Database: MEDLINE <1966 to May Week 4 2002>
Search Strategy: (Prevention of lower back pain)
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exp Back Pain/pc [Prevention & Control] (969)
2
exp athletic injuries/ or exp sports/ (49186)
3
1 and 2 (35)
4
limit 3 to english language (27)
5
from 4 keep 1-27 (27)
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<1>
Unique Identifier
10078577
Medline Identifier
99176463
Authors
Kihlstrand M. Stenman B. Nilsson S. Axelsson O.
Institution
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Falu Hospital, Falun, Sweden.
Title
Water-gymnastics reduced the intensity of back/low back pain in
pregnant women.
Source
Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 78(3):180-5, 1999 Mar.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate if water-gymnastics during pregnancy may
reduce the intensity of back/low back pain and the number of days on
sick-leave. METHODS: A prospective, randomized study. One hundred and
twenty-nine women were randomized to participate in water-gymnastics once
a week during the second half of pregnancy and 129 were randomized to a
control group. The women in both groups filled in questionnaires in
gestational weeks 18, 34 and within the first postpartum week. Every day
from week 18 to labor they assessed the intensity of back/low back pain.
RESULTS: Back pain intensity increased during pregnancy. No excess risk
for the pregnancy associated with water-gymnastics was observed. The
women participating in water-gymnastics recorded a lower intensity of
back/low back pain. The total number of days on sick-leave because of
back/low back pain was 982 in the water-gymnastics group (124 women)
compared with 1484 in the control group (120 women). After weeks 32 33,
seven women in the water-gymnastics group compared with 17 in the control
group were on sickleave because of back/ low back pain (p=0.031).
CONCLUSIONS: Intensity of back/low back pain increased with advancing
pregnancy. There was no excess risk for urinary or vaginal infections
associated with water-gymnastics. Water-gymnastics during the second half
of pregnancy significantly reduced the intensity of back/ low back pain.
Water-gymnastics decreased the number of women on sick-leave because of
back/low back pain. Water-gymnastics during pregnancy can be recommended
as a method to relieve back pain and may reduce the need for sick-leave.
<2>
Unique Identifier
2963515
Medline Identifier
88130658
Authors
Chaffin DB.
Institution
Center for Ergonomics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-2117.
Title
Manual materials handling and the biomechanical basis for prevention of
low-back pain in industry--an overview. [Review] [26 refs]
Source
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 48(12):989-96, 1987
Dec.
Abstract
Two different but dependent strategies must be developed to prevent
low-back pain in industry. One is of an administrative nature and is
concerned with whether the worker who performs activities that stress
back tissues is appropriately evaluated and trained for such work. The
second strategy is of an engineering type, dealing with methods to assure
that the workplace and work tasks are specified in ways that minimize
injurious stresses to the low back. Both of these strategies rely on
knowledge of the biomechanical requirements of a job. These must be
carefully evaluated by informed observers using prescribed measurement
and analysis procedures. The fundamental biomechanics of heavy lifting
and observational procedures developed by an expert panel for NIOSH are
described. The procedure rates the difficulty of a lifting task and then
recommends whether administrative or engineering controls are warranted
to reduce low-back stresses. Some suggestions for preventing excessive
low-back stress by redesigning the workplace are presented also.
[References: 26]
<3>
Unique Identifier
2532867
Medline Identifier
90119895
Authors
Pollock ML. Leggett SH. Graves JE. Jones A. Fulton M. Cirulli
Institution
Center for Exercise Science, College of Medicine, University of
Florida, Gainesville 32610.
Title
Effect of resistance training on lumbar extension strength.
Source
American Journal of Sports Medicine. 17(5):624-9, 1989 Sep-Oct.
Abstract
Development of a new testing machine, which stabilizes the pelvis,
allowed us to evaluate the lumbar extensor muscles before and after
training. Fifteen healthy subjects (29.1 +/- 8 years of age) trained
day per week for 10 weeks and 10 healthy subjects (33.7 +/- 16 years
age) acted as controls. Training consisted of 6 to 15 repetitions of
range of motion variable resistance lumbar extension exercise to
volitional fatigue and periodic maximal isometric contractions taken
seven angles through a full range of motion. Before and after the 10
J.
