WHAT IS LISTENING?
Generally listening is
understood as hearing.
BUT LISTENING…
is following and understanding the sounds / monitoring
gestures as in involves perception,… hearing is with purpose.
LISTENING
(AS AN ACRONYM )
L
LOOK INTERESTED & FOCUSED
I
INVOLVE & RESPOND
S
STAY SERIOUS
T
TEST UNDERSTANDING
E
EVALUATE THE MASSAGE
N
NEUTRALIZE
TYPES OF LISTENING
Active listening
Selective listening
Inactive listening
Reflective Listening
TYPES OF LISTENING

Discriminative Listening:
Listening for something specific but nothing else (eg. a
baby crying).

Appreciative Listening:
Looking for ways to accept and appreciate the other
person through what they say. Seeking opportunity to
praise. Alternatively listening to something for
pleasure, such as to music.
Continued…
TYPES OF LISTENING

Empathetic Listening:
Seeking to understand what the other person is
feeling. Demonstrating this empathy.

Comprehensive Listening:
Listening to understand. Seeking meaning.

Critical Listening:
Listening in order to evaluate, criticize or otherwise
pass judgment on what someone else says.
Continued…
TYPES OF LISTENING

Relationship Listening:
Listening in order to support and develop a
relationship with the other person.

Therapeutic Listening:
Seeking to understand what the other person is
feeling. Demonstrating this empathy.

Biased Listening:
Listening through the filter of personal bias.
Continued…
TYPES OF LISTENING

Evaluative Listening:
Listening in order to evaluate, criticize or otherwise
pass judgment on what someone else says.

Dialogic Listening:
Finding meaning through conversational exchange,
asking for clarity and testing understanding.
THE LISTENING PROCESS
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Begins with symbols - entering receiver’s sensory
world
Involves process of selective perception
Depends upon listener’s
(a) Sensory Limitations,
(b) Degree of Alertness,
(c) Conditioning
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Entails Nervous system & filtering by the mind
Continues with search for ways to express meaning
Ends by sending message
BRAIN & SPEECH
(LANGUAGE, THOUGHT & CULTURE)
(CLT, TLC, CTL, LCT, TLC)
Brain & Language
Language Acquisition Device
(LAD)
Language Acquisition Support System
(LASS)
13
BRAIN PARTS
14
SOME OF THE AREAS OF THE BRAIN
INVOLVED IN LANGUAGE PROCESSING
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
Supramarginal gyrus
Angular gyrus
Primary auditory cortex
15
English Language
An Outline
Substance
(Material Aspects)
Linguistic
Signs
Verbal Aspects
• Evolutionary
• Etymology
• Philology
• Synchronic / Descriptive
• Diachronic / Historical
• Sociological
• Eco / Green
• Ethno
• Applied
• Structural
Content
(Environmental Aspects)
Form
(Structural Aspects)
Semiotics
(Signs & Symbols)
LINGUISTICS
Nonlinguistic
Signs
Non-Verbal Aspects
Arts
• Music
• Paintings
• Photography
• Ceramics
• Architecture
• Dance
• Sculpture
Gestures
Kinesics
• Body
Language
• Gestures
• Facial
Expressions
Proxemics
• Variation in
Postures
• Tactile
• Distances
16
Linguistics
Structural Linguistics
Applied Linguistics
 Semantics
 Pragmatics
 Forensic
Linguistics
 Stylistics
Transtology
Lexicography
Phraseology
 Discourse Analysis
Spoken
Written
Language/Speech
Disorders
Aphasia
Dyslexia
Aphonia
Asemia
Morphology
Lexicology
Syntax &
Grammar
Phonology
Phonetics
Phonemics
Orthography
17
BRAIN AND LANGUAGE
Laura Myers and Lyndsay O’Malley
THIS IS YOUR BRAIN



Brain cells are called
neurons.
You are born with at least
100 billion neurons.
Dendrites (fibers) grow
out of the neurons when
you listen to/write
about/talk about/ practice
something.
THE READING BRAIN
Reading can be learned only because of the brain’s
plastic design, and when reading takes place, that
individual brain is forever changed, both
physiologically and intellectually.
Maryanne Wolf
BASIC BRAIN
INFORMATION
WELCOME
SPOKEN
LANGUAGE
REFLECTION
ELL/ESL
STUDENTS
MEMORY AND
READING
THE READING
PROCESS
LISTENING
ACTIVE VS PASSIVE
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Show keenness & Expression Ability
Ensure Good Posture & Gestures
Remain Alert & Prepared for Questions
Give valid reasons for criticism
COMPARISON
NON-LISTENING VS ACTIVE LISTENING
Non-listening
Orientation toward self
 Little use of mind (thinking)
 Lack of etiquette
 Inattention to principles of effect
 No consideration of alternate
messages
 Little empathy
 Casual attention to meaning
 Emphasis on winning
 Little personal involvement
 Inattention to nonverbal
communication
 Results in conflict

