Introductory Psychology - Shannon Deets Counseling
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Introductory Psychology Spring 2014 Chapter 1: The science of psychology Chapter Flashcards Question 1 • Psychology is defined as Question 1- Answer • The scientific study of behavior and mental processes Question 2 • What are the four goals of psychology? Question 2- Answer • • • • Description Explanation Prediction Control Question 3 • What is description Question 3- Answer • Observing a behavior or mental process and noting everything about it. Question 4 • What are the four questions of description? Question 4- Answer • • • • What is happening? Where does it happen? To whom does it happen? Under what circumstances does it seem to happen? Question 5 • What is the goal of description Question 5- Answer • observations Question 6 • What is the goal of explanation Question 6- Answer • theory Question 7 • What is a theory Question 7- Answer • A general explanation of a set of observations or facts. Question 8 • What is prediction Question 8- Answer • Determining what will happen in the future Question 9 • What is the goal of prediction Question 9- Answer • To understand the behavior in the future Question 10 • What is the goal of control Question 10- Answer • Goal of control is to change or modify the behavior, specifically from undesirable behavior to desirable behavior Question 11 • The early roots of psychology are founded in what two fields of study Question 11- Answer • Philosophy and Physiology Question 12 Philosophers who made a contribution to the development of the field of psychology include Question 12- Answer • • • • Hippocrates Aristotle Plato Descartes Question 13 • Philosopher who lived from 384-322 B.C. Question 13- Answer • Aristotle Question 14 • Conclusion was that the brain must be functionally divided Question 14- Answer • Doctrine of specific nerve energies Question 15 • States that because all nerve fibers carry the same type of message , sensory information must be specified by the particular nerve fibers that are active Question 15- Answer • Doctrine of specific nerve energies Question 16 • -Lived from 384- 322 B.C. • -Believed the brain served to cool the passion of the heart • -Viewed the heart as the seat of thought and emotion • -Believed the soul and the body were two parts of the same underlying structure • -Wrote De Anima Question 16- Answer • Aristotle Question 17 • Believed the mind was made up of thoughts, experiences, emotions, and other basic elements Question 17- Answer • Wilhelm Wundt Question 18 • Wrote the doctrine of specific nerve energies Question 18- Answer • Johannes Muller Question 19 • Viewed the heart as the seat of thought and emotion Question 19- Answer • Aristotle Question 20 • What function did Descartes attribute to the soul Question 20- Answer • Thought in the form of conscious deliberation and judgment Question 21 • Believed the brain served to cool the passion of the heart Question 21- Answer • Aristotle Question 22 • Believed the soul and the body were two parts of the same underlying structure Question 22- Answer • Aristotle Question 23 • Believed the pineal gland was the seat of the soul Question 23- Answer • Descartes Question 24 • Lived from 1596-1650 Question 24- Answer • Rene Descartes Question 25 • Prior to Descartes what did philosophers believe was the function of the soul Question 25- Answer • The soul was viewed as the source of heat, life, and movement Question 26 • Aristotle’s teacher Question 26- Answer • Plato Question 27 • Aristotle’s teacher • Lived 427-347 B.C. • Believed the soul could exist separately from the body • Dualism: a belief that human beings consist of two distinct but intimately conjoined entities, a material body and an immaterial soul. Question 27- Answer • Plato Question 28 • Wrote De Anima Question 28- Answer • Aristotle Question 29 • French philosopher and mathematician Question 29- Answer • Descartes Question 30 • Why was Descartes dualism theory well received Question 30- Answer • It accounted for the functions of the sense organs, nerves, and muscles without violating religious beliefs at that time. Question 31 • What is the true function of the Pineal gland Question 31- Answer • -Produces several hormones including melatonin • -Regulation of endocrine functions • -Conversion of nervous system signals to endocrine signals • -Causes sleepiness • -Influences development of sexual organs Question 32 • Lived from 1599-1679 Question 32- Answer • Thomas Hobbes Question 33 • What is the function of the pineal gland according to Descartes Question 33-Answer • Descartes believed the pineal gland was the seat of the soul Question 34 • Philosopher who believed the soul could exist separately from the body (called dualism) Question 34- Answer • Plato Question 