Eudicots
Chapter 8
Simpson, 2nd Edition
Caryophyllales
coiled embryos
Non-core Caryophyllales
Polygonaceae - knotweed family
46/1200 north temperate
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ocrea - stipular sheath at
base of petiole in most
species; most apparent in
herbaceous species
spiral leaves
halophytic herbs and
shrubs
fruit a 3-sided achene
anthocyanin; no betalain
P(3+3) or (5) A(3+3), 8 G(3)
superior
Eriogonum
Polygonum - knotweed,
smartweed
Rumex
Rheum - rhubarb
Non-core Caryophyllales
Polygonaceae - knotweed family
Eriogonum flower
Eriogonum flower
Non-core Caryophyllales
ochrea of Polygonum
winged achene of
Non-core
Caryophyllales
Polygonaceae knotweed family
Caryophyllales
Non-core Caryophyllales
Droseraceae - Sundew Family
K(5-8) C(5-8) A(4-20) G(3)
superior
• 3/110 widespread in N and S hemispheres
• boggy habitats
• a nutrient-poor, acid peatland
• peat mosses, ericaceous shrubs, and sedges
• as it matures peat accumulates
• layer is formed by the semi-consolidated
remains of plant material
• peat exists in a water logged region where
chemical and physical conditions prevent
rapid degradation
• peat is a precursor to coal and when dried
and burned, peat can be a significant
energy source
floating bog
peat
peat moss
Bog Bodies
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1000 bog bodies have been found in regions associated
with the Celts of the Iron Age
the earliest bog body, that of Koelbjerg Woman, has
been radiometrically dated at about 10,000 years old;
she may simply have drowned
The newest is of the 16th century AD, a woman in
Ireland who may have been buried in unhallowed ground
following a suicide
the majority of the bog bodies belong to the Celtic Iron
Age, some as late as the 4th century AD
Preserved bodies of humans and animals have been
discovered in bogs in Britain, Ireland, northern Germany,
the Netherlands, Denmark, both Jutland and Zealand,
and southern Sweden
Records of such finds go back as far as the 18th
century. It is not readily apparent at the time of
discovery whether a body has been buried in a bog for
years, decades, or centuries. However, during the 20th
century, forensic and medical technologies were
developed that allow researchers to more closely
determine the age of the burial, through radiocarbon
dating, their age at death and many other details.
Scientists have been able to study their skin,
reconstruct their appearance and even determine what
their last meal was by their stomach contents.
Koelbjerg Woman, whose skull is
shown here, is the oldest bog body
known. We do not know how she
met her end, as her bones show no
sign of violence. She was, at most,
25 when she died around 8000 B.C.
Her body ended up in open water,
and the bones were not
incorporated in peat until later.
She may have simply drowned.
(Fyns Stifsmuseum of Denmark,
Odense)
"Red Franz"
Non-core Caryophyllales
Droseraceae - Sundew Family
insectivorous
• “carnivorous”
• grow in acid environments
• leaf jaw-like with hinged
midrib
• 3 trigger-hairs in trap
Dionaea
Dionaea muscipula - venus fly trap
endemic to N. & S. Carolina
Non-core Caryophyllales
Droseraceae - Sundew Family
stipitate hairs
Drosera
insectivorous
• “carnivorous”
• grow in acid
environments
• leaves covered
with long-stipitate
insect-trapping
glandular hairs
Drosera - sundew
Caryophyllales
K(0-2) 3-5 (6-8) C0 A(1-2) 3-5
(6-8) G1(-3) (5) superior
Core Caryophyllales
Amaranthaceae (including
Chenopodiaceae)
175/2000 temperate, subtropical
1. saline habitats
• ocean beaches
• salt marshes
• saline/alkaline desert areas
2. some succulent
3. flowers small, inconspicuous
4. herbage covered by farinose
(mealy) pubescence sometimes
5. Amaranthus fruit (grain) &
leaves as foodsource
6. polyporate pollen
Atriplex (saltbush)
Chenopodium
Amaranthus
• “chenoam”
Spinacia
Core Caryophyllales
Amaranthaceae
polyporate pollen
Chenopods 1992-2012 Average
60
• “chenoam”
• pigweed
50
grains/m3
40
30
chenoam pollen
20
10
0
3/1
4/1
5/1
6/1
7/1
8/1
9/1
10/1
Core Caryophyllales
Amaranthaceae
Caryophyllales
K5 or (5) C5 A5 or 5+5 G(2-5+)
superior
Core Caryophyllales
Caryophyllaceae - pink or carnation family
86/2400 cosmopolitan
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
cyme inflorescence
petals often notched
(“pinked”)
sepals can be connate
free-central placentation
many colorful
ornamentals
many wildflowers
many weeds
Dianthus (sweet William)
cyme
pinked petals
Silene
(campion)
Stellaria (chickweed)
Caryophyllales
Core Caryophyllales
P∞ A∞ G(3-∞) inferior
Cactaceae - cactus family
118/1500 New World, warmtemperate to tropical
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
stem-succulents
cladophyll = flattened stem
areoles = pad-like axillary nodes that bear spines
spines & glochids (tiny spines around areole =
hairlike) in some
ephermeral leaves
inferior ovary; fruit a berry
few cm to giant candelabra-like “trees” to 20m
New World distribution - tropical origin
Cereus giganteus saguaro
Core Caryophyllales
Cactaceae - cactus family
I. Subfamily Pereskioideae
leafy trees and shrubs
scarcely succulent stems, w/o glochids
Opuntia
Pereskia
II.Subfamily Opuntioidea
leaves cylindrical, reduced, early-deciduous
jointed stems w/ glochids
III. Subfamily Maihuenioideae
persistent leaves
Maihuenia
IV. Subfamily Cactoideae
leaves extremely reduced (absent)
stems not jointed; glochids absent
A.Tribe Cereeae
vertically ribbed; flowers from old
areoles; columnar cacti
B. Tribe Cacteae
ribbed stems; flowers from new areoles
Ferocactus
Cereus
Core Caryophyllales
Cactaceae - cactus family
cladophyll
Opuntia - prickly pear
ephemeral leaves
Core Caryophyllales
Cactaceae - cactus family
berry
areole with spines and glochids
inferior ovary
Core Caryophyllales
Cactaceae - cactus family
Myrtillocactus cochal
Bergerocactus emoryi