1
of
full
at
week
training period, subjects completed a maximum isometric strength test at
seven angles through a 72 degrees range of motion (0 degrees, 12 degrees,
24 degrees, 36 degrees, 48 degrees, 60 degrees, and 72 degrees of lumbar
flexion). The training group significantly improved in lumbar extension
strength at all angles (P less than or equal to 0.01). The result at 0
degrees (full extension) showed an increase from 180.0 +/- 25 Nm to 364.1
+/- 43 Nm (+102%) and at 72 degrees (full flexion) from 427.4 +/- 44.1 to
607.4 +/- 68 (+42%) Nm. Results from the control group showed no change
(P greater than or equal to 0.05). The magnitude of gain shown by the
training group reflects the low initial trained state of the lumbar
extensor muscles. These data indicate that when the lumbar area is
isolated through pelvic stabilization, the isolated lumbar extensor
muscles show an abnormally large potential for strength increase.
<4>
Unique Identifier
11782833
Medline Identifier
21641939
Authors
Heiss DG. Shields RK. Yack HJ.
Institution
Physical Therapy Division, College of Medicine and Public Health, Ohio
State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1234, USA. Heiss.8@osu.edu
Title
Balance loss when lifting a heavier-than-expected load: effects of
lifting technique.
Source
Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 83(1):48-59, 2002 Jan.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To compare the lifting techniques of subjects who did and
did not maintain their balance with an unexpectedly heavy load, and to
examine whether the balance loss increased low back loading. DESIGN:
Repeated-measures design. SETTING: A research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS:
Fourteen healthy volunteers were assigned to 2 groups in the post hoc
analysis. Group 1 (7 men; mean age, 25.6 +/- 4.2yr; height, 1.78 +/-.08m;
weight, 83.0 +/- 8.5kg; lifting capacity, 63.2 +/- 8.0kg) maintained
balance and was matched to group 2 (7 men; mean age, 26.3 +/- 4.1yr;
height, 1.75 +/-.06m; weight, 78.2 +/- 5.3kg; lifting capacity, 64.7 +/4.9kg) who lost balance. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects lifted boxes of 5%, 20%,
and 35% of their lifting capacity. Load magnitude was expected or
unexpected. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Center of mass (COM), lower body
mechanics, ground reaction forces, and angular and horizontal momentum.
RESULTS: Group 1 consistently showed greater lumbar flexion, less knee
flexion, and a higher COM just before and after load liftoff. During the
heavier-than-expected 35% lift, the trunk angular velocities lifts
indicated that both groups experienced eccentric trunk extensor muscle
contractions. CONCLUSIONS: The semisquat technique may protect against
balance loss when lifting unexpectedly heavy loads. Eccentric muscle
contractions and rapid increases in lumbar joint reaction moments may
increase the risk of low back injury when there is a large, unexpected
increase in the weight of the lifted load. Copyright 2002 by the American
Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical
Medicine and Rehabilitation
<5>
Unique Identifier
10597848
Medline Identifier
20064718
Authors
Salai M. Brosh T. Blankstein A. Oran A. Chechik A.
Institution
Department of Orthopedic Surgery A, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel
Hashomer, Israel.
Title
Effect of changing the saddle angle on the incidence of low back pain
in recreational bicyclists.
Source
British Journal of Sports Medicine. 33(6):398-400, 1999 Dec.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: According to the literature, 30-70% of cyclists suffer from
cervical, dorsal, or lumbar back pain. This study was conducted to
evaluate one of the possible causes of low back pain and to suggest a
solution by appropriate adjustments to the bicycle. METHODS: Serial
fluoroscopic studies were performed while cyclists sat on different types
of bicycle (sports, mountain, and city). Pelvic/spine angles were
measured at different seat angles, and the related force vectors
analysed. RESULTS: There was a tendency towards hyperextension of the
pelvic/spine angle which resulted in an increase in tensile forces at the
promontorium. These forces can easily be reduced by appropriate
adjustment of the seat angle--that is, by creating an anterior inclining
angle. The findings of the biomechanical analysis were then applied to a
group of cyclists who were members of a cycling club and who complained
of low back pain. After appropriate adjustment of the saddle angle, most
of the cyclists (>70%) reported major improvement in the incidence and
magnitude of their back pain. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and magnitude of
back pain in cyclists can be reduced by appropriate adjustment of the
angle of the saddle. It is important that these findings be conveyed to
cyclists, bicycle salesmen, trainers, and members of the general public
who engage in cycling, in order to decrease the prevalence of back pain.
<6>
Unique Identifier
10619108
Medline Identifier
20085828
Authors
Callaghan JP. Patla AE. McGill SM.
Institution
Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences,
University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Title
Low back three-dimensional joint forces, kinematics, and kinetics
during walking.