35 • Philosopher who lived 427-347 B.C. Question 35- Answer • Plato Question 36 • Dualism is Question 36- Answer • A belief that human beings consist of two distinct but intimately conjoined entities, a material body and an immaterial soul. Question 37 • What was the major flaw of Descartes theory Question 37- Answer • How can something ethereal interact with something material which in modern day has been nicknamed “Casper’s dilemma”. Question 38 • Wrote Leviathan Question 38- Answer • Thomas Hobbes Question 39 • What political/religious struggle was set off by the book Leviathan? Question 39- Answer • The bishop wanted Thomas Hobbes to be burnt to death for blasphemy but he was a former tutor to the king. Because of the protection of the king, Hobbes only received a stern warning and copies of Leviathan were burned by the church. Question 40 • Believed all human behavior was mechanical Question 40- Answer • Thomas Hobbes Question 41 • What is materialism? Question 41- Answer • A theory made popular by Thomas Hobbes that espouses that nothing but matter and energy exists. Question 42 • What is nativism Question 42- Answer • Theory that espouses elementary ideas are innate to the human mind and do not need to be gained through experience Question 43 • Performed first scientific experiments in studies of perception Question 43- Answer • Gustav Fechner Question 44 • Lived 1821-1894 Question 44- Answer • Herman von Helmholtz Question 45 • Conducted groundbreaking experiments in visual and auditory perception Question 45- Answer • Herman von Helmholtz Question 46 • Strong advocate for the application of experimental techniques Question 46- Answer • Johannes Muller Question 47 • Lived 1801-1858 Question 47- Answer • Johannes Muller Question 48 • Lived 1801-1887 Question 48- Answer • Gustav Fechner Question 49 • Tutor to King Charles II Question 49- Answer • Thomas Hobbes Question 50 • How are thoughts formed according to empiricism? Question 50- Answer • Elementary ideas that are derived from sensory experiences become linked together to form thoughts Question 51 • English Philosopher Question 51- Answer • Thomas Hobbes Question 52 • What is empiricism Question 52- Answer • Theory that espouses that all knowledge is derived from sensory experiences. Question 53 • Believed conscious thought was the product of the brain’s machinery Question 53- Answer • Thomas Hobbes Question 54 • Why was Thomas Hobbes able to break away from dualistic theory while Rene Descartes was not? Question 54- Answer • Thomas Hobbes was an Englishman where the church and the state were already in conflict and democracy was emerging. Rene Descartes was in France where the church maintained power. Question 55 • Lived from 1832-1920 Question 55- Answer • Wilhelm Wundt Question 56 • Received her Ph.D. in 1926 Question 56- Answer • Christine Ladd-Franklin Question 57 • Lived 1871-1939 Question 57- Answer • Margaret F. Washburn Question 58 • Originally a student at Columbia University but left due to discrimination Question 58- Answer • Margaret Washburn Question 59 • Lived from 1895- 1954 Question 59- Answer • Francis Cecil Sumner Question 60 • Student of Wundt Question 60- Answer • Edward Titchener Question 61 • Student of William James Question 61- Answer • Mary Whiton Calkins Question 62 • Who brought Wundt’s ideas to America? Question 62- Answer • Edward Titchener Question 63 • Theory used today by evolutionary psychologists Question 63- Answer • functionalism Question 64 • Lived 1863-1930 Question 64- Answer • Mary Whiton Calkins Question 65 • Established the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig Germany in 1879 Question 65- Answer • Wilhelm Wundt Question 66 • Inventor of objective introspection Question 66- Answer • Wilhelm Wundt Question 67 • What is the fatal flaw of structuralism? Question 67- Answer • It is a private technique and therefore data is not able to be reproduced by others Question 68 • Physiologist who applied scientific principles to the human mind Question 68- Answer • Wilhelm Wundt Question 69 • What percent of new doctoral degrees are being earned by members of ethnic minority groups? Question 69- Answer • 18% Question 70 • Father of psychology Question 70- Answer • Wilhelm Wundt Question 71 • Lived 1867- 1927 Question 71- Answer • Edward Titchener Question 72 • Completed her Ph.D. requirements at Harvard University but was denied a doctorate Question 72- Answer • Mary Whiton Calkins Question 73 • The process of examining and measuring one’s own thoughts and mental activities Question 73- Answer • Objective introspection Question 74 • Women constitute what percentage of all psychologists holding doctoral degrees? Question 74- Answer • 48% Question 75 • Student of Titchener at Cornell University Question 75- Answer • Margaret F. Washburn