Honors Biology
Final Exam Study Guide
2014
Ecology (3/4)
Vocabulary: Biome, community, biosphere, autotroph, heterotroph, niche, symbiosis, succession,
pioneer species
Concepts:
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Levels of organization w/I the biosphere
Chemosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Types of heterotrophs
Food chains/ food web
Trophic (feeding) levels
Types of symbiotic relationships
Primary v. secondary succession
DNA (12)
Vocabulary: transformation, base pairing, replication, DNA polymerase
Concepts:
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Chargaff’s rule of base pairing
Complementary DNA strands
Bonds that hold DNA together
Griffith’s experiments (mice & transformation)
Hershey-Chase experiments (studied bacteriophages)
Watson, Crick, and Franklin’s contributions
Process of DNA replication
RNA & Protein Synthesis (13)
Vocabulary: RNA, transcription, translation, codon
Concepts:
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DNA v. RNA
Using the codon wheel
Process of protein synthesis (in order & where each step occurs in eukaryotes)
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3 types of RNA
Genetic Engineering (15)
Vocabulary: Selective breeding, clone
Concepts:
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Types of selective breeding (inbreeding, hybridization)
Process of cloning
Bioethics & why some genetic engineering may be controversial
Evolution (16/17)
Vocabulary: Evolution, artificial selection, adaptation, fitness, natural selection, fossil, biogeography,
homologous structures, analogous structures, vestigial structures, genetic drift
Concepts:
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Ideas of Darwin, Lamarck, Lyell, Hutton, and Malthus
Natural selection v. artificial selection
Types of evidence for evolution
How DNA & number of mutations/differences can be used to determine how closely related two
species may be
Classification (18)
Vocabulary: binomial nomenclature, cladogram, domain
Concepts:
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The 3 domains and their characteristics
The 6 kingdoms and their characteristics
Cladistics (reading cladograms)
How to use a dichotomous key to identify an unknown organism
Binomial nomenclature
Levels of classification
o From domain to species level
Viruses & Prokaryotes (20)
Vocabulary: virus, capsid, lytic infection, lysogenic infection, bacteriophage, pathogen, vaccine,
antibiotic, retrovirus
Concepts:
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Shapes of bacteria
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Reproduction of both bacteria and viruses
Parts of a virus (HIV) and a typical bacteriophage
Main difference between a lytic and lysogenic viral infection
Fungi (21)
Vocabulary: Chitin, hypha, mycelium, lichen, fruiting body, mycorrhiza
Concepts:
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How fungi obtain energy/nutrients
Roles of fungi in the environment
Parts of a typical fungus/mushroom
Symbiotic relationships formed with fungi
Plants (22-24)
Vocabulary: Bryophyte, vascular tissue, xylem, phloem, alternation of generations, seed, gymnosperm,
angiosperm, pollen grain, monocot, dicot
Concepts:
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What plants have in common
Differences between vascular and nonvascular plants
o Examples of each
o Why non-vascular plants cannot grow very tall
Differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms
Equation for photosynthesis & cellular respiration
o Input & output
Differences between monocots and dicots
Parts of a chloroplast
Parts of the leaf
Animals/Dissections
Vocabulary: Invertebrate, chordate, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry
Concepts:
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% of vertebrates in kingdom Animalia
Types of symmetry & animals that exhibit each
Endo/exoskeleton
Segmentation
Practical:
1. Flower (model/real)
 Anther, filament, stamen
 Pistil, stigma, style, ovary
 Sepal, petals
2. Frog (model/real)
 Lung, liver, stomach, pancreas
 Small intestine, large intestine
 Heart, esophagus
 Vomarine teeth, nictitating membrane
3. Crayfish (real)
 Walking legs, swimmerets
 Rostrum, telson, carapace, abdomen
 Gills, cephalothorax
4. Plants
 ID a gymnosperm v. angiosperm
 ID a monocot v. dicot
5. Perch (real)
 Operculum, gills
 Caudal/anal/pectoral/dorsal fins
 Air bladder, vertebrae, muscle
 Calculate approximate age using scales
6. Animals
 Type of symmetry
 Segmentation
 Dorsal/ventral/anterior/posterior sides
7. Earthworm
 Clitellum
 Dorsal blood vessel
 Ventral nerve cord
 Aortic arches
 Crop & gizzard