Source
Clinical Biomechanics. 14(3):203-16, 1999 Mar.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the threedimensional low back loads, spinal motions, and trunk muscular activity
during gait. Specific objectives involved assessment of the effects of
walking speed, and arm swing on spinal loads, lumbar spine motion, and
muscular activation. DESIGN: An in vivo modeling experiment using five
male participants. Thirty walking trials were performed by each
participant yielding five repeats of each condition (3 walking cadences x
2 arm swing conditions). BACKGROUND: Walking is often prescribed as a
rehabilitation task for individuals with low back injuries. However,
there are few studies which have examined the joint loading, spinal
motions, and muscular activity present when walking. Additionally, the
majority of studies examining spine loading during gait have used an
inverse dynamics model, commencing at the cranial aspect of the body,
approach which does not include the impulsive phases of gait (i.e. heel
strikes and toe offs). METHODS: Low back joint forces (bone on bone) and
moments were determined using an anatomically complex three-dimensional
model (detailing 54 muscles and the passive structures acting at the low
back) during three walking cadences and with free arm swing or restricted
arm swing. In order to assess the influence of the transient factors such
as heel contact on the joint forces a bottom up (from the feet to the
lumbar spine) rigid link segment analyses approach was used as one input
to the three-dimensional anatomic model. Lumbar spine motion and trunk
muscle activation levels were also recorded to assist in partitioning
forces amongst the active and passive tissues of the low back. RESULTS:
Net joint anterior-posterior shear loading was the only variable
significantly affected by walking cadence (fast versus slow P < 0.0003).
No variable was significantly affected by the arm swing condition. Trends
demonstrated an increase in all variables with increased walking cadence.
Similarly, most variables, with the exception of axial twist and lateral
bend lumbar spine motion and lateral joint shear, demonstrated increasing
trends caused by the restriction of normal arm swing. CONCLUSIONS: Tissue
loading during walking appears to be below levels caused by many specific
rehabilitation tasks, suggesting that walking is a wise choice for
general back exercise and rehabilitation programs. Slow walking with
restricted arm swing produced more 'static' lumbar spine loading and
motion patterns, which could be detrimental for certain injuries and
tissues. Fast walking produced a more cyclic loading pattern.
<7>
Unique Identifier
1830246
Medline Identifier
91309157
Authors
Jobe FW. Schwab DM.
Institution
Department of Orthopaedics, University of Southern California, School
of Medicine, Los Angeles.
Title
Golf for the mature athlete. [Review] [7 refs]
Source
Clinics in Sports Medicine. 10(2):269-82, 1991 Apr.
Abstract
Golf is a different sport from all others discussed in this issue in
one important aspect: Almost all of its practitioners play more, rather
than less, as they mature. A great many of them play better, too. This
additional play and skill can be highly satisfying to the participants;
however, it puts them at risk for a number of overuse syndromes directly
caused by the motion requirements of golf. In addition, the repetitive
nature of the activity can exacerbate pre-existing and age-related
orthopedic pathology as well. There is no substitute for attention to the
preplay aspects of golf (warm-up, flexibility, and strengthening).
[References: 7]
<8>
Unique Identifier
8903708
Medline Identifier
97059387
Authors
Hosea TM. Gatt CJ Jr.
Institution
Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School,
New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Title
Back pain in golf. [Review] [37 refs]
Source
Clinics in Sports Medicine. 15(1):37-53, 1996 Jan.
Abstract
Although golfing is generally considered a begin activity, lower back
pain is endemic among golfers. The golf swing subjects the lumbar spine
to rapid, intense loads, more frequently in amateurs than in
professionals. These loads predispose the golfing population to muscle
strains, lumbar disc disease, spondylolysis, and facet joint arthropathy.
It is imperative for all golfers to warm up properly, develop good swing
mechanics, and participate in a lower back conditioning program off the
golf course. [References: 37]
<9>
Unique Identifier
6233136
Medline Identifier
84207854
Authors
Griffin AB. Troup JD. Lloyd DC.
Title
Tests of lifting and handling capacity. Their repeatability and
relationship to back symptoms.
Source
Ergonomics. 27(3):305-20, 1984 Mar.
<10>
Unique Identifier
9258636
Medline Identifier
97403267
Authors
Harreby M. Hesselsoe G. Kjer J. Neergaard K.
Institution
Department of Rheumatology, Naestved Central Hospital, Denmark.
Title
Low back pain and physical exercise in leisure time in 38-year-old men
and women: a 25-year prospective cohort study of 640 school children.
Source
European Spine Journal. 6(3):181-6, 1997.