Question 76 • Expanded Wundt’s ideas of introspection of to include thoughts as well as physical sensations Question 76- Answer • Edward Titchener Question 77 • Early perspective in psychology associated with Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener in which the focus of study is the structure or basic elements of the mind Question 77- Answer • Structuralism Question 78 • What percentage of new doctoral degrees in psychology are earned by women each year? Question 78- Answer • 66.9% Question 79 • Psychology as a field is how many years old? Question 79- Answer • Around 125 years old. Question 80 • Women earn what percentage of new master’s degrees in psychology each year? Question 80- Answer • 75.7% Question 81 • Lived from 1847-1930 Question 81- Answer • Christine Ladd-Franklin Question 82 • Published The Animal Mind in 1908 Question 82- Answer • Margaret F. Washburn Question 83 • Developed a new theory of color vision Question 83- Answer • Christine Ladd-Franklin Question 84 • The first woman to receive her Ph.D. in psychology in 1894 Question 84- Answer • Margaret F. Washburn Question 85 • Lived from 1847-1930 Question 85- Answer • Christine Ladd- Franklin Question 86 • What did Titchener view as the four qualities of an introspection? Question 86- Answer • Quality, intensity, duration, clarity Question 87 • The reason John Hopkins University did not give Christine Ladd-Franklin her Ph.D. Question 87- Answer • She was a woman and the university did not issue doctoral degrees to woman in 1882. Question 88 • John Hopkins refused to grant her a Ph.D. in 1882 despite her having completed all of the requirements. Question 88- Answer • Christine Ladd-Franklin Question 89 • Second female president of the American Psychological association Question 89- Answer • Margaret F. Washburn Question 90 • Lived 1842-1910 Question 90- Answer • William James Question 91 • Established a psychology lab at Wellesley College Question 91- Answer • Mary Whiton Calkins Question 92 • Theory of psychology influenced by the theory of natural selection Question 92- Answer • functionalism Question 93 • Research on learning, short term memory, and psychology of the self Question 93- Answer • Mary Whiton Calkins Question 94 • 1905 First female president of the American Psychological Assoication Question 94- Answer • Mary Whiton Calkins Question 95 • early perspective in psychology associated with William James in which the focus of study is how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play. Question 95- Answer • functionalism Question 96 • Despite having completed the work she was never awarded her Ph.D. Question 96- Answer • Mary Whiton Calkins Question 97 • The year Francis Cecil Sumner became the first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology at Clark University Question 97- Answer • 1920 Question 98 • First African American with a Ph.D. to teach psychology in the U.S. Question 98- Answer • Gilbert Haven Jones Question 99 • First Asian American president of the American Psychological Association (APA) Question 99- Answer • Richard Suinn Question 100 • First psychologist to serve on U.S. Olympic sports medicine team in 1972 Question 100- Answer • Richard Suinn Question 101 • Father of African American Psychology Question 101- Answer • Francis Cecil Sumner Question 102 • Researched racial disparity in intelligence testing and intellectual disabilities Question 102- Answer • Albert Sidney Beckham Question 103 • Lived from 1917-1983 Question 103- Answer • Mamie Clark Question 104 • Had two children while completing a doctoral degree Question 104- Answer • Mamie Clark Question 105 • Research on formation of racial identity and self-esteem Question 105- Answer • Mamie Clark Question 106 • Opened the Northside Center for Child Development Question 106- Answer • Mamie and Kenneth Clark Question 107 • Specialized in Educational Psychology Question 107- Answer • Albert Sidney Beckham Question 108 • Research on formation of racial identity and self-esteem Question 108- Answer • Mamie Clark Question 109 • Lived from 1897-1964 Question 109- Answer • Albert Sidney Beckham Question 110 • The first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology from Clark University Question 110- Answer • Francis Cecil Sumner Question 111 • 1943 Second African American to earn a doctorate from Columbia Question 111- Answer • Mamie Clark Question 112 • Worked with his wife to show the negative effects of segregation on school children Question 112- Answer • Kenneth Clark Question 113 • The first African American to publish research findings in a U.S. psychology journal in 1920 Question 113- Answer • J. Henry Alston Question 114 • One of the first members of the APA Committee on Ethnic Minority Affairs Question 114- Answer • Richard Suinn Question 115 • Lived from 1883-1966 Question 115- Answer • Gilbert Haven Jones Question 116 • Researched in sport psychology and also ethnic minority issues Question 116- Answer • Richard Suinn Question 117 • 1971 First African American president of the American Psychological Association Question 117- Answer • Kenneth Clark Question 118 • J. Henry Alston’s research Question 118- Answer • The perception of warmth and cold Question 119 • In 1909 Received a doctorate in psychology from a university in Germany Question 119- Answer • Gilbert Haven Jones Question 120 • Lived 1914-2005 Question 120- Answer • Kenneth Clark Question 121 • What is the early perspective in psychology focusing on perception and sensation, particularly the perception of patterns and whole figures Question 121- Answer • Gestalt psychology Question 122 • Lived 1856-1939 Question 122- Answer • Sigmund Freud Question 123 • What did Freud believe was the cause of the nervous disorders of his patients Question 123- Answer • The unconscious Question 124 • What are the two competing theories as to why most of Freud’s clients were women Question 124- Answer • 1) during the Victorian Age sex was repressed. The men had cultural permission to have mistresses and so they did not experience symptoms associated with repression like the women did. • 2)Only wealthy Victorian women had the time or resources to undergo daily psychoanalysis. Question 125 • Why did Freud stress the importance of the childhood? Question 125- Answer • He believed childhood, specifically the first six years, were the source of the personality and of all problems of the unconscious. Question 126 • What forms can Freud’s psychoanalysis be found in today? Question 126- Answer • It is the source of the modern day therapy model • Psychoanalysis is still practiced today in a modified form Question 127 • Lived 1878-1958 Question 127- Answer • John B. Watson Question 128 • Why could Watson’s experiment not be repeated today Question 128- Answer • It would be considered to be unethical Question 129 • Lived 1897-1987 Question 129- Answer • Mary Cover Jones Question 130 • Major figure in Gestalt psychology Question 130- Answer • Max Wertheimer Question 131 • Tabla Rasa Question 131- Answer • Belief we are all born a blank slate Question 132 • Slogan of gestalt psychology Question 132- Answer • The whole is greater than the sum of it’s parts Question 133 • Primarily concerned with sensation and perception but also focuses on perception, learning, memory, thought process, and problem solving today. Question 133- Answer • Gestalt psychology Question 134 • Gestalt means Question 134- Answer • Good form or good figure Question 135 • Mary Cover Jones trained him to become afraid of a white rabbit Question 135- Answer • Little Peter Question 136 • Two current areas of psychology based somewhat from Gestalt psychology Question 136- Answer • Cognitive psychology • Gestalt therapy Question 137 • Who hold a belief that people naturally seek out patterns Question 137- Answer • Gestalt psychologists Question 138 • Lived 1849-1936 Question 138- Answer • Ivan Pavlov Question 139 • According to psychoanalysis phobias are caused by Question 139- Answer • Unconscious repressed conflicts Question 140 • Psychological theory created during the Victorian Age Question 140- Answer • psychoanalysis Question 141 • Conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell Question 141- Answer • Ivan Pavlov Question 142 • Decided to ignore consciousness and focus on observable behavior Question 142- Answer • John B. Watson and Behaviorists Question 143 • Watson trained him to become afraid of a white rat by pairing the presence of the rat with a loud noise Question 143- Answer • Little Albert Question 144 • According to behaviorists phobias are caused by Question 144- Answer • Learned fear response Question 145 • The science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only Question 145- Answer • Behaviorism Question 146 • Started the first educational television course in child development in 1952 Question 146- Answer • Mary Cover Jones Question 147 • Counterconditioning Question 147- Answer • Further conditioning to remove a previously conditioned response Question 148 • A mother and her 2 year old son are in the grocery store. The boy begins to cry and scream when they go by the candy isle because he wants candy. The mother, who does not want to bother other shoppers in the store, gives her son a piece of candy to quiet him down. According to the theory of operant conditioning what is likely to happen in the future. Question 148- Answer • The child will cry and scream more often as he now associates crying and screaming with getting candy. Question 149 • Human behavior is seen as a direct result of events in the body Question 149- Answer • Biopyschological