SCORING KEY FOR THE MIDTERM: Spring, 2006
Define the following terms:
1.condensation: the dream-work process whereby two or more wishes/aspects of the latent content are turned into
one dream image
2. manifest content: the dream as dreamed
3. archetype: an element in the collective unconscious. Also acceptable: inherited disposition, inherited images,
inborn images with energy attached to them.
4. nominal category: a non-hierarchical type of measurement. It puts elements into categories. Answer via examples,
like male and female, or indoors and outdoors, were accepted.
Which theorist is associated with
5. the idea of the dream-work Freud
6. the method of amplification Jung
7. putting people on the “hot seat” Perls
8. the idea of conceptual metaphors Lakoff
9. the finding that dreams are continuous with waking thoughts Hall
10. the first use of the dream series method Jung
11. the method of free association Freud
12. a method derived in part from psychodrama Perls
13.the method of content analysis Hall
14.the idea that dreams have a latent content Freud
15. the ideas that dreams come from a collective unconscious Jung
16. the idea that all dreams have their origins in wishes Freud
17. the idea that dreams express conceptions Hall
18. the finding that there is consistency in dream content in an individual over time Hall
19. the idea that the symbols in dreams function primarily as a disguise Freud
17. the idea that we don’t understand symbolism because our culture is too objective/scientific Jung
18. What are the four steps of a content analysis?
Create categories
Count up frequencies for categories
Make corrections for length, or turn the frequencies into percentages. Or turn frequencies into rates, or do
statistical manipulations
Finally, make a comparison with norms or a control group.
For the Hall/Van de Castle coding system, explain
19. how the physical aggression percent is calculated: physical aggressions divided by all aggressions, or physical
aggressions divided by physical plus non-physical aggressions
20. how a misfortune differs from an aggression
a misfortune is a bad thing that just happens to a character in the dream, caused by no human intent, whereas an
aggression is a negative thought toward a person or an intent to do psychic or physical harm to some other person.
21. Write down on your answer sheet which of the following (there may or may not be more than one) show a gender
difference in college student dreams: the male/female percent; the physical aggression percent; the F/C ratio; the
percent of dreams with at least one misfortune; the percent of dreams with at least one sexual interaction. Three of
these five possibilities were not mentioned in lectures, so probed to see if the Reader can been studied.
22. Recalling the lecture and handout on dreams in cross-cultural perspective, when is it, generally speaking, that dreams
are most often important in the lives of individuals?
This question was not well enough worded, embarrassed to say, but the general point I was looking for is that dreams
happen in times of personal crisis or personal transition. Thus, many answers listed out the specifics that were asked
for in the next question, but they were counted here.
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23. More specifically in relation to the previous question, name three instances/examples of times when dreams are
important in the lives of individuals. Times of physical illness, times when loved ones die, times of transition to
adulthood, times of religious crisis and conversion.
24. What are the three main reasons why dreams are so difficult to study, and thus so marginal in psychology?
We can’t make them happen, so can’t do experiments very easily or well.
We can’t observe them while they’re happening.
The dreamer can’t tell us about them while happening, compared to waking subjective states.
Also accepted: dreamers don’t always give us reports, or may change some parts of reports.
25. What does the instructor mean when he claims that quantitative content analysis yields “findings,” not
‘interpretations?”
Since the categories are empirical, that is, not based on a theory, we don’t necessarily have an explanation or
interpretation for the results. So we have a “finding,” but we don’t know what it means. It was acceptable to
answer with an example, such as, we find more men than women in men’s dreams, but we don’t have an
interpretation for it.
26. What are two of the ways the dream content of children differs from that of adults?
Less aggression, less physical aggression, less sexuality, less emotion, higher animal percent.
27. What is the most dramatic difference in terms of social interactions in the dreams of the child molester, the neurotic
patient, and psychiatric patients on the one hand and the Hall/Van de Castle male norms on the other?