Abstract
A cohort of 38-year-old men and women were studied for leisure time
physical exercise in relation to low back pain (LBP), education, work,
social class and smoking by a self-administered questionnaire. At the age
of 14 years, the subjects had been interviewed by their school doctor
regarding history of LBP and radiographs of the thoracic and lumbar spine
were taken. The results show no positive correlation between radiographic
changes and LBP in the adolescent period and decreased physical activity
in adulthood. Physical activity for at least 3 h/week reduces the risk of
LBP measured as lifetime, 1-year and point prevalence. Eighty-five
percent of the subjects who reported taking physical exercise for at
least 3 h/week had participated in sports activity almost constantly
since their school days and these reported being in better condition than
the rest of the cohort. Otherwise they did not have a healthier mode of
life. No physical exercise during leisure time was associated with a
short school education, unskilled work, unemployment and sickness, low
social class, divorce, living in an apartment and smoking. Sixty percent
had never or not for many years been interested in participating in
sports. Badminton and tennis were the most common sports practised (36%),
followed by gymnastics (32%), ball games-soccer and team handball-(25%),
running (20%) and swimming (18%). Gymnastics and swimming seem to reduce
LBP significantly. Our results show a falling interest in participating
in sports activities over time, with 68% of the subjects being members of
an athletic association previously, but only 29% currently. Women were
more physically inactive during leisure time, probably because of their
dual role. Logistic regression analysis indicates that physical activity
is related to a long school education, high social class and regular
sports activity over time.
<11>
Unique Identifier
8851780
Medline Identifier
97004469
Authors
Lavender SA. Thomas JS.
Institution
Chang D.
Andersson GB.
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical
Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
Title
Effect of lifting belts, foot movement, and lift asymmetry on trunk
motions.
Source
Human Factors. 37(4):844-53, 1995 Dec.
Abstract
Whether or not lifting belts protect workers from injury is a topic of
considerable interest in industry. Not only is the protective effect
uncertain, but the biomechanical basis for belt function is unclear. The
objective of this study was to determine if lifting belts provide a means
for controlling trunk motions during asymmetric material-handling tasks.
We recruited 16 nursing personnel as experienced lifters to participate
in two lifting sessions. A lifting belt was worn in one session and for a
week prior to this session during the subjects' routine work activities.
Each session required 42 lifts, distributed across three asymmetry
conditions (0, 45, and 90 deg) and temporally spaced 30 s apart. Foot
motion was not permitted in half the lifts. Results indicated that during
lifting, lateral bending and twisting motions were reduced by both the
lifting belt and foot motion; the most pronounced effect was observed at
90 deg of asymmetry. Trunk motions in the sagittal plane during lifting
were not affected by the lifting belt. These results appear to support
the use of lifting belts in asymmetric lifting conditions, but more
research is needed to determine whether the muscles in the torso benefit
from the reduced motion or are working harder to overcome this resistance
to motion, causing increased internal loads on the spine during
asymmetric material-handling tasks.
<12>
Unique Identifier
153889
Medline Identifier
79108658
Authors
Lynch K. Updegrove P.
Title
"Oh, my aching back.".
Source
Imprint. 26(1):56-61, 1979 Feb.
<13>
Unique Identifier
8735167
Medline Identifier
96318300
Authors
Reis J. Flegel M. Kennedy C.
Institution
Department of Community Health, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, USA.
Title
An assessment of lower back pain in young adults: implications for
college health education.
Source
Journal of American College Health. 44(6):289-93, 1996 May.
Abstract
A convenience sample of 243 undergraduates completed a 36-item
questionnaire on their knowledge about back care and exercise patterns
before they attended lectures and a workshop on back mechanics. At the
workshop, the students were individually evaluated for posture, hamstring
flexibility, hip flexor flexibility, back and abdominal strength, and
lifting technique. Twenty-nine percent of the students reported that they
experienced no back pain; 71% experienced lower back pain 1 to 5 days a
week. The majority were neglectful of their posture, lifting and carrying
techniques, and scored fair-to-poor on the hamstring flexibility test,
possibly foreshadowing back problems in later life. The majority of
respondents were unsure of what exercises to do for back care. Within the
subgroup of students who claimed they were knowledgeable about exercise,
more than 50% were performing ineffective and potentially harmful
exercises. The results underscored the potential worth of health
education on back care offered through didactic instruction and
experiential workshops.
<14>
Unique Identifier
11460971
Medline Identifier
21353219
Authors
Prateepavanich P. Thanapipatsiri S. Santisatisakul P. Somshevita P.