perspective Question 150 • Hormones, brain chemicals, tumors, and diseases are the causes of disordered behavior and mental illness Question 150- Answer • Biopsychological perspective Question 151 • A theory that conditioned behaviors that are followed by pleasurable consequences will be reinforced Question 151- Answer • Operant conditioning Question 152 • The perspective that focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information Question 152- Answer • Cognitive perspective Question 153 • Developed operant conditioning Question 153- Answer • B.F. Skinner Question 154 • Replaced Watson as the forerunner of the behavioral perspective Question 154- Answer • B. F. Skinner Question 155 • Lived 1904-1990 Question 155- Answer • B.F. Skinner Question 156 • Watson’s second career Question 156- Answer • Advertising Question 157 • Conducted the Oakland Growth Study Question 157- Answer • Mary Cover Jones Question 158 • Modern psychological perspective based on Freud’s theory Question 158- Answer • Psychodynamic perspective Question 159 • What did Mary Cover Jones use to countercondition Little Peter so he was not afraid of rabbits any longer Question 159- Answer • His favorite food Question 160 • Decided to pursue graduate education after attending one of Watson’s weekend lectures Question 160- Answer • Mary Cover Jones Question 161 • The third force in psychology Question 161- Answer • Humanistic perspective Question 162 • What perspective focuses on the person’s ability to direct their own lives Question 162- Answer • Humanistic perspective Question 163 • The humanistic perspective was a reaction against Question 163- Answer • Both the psychodynamic theory and behaviorism Question 164 • Humanists believed that people were striving to achieve their full potential called Question 164- Answer • Self-actualization Question 165 • How do modern therapists utilize the humanistic perspective Question 165- Answer • In the building of the therapeutic relationship Question 166 • Viewed humans as being at the whim of the environment Question 166- Answer • behaviorism Question 167 • Self-actualization is Question 167- Answer • The ability to achieve one’s full potential Question 168 • The humanistic perspective is more closely rooted in ____________ rather than medicine and physiology Question 168- Answer • philosophy Question 169 • Viewed humans as being at the whim of unconscious drives Question 169- Answer • psychoanalysis Question 170 • Became a psychological force in the psychology field in the 1960s Question 170- Answer • Cognitive perspective Question 171 • Influenced by Gestalt psychology, the development of computers, the work of Piaget, and discoveries in the biological psychology Question 171- Answer • Cognitive perspective Question 172 • Study of cultural norms, values, and expectations Question 172- Answer • Cultural psychology Question 173 • The study of groups, social roles, and rules of social actions, and relationships Question 173- Answer • Social psychology Question 174 • Master’s degree • Licensure beyond degree (L.C.S.W. or L.P.C. or M.F.T.) • focus more on environmental conditions that can impact mental disorders such as • poverty, overcrowding, stress, drug abuse • work in clinics, hospitals, private practice, social service organizations Question 174- Answer • Psychiatric social worker Question 175 • The effect that states that the more bystanders available the less likely any one of them will actually help an injured person Question 175- Answer • Bystander effect Question 176 • Has a medical doctorate degree • Specializes in diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders • Can prescribe medication • Usually works in private setting or hospital setting Question 176- Answer • psychiatrist Question 177 • either a medical doctorate degree or a psychologist with a Ph.D., Psy.D., or Ed.D.) • specialized training in theories of Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis • usually work in private setting or hospital setting Question 177- Answer • psychoanalyst Question 178 • Perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture Question 178- Answer • Sociocultural perspective Question 179 • This perspective offers an explanation for forgiveness in relation to emotional and physical affairs Question 179- Answer • Evolutionary perspective Question 180 • Kitty Genovese Question 180- Answer • Woman who was attacked and given no help despite having at least 38 bystanders who witnessed the attack. Question 181 • Some community individuals carried a gene that caused them to deny hunger, have unlimited energy, and a strong urge to move elsewhere when the community is faced with famine. Question 181- Answer • Evolutionary perspective of anorexia Question 182 • Occurring when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility Question 182- Answer • Diffusion of responsibility Question 183 • Study where individuals continued to give electric shocks to other individuals despite being aware of the individuals being in pain because a “scientist” told them to continue Question 183- Answer • Milgram Experiment Question 184 • The perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share Question 184- Answer • Evolutionary perspective Question 185 • Views the mind as an information processing machine designed by natural selection Question 185- Answer • Evolutionary perspective Question 186 • usually have a doctorate degree (Ph.D, Psy.D. or Ed.D) • intense academic training • learning about many different areas of psychology • some can prescribe medications with specialized training Question 186- Answer • psychologist Question 187 • The five steps to the scientific method are Question 187- Answer • • • • • 1) perceiving the question 2) forming a hypothesis 3) testing the hypothesis 4) drawing conclusions 5) report your results Question 188 • A tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations Question 188- Answer • hypothesis Question 189 • The bias where an individual only notices examples that agree with their world view Question 189- Answer • Confirmation bias Question 190 • The methods for testing a hypothesis must match this Question 190- Answer • The question asked Question 191 • When are results reported Question 191- Answer • When they are supported or rejected Question 192 • Why are studies reported Question 192- Answer • So they can be replicated Question 193 • What is an empirical question Question 193- Answer • A question that can be tested through the scientific method Question 194 • What are the four descriptive methods? Question 194- Answer • • • • Naturalistic observation Laboratory observation Case studies surveys Question 195 • A disadvantage of this descriptive method is that people or animals may behave in an artificial manner Question 195- Answer • Laboratory observation Question 196 • An advantage of this descriptive method is that it provides a lot of environmental control Question 196- Answer • Laboratory observation Question 197 • The study of one individual in great detail Question 197- Answer • Case study Question 198 • Sigmund Freud based his entire theory of psychoanalysis on these Question 198- Answer • Case studies Question 199 • Two methods that allow researchers to know more about a topic than simple description Question 199- Answer • Correlation • Experiments Question 200 • Advantages of this descriptive method include that they provide incredible detail and are sometimes the only way to get certain information Question 200- Answer • Case studies Question 201 • This descriptive method consists of a series of questions asked in person, in interviews, on the telephone, on the internet or with a questionnaire Question 201- Answer • surveys Question 202 • A disadvantage of these descriptive methods was that information was not easily generalized. Question 202- Answer • Naturalistic observation • Case study • Laboratory observation Question 203 • Tendency of observers to see what they tend to expect to see • A special kind of confirmation bias Question 203- Answer • Observer bias Question 204 • Advantages of this descriptive method include that they are useful for acquiring information about personal topics like sexual relationships and can gain a lot of data from large groups of people Question 204- Answer • surveys Question 205 • A disadvantage of surveys include Question 205- Answer • Researchers must make sure they have a representative sample from the population Question 206 • Representative sample Question 206- Answer • Randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects Question 207 • Watching people or animals behave in their normal environment Question 207- Answer • Naturalistic observation Question 208 • Observer bias is a disadvantage of this descriptive method Question 208- Answer • Naturalistic observation Question 209 • Disadvantages of this descriptive method include that researchers have to make sure they have a representative sample, courtesy bias, and bias caused by the wording of questions Question 209- Answer • survey Question 210 • The entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested Question 210- Answer • population Question 211 • A naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant of the group being observed Question 211- Answer • Participant observation Question 212 • This person does observations but has no knowledge of the hypothesis of the study Question 212- Answer • Blind observer Question 213 • Tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed Question 213- Answer • Observer effect Question 214 • Participants give answers to questions that they