/FileResourceHandler.ashx/RelatedDocuments/DocumentFile/289/
NVivo8-Getting-Started-Guide.pdf
* Lyn Richard’s ‘Teach yourself NVIVO:
introductory tutorials’ at:
http://qsrinternational.fileburst.com/Document/NVivo8/Teach_Yourself_NVivo_8_Tutorials.pdf
Animated tutorials plus free Web-based
Help Forum and FAQ linked to
http://www.qsrinternational.com:
* Abbreviated to TYNV8
69
References
Creswell, J.W. (2007) Qualitative Inquiry and
research design – choosing among five
approaches (2nd edition). Thousand Oaks:
Sage.
Ellison, L.L (2009). Engaging crystallization in
qualitative research. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Richardson, L. (2000). Writing: A method of
Inquiry. In N.K Denzin & Y.S Lincoln (Ed.)
Handbook of qualitative research. (2nd ed.)
Thousand Oaks: Sage.
70
Useful books
Bazeley, Pat (2007). Qualitative data analysis with
NVIVO. Second Edition. Sage.
(Practical approach with numerous load lightening
tips)
Di Gregorio, S and Davidson, J. (2008) Qualitative
Research Design for Software Users. Open University
Press
Lewins, Ann & Silver, Christina (2007). Using software
in qualitative research: a step-by-step guide. Sage.
(Guidance on using Atlas.ti 5, MAXqda 2 and
NVIVO 7)
Richards, Lyn (2005). Handling qualitative data: a
practical guide. Sage.
(Useful ‘data-centric’ approach to qualitative
methods) *2nd edition published Nov 2009
71
APPENDIX 1
Formatting transcripts with
MS-Word Styles for
autocoding by headings
72
Format structured interviews with Heading Styles
Open the interview document.
Format the interview so that the main questions (Q1, Q2, Q3,..)
are styled Heading 1, and sub-questions (Q1a, Q2a, ..) are
styled Heading 2.
*Click on Format >Styles and Formatting to open Styles and
Formatting window
Hold down the Ctrl key and highlight all the main headings
While they are highlighted, click on Heading 1 in the Styles
and formatting window.
Repeat this for the sub-questions with Heading 2.
Save the changes and close the document.
Open other documents and style the headings in the same
way.
Save the changes and close the documents.
(* Short cut in Windows: click on the text to change and Ctrl-Alt-1
for Heading 1 and Ctrl-Alt-2 for Heading 2)
Appendix
73
Format focus group transcript with Heading Styles
These guidelines assume that there is a ‘paragraph’ mark after each
participant name.
1.
Open the focus group document
2.
Style any (topic) headings as Heading 1.
3.
Style the participants’ names as Heading 2, using Edit > Replace
4.
A quick way to style participants’ names is to use the ‘Find and
Replace’ option in Word which is explained in the next slide.
5.
Copy the first participant’s name into both ‘Find what’ and
‘Replace with’ fields
6.
Place your cursor after the participant’s name in ‘Find what’
7.
Click on the option Special (bottom of the window) > select
Paragraph Mark
8.
You see a small hat followed by a ‘p’ has been added after the
name. Repeat this operation for the name in ‘Replace with’
(See next slide for illustration)
Appendix
74
Format FG with Heading Styles
1.
2.
3.
Make sure your cursor is in the ‘Replace with’ window.
Click on Format > Style > Heading 2> OK.
The Find & Replace window should looks like this:
4.
5.
Click Replace All
Replace the name e.g. ‘George’ with the next name in
each box, and repeat, until all names are styled Heading 2
Save the changes and close the document
6.
Appendix
75
Appendix 2: Autocode FG members as Cases
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Open Sources > Focus Groups > select all the focus group
documents.
Right-click Autocode.
In the Autocode box select Heading 2 the style used for the
names in Word (de-select any others selected).
Choose New Node > click on Select >Choose Cases in the
right box.
Name the new node Focus groups> Click OK .
Review what you have done > select Nodes > then Cases >
open Focus groups by expanding on the + sign.
Double click on each name to check each participant.
Cases of Anna and Fredric are also there – as you ticked
‘Code sources at Cases’ when you imported their
interviews.
To place the focus group cases to the same case level as
the interview cases select them > right click > Cut > scroll
down to an empty space below all the cases > right click>
Paste
You can now delete the ‘Focus groups’ heading from the
case list and you have all the cases at the same level
76
Module 1
Appendix 3: Import FG demographic data
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
As we did with the interview cases we now import
demographic data for the focus group cases.
From the network drive >open the Excel file ‘Focus groups
casebook’
Re-save the file as a Unicode text file and name it
Fg casebook & close it.
In NVIVO >Import the file from Tools > Import Casebook >
Browse > locate the text file ‘Fg casebook’.
In the Import Casebook box, set Case name format to
Name > tick all three of the boxes.
Leave Case location
as Cases > OK
View the values of the
demographics
Module 1
77