Any of the following: The patients have lower F/C ratios or they have lower friends percent, or there is less
friendliness, or there are less friends
28., Write in your blue book any statement below that is true about the dream of college students from 1950-2000 (there
may or may not be more than one true statement here): Dream content has changed considerably over the decades; There
was consistency until 1990 or so, then changes; No one has been able to replicate the Hall/Van de Castle norms; Students
at public universities have more dramatic dreams than those at private universities; None of the above is true.
30. What are any three of the points along the “repetition dimension” in dream content?
Traumatic dreams, recurrent dreams, recurrent themes/patterns, higher scores in some content categories than the
norms
31. What do Jungians mean by a “subjective symbol?” What is the comparable concept in Lakoff’s analysis?
For Jungians, a subjective symbol is any element in a dream that has to be understood figuratively/metaphorically,
or in terms of feelings. Acceptable if said it is an element not be be taken literally, or not about “reality.” For
Lakoff, the comparable concept is conceptual metaphor or figurative thinking.
32. What is the “function of dreams according to (a) Freud and (b) Jung?
For Freud, to preserve sleep NOT to reveal wishes. If you said “satisfy wishes,” that was only worth one point
because that’s what dreams do in the process of carrying out their function of preserving sleep. For Jung, dreams
most importantly “compensate” for the undeveloped parts of the psyche.
33. Simply name three of the “types” of dreams according to Jungians, as noted in the selection by Mary Mattoon. Big
dreams, little dreams, compensatory dreams, traumatic dreams , prophetic dreams, telepathic dreams, precognitive dreams, extrasensory dreams, prospective dreams.
34. According to Hall, how is the intensity of a concern revealed in dream content?
By frequency of appearance
35. What are two of the ways that the theories presented by Freud, Jung, and Perls are similar?
They all say dreams have psychological meaning; that they must be interpreted with the help of experts; that
dreams are in some way about “unfinished business” or hang-ups
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36. What are three of the ways that the theories presented by Freud and Jung are different?
Here consult the handout—also on the 168 page--comparing Freud and Jung because the pssobilities are many
37. How does the Hall/Van de Castle content analysis system correct for differences in the length of dream reports? “by
using percentages,” or “by using rates,” or both. Any one enough here.
38. According to Hall, why are there so many different symbols for the genitals in dreams?
Because each symbol expresses a different conception of the genitals. If you talked out disguise, that is wrong for
Hall, and no points were given.
39. According to the instructor, what are two of the four problems with the Jungian theory of dreams? They are listed on
the bottom of the Jung handout—which is also on the 168 page.
40. What are two of the criteria for unusual elements in dreams according to Hall?
A setting or object or character is distorted; something is used in a highly unusual way; there is a highly unusual activity,
like flying; there is a metamorphosis of some person or object; there is an animal that is not a pet of the dreamer.
In the study of the Barb Sanders series, what were the findings with regard to
41. The similarity of subsamples of 50 or 75 dreams to the full sample of 250 dreams?
Samples this small do not replicate the results with 250. Okay to say: are not consistent with the results with 250.
This was from the book, not lectures, but also was possible to infer this from my general stress on the fact that it
takes 100 to 125 dreams for a good sample.
42. The degree of consistency when the first 125 dreams in the sample were compared with the second 125 dreams?
Consistent or very consistent. Those who read the chapter carefully may have noted she was not consistent on M/F%,
which received a +2 bonus on one or two papers.
43. For the Barb Sanders series, write in your blue book the phrases that follow about her dreams which do not show
continuity with her waking life: dreams of cats; dreams of her middle daughter; dreams of theatrical performances;
dreams of shooting guns.
44. For the Barb Sanders series, write in your blue book which of the following relationships showed changes over time as
evidenced by changes in her dreams about the person: the relationship with her mother; the relationship with her exhusband Howard; her relationship with Derek, the man she was infatuated with when she was in her 40’s?
45. What are two major ways that Freud’s dreams differ from those of Jung and typical male dreams in terms of social
interactions? Any two of these ok: Freud had more aggressions with women; Freud had more friendliness with
men; Freud was usually befriended; Jung was usually the befriender.
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