believe are socially acceptable or desirable Question 214- Answer • Courtesy bias Question 215 • Witnessing natural and non-contrived behavior is an advantage of ___________ Question 215- Answer • Naturalistic observation Question 216 • How can the wording of questions in surveys influence the results Question 216- Answer • The wording of the questions could confuse participants leading to incorrect data. They can lead participants to give a desired answer and lead to incorrect data. The order of questions can influence the answers given. Question 217 • Lived 1823-1860 Question 217- Answer • Phineas Gage Question 218 • Case Study that helped establish the frontal lobe as the location of personality and impulse control in the brain Question 218- Answer • Phineas Gage Question 219 • A measure of the relationship between two variables Question 219- Answer • correlation Question 220 • A number between -1.0 and +1.0 that shows how closely related two variables are and in what direction Question 220- Answer • Correlation coefficient Question 221 • Is -0.89 or +0.75 a stronger correlation Question 221- Answer • -0.89 Question 222 • variables that interferes with each other and their possible effects on some other variable of interest Question 222- Answer • Confounding variable Question 223 • What two things are important in sample selection? Question 223- Answer • A clearly defined population of study • The sample must be randomly selected from the defined population Question 224 • Definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured Question 224- Answer • Operational definition Question 225 • Experienced significant personality changes following an accident where a railroad spike went through the frontal lobe of his brain. Question 225- Answer • Phineas Gage Question 226 • A measurable characteristic whose change is observed or manipulated in research Question 226- Answer • variable Question 227 • What does correlation does not prove causation mean? Question 227- Answer • That simply because two variables change in a predictable pattern with one another, it does not mean that one variable causes the other. Question 228 • the only research method that will allow researchers to determine the cause of a behavior Question 228- Answer • experiment Question 229 • A deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause and effect relationships Question 229- Answer • Experiment (definition of) Question 230 • Variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter Question 230- Answer • Independent variable Question 231 • Subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the independent variable Question 231- Answer • Experimental group Question 232 • Process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group Question 232- Answer • Random assignment Question 224 • Tendency of the experimenter’s expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study Question 224- Answer • Experimenter effect Question 225 • What is the purpose of random assignment of participants to the experimental or control groups Question 225- Answer • To prevent extraneous variables from interfering with the experiment Question 226 • Variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response of behavior of the subjects in the experiment Question 226- Answer • Dependent variable Question 227 • Subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment Question 227- Answer • Control group Question 228 • Any variables not directly related to the independent variable or dependent variable Question 228- Answer • Extraneous variables Question 229 • The phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in the study can influence their behavior Question 229- Answer • Placebo effect Question 230 • Study in which the subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group Question 230- Answer • Single-blind study Question 231 • Study where teachers were told students had either high potential or low potential and the response of the teachers to these students actually started to impact the students grades. Question 231- Answer • Pygmalian in the classroom Question 232 • An alternative research designed used with participants can’t be randomly assigned Question 232- Answer • Quasi-experimental design Question 233 Question 233- Answer Question 234 Question 234- Answer Question 235 Question 235- Answer Question 236 Question 236- Answer Question 237 Question 237- Answer Question 238 Question 238- Answer Question 239 Question 239- Answer Question 240 • Study in which neither the experimenter nor the subjects knows if the subjects are in the experimental or control group Question 240- Answer • Double blind study Question 241 • Researchers of Pygmalian in the classroom Question 241- Answer • Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson
