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Name: ________________________________________ Homeroom: ____________
Chapter 11 – The Universe - Near and Far
Essential Question: What are Some Earth-Moon-Sun Interactions?
Days and Years
The spinning of the Earth, known as the Earth’s __________________, is what
controls the length of day and night. The Earth rotates on its ______________, an
imaginary line through Earth that goes from the North Pole to the South Pole.
As the Earth rotates only part of the Earth’s surface faces the _______________
at a time. This rotation is what causes ____________ and ______________. One
complete rotation takes place every _______________________ (1 day). Each planet
rotates, but not at the same _______________. This means that each planet’s
____________ lasts a different amount of time.
The planets ________________ around the sun in an elliptical path. It takes one
_____________ for a planet to revolve around the sun. In the same way the length of a
day varies from planet to planet so does the length of each planet’s _______________.
Planets that are located closer to the sun have a _______________ year, while the
planets farther from the sun have a _______________ distance to travel around the
sun, thus have a longer year.
Seasons
The temperature changes that take place from season to season are caused by a
change in the way the sun’s ______________ hit Earth’s surface. When the rays hit a
spot directly the Earth’s surface absorbs a lot of _____________________ causing air
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temperatures to _______________. As the Earth _______________ the sun’s rays hit
the same spot at an angle, thus __________ energy is absorbed and temperatures
_________.
The ____________ of the Earth’s axis changes the way the rays hit the Earth’s
surface. The tilt is always the same at 23.5 degrees, but sometimes the Northern
Hemisphere is titled toward or away from the __________.
Seasons in Northern Hemisphere (where we live)
Summer
The Northern Hemisphere is titled ____________ sun, thus the rays hit more directly.
There are more hours of ______________________ and more heat is absorbed.
Fall
The Northern Hemisphere is titled ______________ from the sun. Days and nights are
______________ in length.
Winter
The Northern Hemisphere is titled even farther _______________ from the sun. Less
energy is provided; therefore we have winter’s ____________ temperatures. There are
also more hours of ___________________.
Spring
The Northern Hemisphere is titled ______________ from the sun. Days and nights are
______________ in length.
As the Earth orbits the sun each year the seasons change depending on how the sun’s
rays hit the Earth’s _______________.
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Eclipses
An eclipse is caused when one object passes through the __________________
of another object. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth blocks sunlight from getting to
the _______________, therefore the moon is completely dark. A solar eclipse occurs
when the moon blocks sunlight from reaching the ____________________.
NEVER
look at the sun during an eclipse because the sun’s rays can permanently damage your
eyes.
Tides
Tides are the regular rising and falling of the ocean’s surface caused mostly by the
moon’s ____________________________________ on Earth’s oceans. The pull causes
two bulges of water, one on the side of the Earth ________________ the moon and one
on the _____________________ side.
Essential Question: What Causes the Phases of the Moon?
Phases of the Moon
The moon does not produce its own light; rather it reflects light from the _______.
The side of the moon __________________ the sun is always lighted by the sun. As
the moon _____________________ around Earth we may see all, part or none of the
moon’s lighted side. That part of the moon that we see is the moon’s ____________.
What part of the moon do we see during each phase?
New Moon - ___________________________________________________________
First Quarter Moon – _____________________________________________________
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Full Moon – ____________________________________________________________
Third Quarter Moon - ____________________________________________________
After 29 ½ days (about 1 month) the moon is again between Earth and the sun,
so the _____________ side faces the Earth. The moon has completed one _________
cycle. It takes each phase of the moon about ________ week.
Other Phases in the Solar System
The moon is not the only body that has phases. Moons that orbit the other
planets also have ________________. From Earth we can also see some of the
phases of the planet ______________________.
Essential Question: What is in the Solar System?
The Inner Planets
The four inner planets are ___________________________________________
________________________________________. The inner planets are ___________
and more dense than the outer planets. Similar to the Earth the inner planets have
three layers a ___________________________________________________, but
thickness of the layers differs between the planets.
The inner planets are separated from the outer planets by the _______________
belt that lies between Mars and Jupiter.
The Outer Planets and “Dwarf Planets”
The four outer planets are ___________________________________________
_________________________________________. These planets have a small solid
____________, but no ____________________ surfaces and are therefore known as
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the _______________ giants. The strong pull of gravity made these planets even
_________________, but they are too small to be stars.
The outer planets also all have satellites, a body in space that _______________
a larger body. Bodies in space that orbit the planets or planetary _________________
are known as moons. Jupiter has at least 63 moons, while Saturn as at least _______.
In 2006 the definition of a planet was changed to a large round object in a
______________ orbit around a star. Since _______________ is not in a clear orbit its
classification changed to a “dwarf planet.”
Asteroids and Meteors
An asteroid is a piece of _________________________________ that orbits the
sun. Most asteroids are located between the inner and outer planets in the __________
belt.
A meteor is a piece of _____________, smaller than an asteroid that enters
Earth’s __________________________ and burns up. A trail of _____________ is
produced as the meteor falls in the atmosphere causing friction to heat it and the air
around it. A piece of rock that survives the fall through the atmosphere making it to
Erath or any other body is called a ________________________.
Most meteors are formed from a collision between _____________________.
Each day up to 4 __________________ meteors reach Earth’s atmosphere, most are
too small to ever be noticed.
Comets
A comet is a ball of ice, rock, and frozen gases that orbits the sun. A comet may
pass close by the sun or go as far as the edges of the ______________________.
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Each time a comet approaches the ____________ it changes. As some of the ice
__________ a cloud of ______________ from the comet is released, that forms a tail
always pointing _____________ from the sun because of the wind blowing off the sun.
Essential Question: What is Beyond the Solar System?
Types of Stars
A star is a huge ball of hot, glowing ________________. Astronomers compare
stars by color, actual brightness, and surface temperatures using a diagram called the
Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.
Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
Brightest stars are at the ___________. Hottest stars are at the ____________. The
hottest, brightest stars have the ___________________ mass. While the coolest,
dimmest stars have the _______________ mass.
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About 90% of the stars fit into the long band that runs from the upper left corner
to the lower right corner. This band is known as the _________________________,
thus stars that appear on the band are classified as main-sequence stars.
Red giants and super giants are __________ red stars that are __________
because they are so large. White dwarfs are very hot and very _____________.
From Red Giants to Black Holes
Stars do not last _________________. The bigger the star the ___________ the
stars life. A massive star uses its _______________ faster than a smaller star. When
the hydrogen is ____________, the star dies.
Types of Galaxies
We live in the ______________________ Galaxy. There are _______________
of galaxies – huge systems of stars bound together by gravity.
Classification of Galaxies
Spiral
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Milky Way Galaxy and ________% of all galaxies.
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Huge, curved arms are formed by ____________ and _______________
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Center reddish because of the many ________________________________
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Arms bluish because they contain many bright _______________ stars.
Barred Spirals
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______% of all galaxies
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______ bar shaped clusters of ____________ that stretch out from the center
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Elliptical
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most galaxies are elliptical, _______% of all galaxies
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mostly made of ______________ stars
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most are flat and small and do not form ____________ stars
Irregular Galaxies
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______% of all galaxies
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No distinct ___________
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Mostly ___________ stars
How Did the Universe Form?
Big Bang Theory – universe began with an ___________________
Big Crunch Hypothesis states that the universe may _________________ on itself if its
matter reaches a certain density.