Periodic Table 2014-2015
Atom Diagram Examples
Periodic Table Information
Types of Elements
metals
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nonmetals
metalloids
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malleable: hammered, pounded, or rolled into sheets
ductile: drawn or stretched into wires
most are solid at room temperature (except Mercury)
luster---reflects light well
good conductors of heat and electricity--- Silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) are some of
the most efficient metals and are often used in electronics.
very reactive
alloys---mixtures---examples are steel and bronze
usually gases or brittle solids at room temperature
poor conductors of heat and electricity
reactivity in nonmetals increases as atomic number decreases---fluorine is the most
reactive nonmetal
dull; not malleable; not ductile
properties of both metals and nonmetals
many metalloids are semiconductors (partial conductors) of electricity
located along the stair-step line on the table
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Periodic Table 2014-2015
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Groups--***groups or families---each family contains elements that have similar physical or chemical properties
Group 1
Alkali
Metals
**not
hydrogen
Group 2
Alkaline
Earth
Metals
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Groups
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Transition
Elements
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Group 17
Group 18
halogens
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noble gases
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***also
called inert
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most highly reactive of all metals
o reactivity increases with increasing atomic number
o reactivity---how likely an element is to form bonds with other
elements
combines readily with other elements to form compounds
found in nature only in compounds
low densities; low melting points
give distinctive colors to flames
uses: table salt, lithium batteries, treat bipolar disorder
denser; harder; higher melting points
slightly less reactive and harder than group 1 metals
reactivity increases with increasing atomic number
Uses: chlorophyll is a magnesium compound that enables plants to
make food
When these compounds are mixed in solutions, they are likely to form
solutions with a pH greater than 7. Those pH levels are defined as
'basic' or 'alkaline' solutions.
often form colored ions
 ion---an atom that has a positive or negative charge and form
when atoms gain or lose electrons
catalysts---some speed up reactions
some produce electronic, consumer goods, plastics, and medicines
Iron triad: iron, cobalt, nickel; only elements known to create a
magnetic field
Iron is the main component of steel; most widely used of all metals;
found in the hemoglobin of blood
Nickel is used to give other metals strength.
Copper used in electrical wiring
Mercury: liquid at room temperature; poisonous; once used in
thermometers
React with alkali metals to form salts (when a halogen gains an
electron from a metal)
most abundant halogen is chlorine found in seawater
most reactive nonmetals
stable because outer energy level is full
least reactive elements; rarely combine
Neon---advertising signs; Argon---light bulbs; Helium---balloons;
Xenon---headlights for new cars
When you move down the periodic table, as the atomic numbers
increase, the elements become rarer. They are not just rare in nature
but rare as useful elements, too.
Periodic Table 2014-2015
Bohr Models
1st shell or energy level = can hold a maximum of 2
electrons
2nd shell or energy level = can hold up to a
maximum of 8 electrons
3rd
shell or energy level = can hold up to a
maximum of 18 electrons
Lewis Structure (electron dot diagram)
valence---# of electrons on the outer most shell or energy level
How many bonds form when sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) combine?
Types of Bonds
ionic bonds
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Between a metal and nonmetal
Metal loses one or more electrons
Nonmetal gains one or more electrons
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Periodic Table 2014-2015
covalent bonds
 Between two or more nonmetals
 Share electrons
 Many elements become more stable by sharing electrons
Valence Electrons for each Group
***Helium (He) has only 2 valence electrons
***transition elements have varying valence electrons
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Periodic Table 2014-2015
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