Active Listening

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
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Orientation toward others
Significant use of mind
Good application of etiquette
Effective use of principles of effect
Consideration of alternate
messages
Much empathy
Intense attention to meaning
Emphasis on understanding
Much personal involvement
Focus on nonverbal
communication
Results in rapport
THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF LISTENING

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Stop talking
Put talker at ease
Show talker you want to listen
Remove distractions
Empathize with talker
Be patient
Hold your temper
Go easy on argument and criticism
Ask questions
Stop talking
WHY TO BE A GOOD LISTENER?
A need of social ethics, biologically & socially
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To be recognized and
remembered
To feel valued
To feel appreciated
To feel respected
To feel understood
To feel comfortable about a
want or need
NATURE OF LISTENING
Sensing
Filtering
Remembering
VALUE OF LISTENING

Listening to others is an elegant art.

Good listening reflects courtesy and good manners.

Listening carefully to the instructions of superiors improve
competence and performance.

The result of poor listening skill could be disastrous in business,
employment and social relations.

Good listening can eliminate a number of imaginary grievances of
employees.

Good listening skill can improve social relations and conversation.

Listening is a positive activity rather than a passive or negative
activity.
Listening leads to learning
Never failing friends
It leads to …openness,
encouragement & growth
ASPECTS OF LISTENING
Discriminative
Appreciative
Contents
Analytical
Empathic
LISTENING IN COMMUNICATION
Mode of
Communication
Formal Years
of Training
Percentage of
Time Used
Writing
12 years
9%
Reading
6-8 years
16 %
Speaking
1-2 years
30%
Listening
0-few hours
45%
LISTENING IN COMMUNICATION




Of
the
time
spent
communicating each day,
45%
is devoted to
listening.
Usually a person only
remembers about 50%
of what is said to them.
After eight hours they
forget
another 1/2 to
1/3
of
what
was originally grasped.
So that means you
typically forget
about
75%
of
what
you hear.
FACTS ABOUT LISTENING

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Listening: Learned first,
Used most (45%), Taught
least.
Speaking: Learned second,
Used next most (30%),
Taught next least.
Reading: Learned third,
Used next least (16%),
Taught next most
Writing: Learned fourth,
Used Least (9%), Taught
most.
HEARING VS LISTENING
Hearing
 Physical
 Process
 Natural
 passive
Listening
 Physical & mental process
 Active
 Learned Process
 A skill
Listening is hard in nature and demands patient practice
RECEIVING SKILLS
(COMPONENTS OF HEARING)
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Hearing: The physiological process of
receiving sounds / gestures.
Attending: The conscious and
unconscious process of focusing attention
on external stimuli.
Interpreting: The process of decoding
the sounds & symbols.
Evaluating: The process of assessing /
deciding the value of the information.
Remembering: The process of placing
the appropriate information into
short-term or long-term storage.
Responding: The process of giving
response/feedback to the source/receivers.
CONTENT RECEIVING SKILLS

Insensitive Listening or Offensive listening: A style where the
listeners main intent is to select information that can later he used
against the speaker.

Insulated Listening:
A style where the listener avoids
responsibility by failing to acknowledge that they have heard the
information presented by the speaker.

Selective Listening: A style where the listener only responds to
the parts of the message that directly interests him.

Bottom Line Listening: A style of listening where the receiver is
only concerned about the facts. "Just the facts man.“

Court Reporter Syndrome:
A style of taking in a
speakers message and recording it verbatim.
Continued…
CONTENT RECEIVING SKILLS

Informational Listening: A style that is used when the
listener is seeking out specific information.

Evaluative Listening: A style used to listen to
information upon which a decision has to be made.

Critical Incidence Listening: A style used when the
consequence of not listening may have dramatic effects.

Intimate Listening: The style that is appropriate when
the speaker is communicating significant relational
information being completely and wholly honest.
RELATIONAL RECEIVING SKILLS

Non-Listening: A style that is appropriate when the receiver has
no need for the content and has minimal relationship with he
sender.