Charoensak T.
Institution
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj
Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Title
The effectiveness of lumbosacral corset in symptomatic degenerative
lumbar spinal stenosis.
Source
Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 84(4):572-6, 2001 Apr.
Abstract
Lumbosacral corset is a spinal support widely used for patients
suffering from low back pain due to various conditions. To evaluate the
effectiveness of the corset in symptomatic degenerative lumbar spinal
stenosis, twenty one patients (mean age 62.5 +/- 5.2 years) with
neurogenic claudication (mean onset 9.0 +/- 9.3 months) were recruited
for and completed a self controlled comparative study (with and without a
corset). Quantitative and qualitative assessment in terms of walking
distance and pain score (0-10 point visual analog scale) in daily
activities respectively, compared between wearing and not wearing the
corset were measured. The outcome of the study showed statistically
significant improvement in walking distance (393.2 +/- 254.0 m and 314.6
+/- 188.8 m) and decrement of pain score in daily activities (4.7 +/- 1.4
and 5.9 +/- 1.0) with and without corset dressing respectively. This
result supports the positive effect of the lumbosacral corset in pain
relief and functional improvement of the degenerative lumbar spinal
stenosis condition.
<15>
Unique Identifier
9927005
Medline Identifier
99124195
Authors
Carpenter DM. Nelson BW.
Institution
Prevention First, Minneapolis, MN 55416, USA.
Title
Low back strengthening for the prevention and treatment of low back
pain.
Source
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 31(1):18-24, 1999 Jan.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) remains one of the most difficult
and costly medical problems in the industrialized world. A review of
nineteenth and early twentieth century spine rehabilitation shows that
back disorders were commonly treated with aggressive and specific
progressive resistance exercise (PRE). Despite a lack of scientific
evidence to support their efficacy, therapeutic approaches to back
rehabilitation over the past 30 yr have focused primarily upon passive
care for symptom relief. Recent spine rehabilitation programs have
returned to active reconditioning PRE centered around low back
strengthening to restore normal musculoskeletal function. Research has
shown that lumbar extension exercise using PRE significantly increases
strength and decreases pain in CLBP patients. It appears that isolated
lumbar extension exercise with the pelvis stabilized using specialized
equipment elicits the most favorable improvements in low back strength,
muscle cross-sectional area, and vertebral bone mineral density (BMD).
These improvements occur with a low training volume of 1 set of 8 to 15
repetitions performed to volitional fatigue one time per week. CLBP
patients participating in isolated lumbar extension PRE programs
demonstrate significant reductions in pain and symptoms associated with
improved muscle strength, endurance, and joint mobility. Improvements
occur independent of diagnosis, are long-lasting, and appear to result in
less re-utilization of the health care system than other more passive
treatments. Low back strengthening shows promise for the reduction of
industrial back injuries and associated costs.
<16>
Unique Identifier
11039635
Medline Identifier
20492779
Authors
Grimshaw PN. Burden AM.
Institution
School of Physical Education, Exercise and Sport Studies, University of
South Australia, Adelaide, Australia. paul.grimshaw@unisa.edu.au
Title
Case report: reduction of low back pain in a professional golfer.
Source
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 32(10):1667-73, 2000 Oct.
Abstract
Previous research agrees that the majority of injuries that affect male
golfers are located in the lower back and that they are related to
improper swing mechanics and/or the repetitive nature of the swing. This
study describes the trunk motion and paraspinal muscle activity during
the swing of a golfer with related low back pain (LBP) and assesses the
effect of a 3-month period of muscle conditioning and coaching on these
variables. Motion of the trunk was measured using three-dimensional video
analysis and electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded from the same six sites
of the erector spinae at the start and end of the 3-month period. At the
end of the period, the golfer was able to play and practice without LBP.
Coaching resulted in an increase in the range of hip turn and a decrease
in the amount of shoulder turn, which occurred during the swing. In
addition, a reduction in the amount of trunk flexion/lateral flexion
during the downswing occurred in conjunction with less activity in the
left erector spinae. These changes may serve to reduce the torsional and
compressive loads acting on the thoracic and lumbar spine, which in turn
may have contributed to the cessation of the LBP and would reduce the
risk of reoccurrence in the future. In conclusion, further research with
more subjects would now be warranted in order to test the findings of
this program for the prevention of low back in golfers as piloted in this
case report.
<17>
Unique Identifier
125391
Medline Identifier
75216871
Authors
Drapeau J. Prave M.
Title
Getting back into good posture: how to erase your lumbar aches.
Source
Nursing. 5(9):63-5, 1975 Sep.
<18>
Unique Identifier
11092021
Medline Identifier
20543514
Authors
Cooke PM. Lutz GE.
Institution
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery,
New York, New York, USA.
Title
Internal disc disruption and axial back pain in the athlete. [Review]
[143 refs]
Source
Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Clinics of North America.
11(4):837-65, 2000 Nov.
Abstract
Axial back pain is commonly encountered by the sports medicine
physician and has a variety of potential pain generators. Internal disc
disruption is an important diagnosis to consider, particularly if there
is a history of spinal trauma. The pathogenesis of IDD is not
definitively known, although related theories exist. The process may
begin with a vertebral endplate fracture followed by an inflammatory
degradation of the disc matrix. Annular tears extend from the nucleus
pulposus to the periphery and nociceptive nerve endings grow into the
inner annulus and become sensitized by the biochemical degradative
products. This lowers the pain threshold for mechanical stimulation
during normal loading of the lumbar disc. Athletes are at high risk for
IDD because of the repetitive axial compressive and torsional forces
required in many sports. Diagnostic evaluation includes a thorough
history and physical examination, whereas MR imaging is the modality of
greatest use. Acute IDD is a symptomatic annular tear that commonly
responds to aggressive conservative care delineated in the five-stage
rehabilitation program. Chronic IDD may be episodic or constant.
Pressure-controlled, provocative discography should be considered for
athletes with chronic constant lumbar discogenic pain. Minimally invasive
treatment options, such as IDET, may prove useful for a subset of
patients with discographically proven IDD. Further clinical and basic
science research is needed. Spinal fusion rarely is indicated for the
athlete with internal disc disruption and no evidence of instability.
Technological advances should continue to contribute to the arsenal of
future treatments for internal disc disruption. [References: 143]
<19>
Unique Identifier
2957703
Medline Identifier
87318098
Authors
Delitto RS. Rose SJ. Apts DW.
Title
Electromyographic analysis of two techniques for squat lifting.
Source
Physical Therapy. 67(9):1329-34, 1987 Sep.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of two different
alignments of the lumbar spine and three different loads on
electromyographic activity of the erector spinae (ES) and oblique
abdominal (OA) muscles during squat lifting. Nineteen healthy subjects (8
men, 11 women) participated in this study. Each subject performed squat
lifts both with the lumbar spine aligned in "back-bowed-in" (BBI), or
normal, lordosis and with the lumbar spine aligned in "back-bowed-out"
(BBO), or relatively less, lordosis. Based on total duration, the lift
was divided into two equal phases. Electromyographic activity of each
muscle was quantified for each half of the lift and normalized to the
total EMG produced by the muscle during a maximal voluntary isometric
contraction. A three-way analysis of variance for repeated measures was
used to analyze the effects of position of the lumbar spine, timing, and
load on the amount of EMG activity during lifting. For all loads, ES
muscle activity was greater during the first half of the BBI lift,
whereas OA muscle activity was greater during the first half of the lift,
regardless of the lifting style (p less than .01). The greater ES and OA
muscle activity occurring during the crucial initial period in the BBI
lift may provide the best protection for the lumbar spine.
<20>
Unique Identifier
1534172
Medline Identifier
92270667
Authors
Delitto RS. Rose SJ.
Institution
Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation
Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15261.
Title
An electromyographic analysis of two techniques for squat lifting and
lowering.
Source
Physical Therapy. 72(6):438-48, 1992 Jun.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of two different
alignments of the pelvis and three different loads on electromyographic
(EMG) activity of the erector spinae and oblique abdominal muscles during
squat lifting and lowering. Each of 15 healthy subjects lifted and
lowered loads with the pelvis aligned both in an anterior tilt and in a
posterior tilt. Based on total duration, both the lift and the lower were
divided into two equal phases. The EMG activity of each muscle was
quantified for each half of both the lift and the lower and was
normalized to the total EMG produced by the muscle during a maximal
voluntary isometric contraction. The results indicate (1) that the EMG
activity of the erector spinae muscles was greater when subjects
maintained an anterior tilt than when they maintained a posterior tilt;
(2) that the EMG activity of the oblique abdominal muscles was greater in
the first half of the lift than in the second half for both lifting
styles, although the opposite was true for both lowering styles; and (3)
that the EMG activity increased with increasing loads. The results
suggest that the greater trunk muscle activity occurring with the
anterior tilt position may ensure optimal muscular support for the spine
while handling loads, thereby reducing the risk for low back injury.