Pseudo listening: A way of "faking it" where the receiver feels
obligated to listen even though they are preoccupied unable or
unwilling to at that particular time.

Defensive Listening: A style of listening used in situations where
the receiver feels that he might be taken advantage of if he does not
protect himself by listening for information directly relevant to
him.

Appreciative Listening:
A style that is appropriate in a
recreational setting where the listener is participating as a way of
passing time or being entertained.
Continued…
RELATIONAL RECEIVING SKILLS

Listening with Empathy: A style that teaches an
individual to enter fully into the world of the other
and truly comprehend their thoughts and feelings.

Naively listening to customers: A style that helps
build an ongoing relationship by helping the receiver
understand the needs of the sender.

Therapeutic Cathartic Listening: A listening style
used by psychological counselors to help people who
are having problems dealing with life situations.

Therapeutic Diagnostic Listening: A listening style
that is used to assess the needs of the sender.
EFFECTIVE LISTENING
It refers to listening the communication completely,
interpreted effectively and comprehended with full
meaning intended by the message(s) / sender(s)
EFFECTIVE LISTENING
Behaviors that support effective listening
 Maintaining relaxed body posture
 Leaning slightly forward if sitting
 Facing person squarely at eye level
 Maintaining an open posture
 Maintaining appropriate distance
 Offering simple acknowledgements
 Reflecting meaning (paraphrase)
 Reflecting emotions
 Using eye contact
 Providing non-distracting environment
EFFECTIVE LISTENING
Behaviors that hinder effective listening
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Acting distracted• No response
Invalidating response, put downs
Interrupting
Criticizing
Judging
Diagnosing
Giving advice/solutions
Changing the subject
Reassuring without acknowledgment
EFFECTIVE LISTENING SKILLS
Active, focused
Passive, laid back
Pays attention
Easily distracted
Asks questions
Asks no question
Keeps open mind
Has preconceptions
Assimilates
information
Disregards
information
KEYS TO
EFFECTIVE LISTENING
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Find areas of interest.
The Poor Listener: Tunes out dry topics.
The Good Listener: Seizes opportunities: "What's in it for me?"
Judge content, not delivery.
The Poor Listener: Tunes out if delivery is poor.
The Good Listener: Judges content, skips over delivery errors.
Hold your fire.
The Poor Listener: Tends to enter into argument.
The Good Listener: Doesn't judge until comprehension is complete.
Listen for ideas.
The Poor Listener: Listens for facts.
The Good Listener: Listens for central theme.
Be a flexible note taker.
The Poor Listener: Is busy with form, misses content.
The Good Listener: Adjusts to topic and organizational pattern.
Work at listening.
The Poor Listener: Shows no energy output, fakes attention
The Good Listener: Works hard; exhibits alertness. Continued…
KEYS TO
EFFECTIVE LISTENING
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Resist distractions.
The Poor Listener: Is distracted easily.
The Good Listener: Fights or avoids distractions; tolerates bad
habits in others; knows how to concentrate.
Exercise your mind.
The Poor Listener: Resists difficult material; seeks light,
recreational material.
The Good Listener: Uses heavier material as exercise for the
mind.
Keep your mind open.
The Poor Listener: Reacts to emotional words.
The Good Listener: Interprets emotional words; does not get
hung up on them.
Thought is faster than speech; use it.
The Poor Listener: Tends to daydream with slow speakers.
The Good Listener: Challenges, anticipates, mentally
summarizes, weights the evidence, listens between the lines to
tone and voice.
BARRIERS TO LISTENING
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Equate With Hearing
Uninteresting Topics
Speaker’s Delivery
External Distractions
Mentally Preparing Response
Listening for Facts
Personal Concerns
Personal Bias
Language/Culture Differences
Faking Attention
REMEMBER. !!!

Time, Empathy, & Concentration on communicator's
messages are Prerequisites for understanding.

People want to be heard, want to be taken seriously,
want to be understood. "Effective communications starts
with listening.”

"How often could things be remedied by a word. How
often is it left unspoken.“

"Silence is the training ground for the art of listening."
CONCLUSION
A good conversationalist is
popular, a good listener even
more so. Talk only if you have
something to say.
(Anonymous)
“In addition to the ears, use
senses, apply mind and heart
for better comprehension and
response,
where
patience
should be your companion”
(A. Mankash)
Questions