<21>
Unique Identifier
11374432
Medline Identifier
21267665
Authors
Mortimer M. Wiktorin C. Pernol G. Svensson H. Vingard E. MUSICNorrtalje study group. Musculoskeletal Intervention Center.
Institution
Department of Occupational Health, Stockholm County Council, Sweden.
Title
Sports activities, body weight and smoking in relation to low-back
pain: a population-based case-referent study.
Source
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 11(3):178-84,
2001 Jun.
Abstract
The study aims to describe the influence of sports activities, high
body weight and smoking on low-back pain. The results were obtained from
a population-based case-referent study, the Musculoskeletal Intervention
Center (MUSIC)-Norrtalje study. In all, 342 male and 449 female cases,
and 662 male and 948 female referents participated. Neither low-intensity
training many hours/week (> or = 5 h) nor high-intensity training few (12 h), intermediate (3-4 h) or many hours (> or = 5 h) per week affected
the risk of low-back pain among men. Few (1-2) hours with high-intensity
training increased the relative risk of low-back pain among women, RR 1.6
(1.1-2.4). An increased risk of low-back pain was found for men with high
body weight, RR 2.2 (CI 1.2-3.9) but not for women. Smoking did not
influence the risk of low-back pain.
<22>
Unique Identifier
4269065
Medline Identifier
73225757
Authors
Goldner LJ.
Title
Exercise for the aging.
Source
Southern Medical Journal.
66(8):857-8, 1973 Aug.
<23>
Unique Identifier
2149210
Medline Identifier
91126576
Authors
Donchin M. Woolf O. Kaplan L. Floman Y.
Institution
Department of Social Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah School of
Public Health and Community Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
Title
Secondary prevention of low-back pain. A clinical trial. [see
comments.].
Comments
Comment in: Spine. 1991 Aug;16(8):1009 ; 1835154
Source
Spine. 15(12):1317-20, 1990 Dec.
Abstract
A clinical trial, aimed at secondary prevention of low-back pain, was
performed in 142 hospital employees reporting at least three annual
episodes of this condition. Participants were randomly assigned to one of
three groups: a calisthenics program (CAL) for 3 months with biweekly
sessions of flexion exercises, a back school program (5 sessions), and a
control group. The effectiveness of the two intervention programs was
evaluated over a 1-year period. Baseline preintervention data and
evaluation at the end of 3 months of intervention and after an additional
6 months were collected. A monthly surveillance for the whole year showed
a mean of 4.5 "painful months" in the CAL group versus 7.3 and 7.4 months
in the back school and control groups, respectively (P less than 0.0001).
The superiority of the CAL group was achieved partly because of the
significant increase in trunk forward flexion and to initial increment in
abdominal muscle strength. The increased trunk flexion was associated
with the rate of participation in the CAL sessions. Further research is
needed to answer the question of "intensity versus type of exercise" by
comparing different intervention programs, with similar intensity.
<24>
Unique Identifier
10908941
Medline Identifier
20371085
Authors
Sjolie AN.
Institution
Rendalen Institute, Lomnessjoen, Norway. asjolie@hotmail.com
Title
Access to pedestrian roads, daily activities, and physical performance
of adolescents.
Source
Spine. 25(15):1965-72, 2000 Aug 1.
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study using a questionnaire and
physical tests was performed. OBJECTIVE: To study how access to
pedestrian roads and daily activities are related to low back strength,
low back mobility, and hip mobility in adolescents. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND
DATA: Although many authorities express concern about the passive
lifestyle of adolescents, little is known about associations between
daily activities and physical performance. METHODS: This study compared
38 youths in a community lacking access to pedestrian roads with 50
youths in nearby area providing excellent access to pedestrian roads. A
standardized questionnaire was used to obtain data about pedestrian
roads, school journeys, and activities from the local authorities and the
pupils. Low back strength was tested as static endurance strength, low
back mobility by modified Schober techniques, and hip mobility by
goniometer. For statistical analyses, a P value of 0.05 or less
determined significance. RESULTS: In the area using school buses, the
pupils had less low back extension, less hamstring flexibility, and less
hip abduction, flexion, and extension than pupils in the area with
pedestrian roads. Multivariate analyses showed no associations between
walking or bicycling to school and anatomic function, but regular walking
or bicycling to leisure-time activities associated positively with low
back strength, low back extension, hip flexion, and extension. Distance
by school bus associated negatively with hip abduction, hip flexion, hip
extension, and hamstring flexibility (P<0.001). Time spent on television
or computer associated negatively but insignificantly with low back
strength, hamstring flexibility, hip abduction, and flexion (P<0.1).
CONCLUSION: The results indicate that access to pedestrian roads and
other lifestyle factors are associated with physical performance.
<25>
Unique Identifier
1532462
Medline Identifier
92205464
Authors
Noe DA. Mostardi RA. Jackson ME. Porterfield JA. Askew MJ.
Institution
Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Akron City Hospital, Ohio.
Title
Myoelectric activity and sequencing of selected trunk muscles during
isokinetic lifting.
Source
Spine. 17(2):225-9, 1992 Feb.
Abstract
Trained weight lifters lift heavy loads without a concomitant degree of
acute low-back injuries. To study the process by which large loads are
lifted with minimal injury, integrated electromyographic signals were
recorded from four large muscle groups: gluteus maximus, quadriceps,
latissimus dorsi, and erector spinae in 4 weight lifters and 11
asymptomatic control subjects. These signals were recorded during a
floor-to-knuckle-height isokinetic lift (dead lift) at 30.5 and 45.7
cm/sec. The signals were normalized for the height of the lift and the
maximal isokinetic integrated electromyographic activity. The weight
lifters achieved maximal force at 50% of maximal lift height, whereas the
control subjects achieved it at 67%. Although not statistically
significant, the weight lifters used the gluteus maximus more during the
early stages of the lift, perhaps contributing to earlier development of
force. This process would stabilize the pelvis and permit the erector
spinae to extend the trunk more efficiently. The weight lifter then
completed the lift with prolonged and increasing activity in the
quadriceps. This technique may minimize the required force in the erector
spinae and the forces on the low-back structures. Clinical implications
include more effective strength training of lifting muscle groups other
than spinal extensors and the teaching of lifting strategies employed by
weight lifters in low-back rehabilitation and work-hardening programs.
<26>
Unique Identifier
2954217
Medline Identifier
87234611
Authors
Hart DL. Stobbe TJ. Jaraiedi M.
Title
Effect of lumbar posture on lifting.
Source
Spine. 12(2):138-45, 1987 Mar.
Abstract
Twenty laborers assumed specific lumbar spine postures and lifted a 157
N crate to three different hand heights to determine if lumbar spine
flexion moments or trunk muscle activity were affected by the lifting
postures. Lumbar flexion moments were lowest when the workers used the
lordotic and straight back postures, while the average erector spinae
muscle activity tended to be highest in the lordotic and straight back
postures. The kypohotic posture regularly reduced the activity of the
erector spinae to bursts of activity while lifting and caused more
discomfort during the lifting tasks than any other posture. Therefore,
the lumbar lordotic posture is recommended as the posture of choice while
lifting, particularly when lifting from the floor level.
<27>
Unique Identifier
9794055
Medline Identifier
99010470
Authors
Majkowski GR. Jovag BW. Taylor BT. Taylor MS. Allison SC. Stetts
DM. Clayton RL.
Institution
United States Army-Baylor Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, San
Antonio, Texas.
Title
The effect of back belt use on isometric lifting force and fatigue of
the lumbar paraspinal muscles.
Source
Spine. 23(19):2104-9, 1998 Oct 1.
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN: A repeated measures multivariate design to assess the
effect of back belts on isometric lifting force and lumbar paraspinal
muscle fatigue. OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of lumbar back belts
in minimizing a loss in isometric force production and fatigue of lumbar
paraspinal muscles. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Increased prevalence of
back belts in industry and lack of scientific evidence supporting them
suggested additional research was needed. There has been no conclusive
research to substantiate manufacturer claims that use of belts reduces
fatigue of lumbar paraspinals. METHODS: Twenty-four subjects, 13 men and
11 women, were tested twice: once with and once without a belt. All
subjects performed a dynamic lifting task at a rate of 10 lifts per
minute for 20 minutes. Surface electromyograms from the lumbar
paraspinals and isometric force measurements were recorded during a
static maximal isometric lift at 0, 10, and 20 minutes. Load during the
dynamic task was determined as 20% of initial maximum isometric force.
Electromyographic data were used to detect changes in median power
spectral frequencies. Muscular fatigue was indicated by a reduction in
median power spectral frequency values or a decrease in isometric forcegenerating capacity. RESULTS: Multivariate and univariate analyses
suggest that there is no effect on lumbar paraspinal muscle fatigue or
isometric lifting force production as a result of back belt use.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings do not support the use of back belts for the
purpose of minimizing either lumbar paraspinal muscle fatigue or a loss
in isometric lifting force production.