Acyclic Hydrocarbons Rule A-1. Saturated Unbranched-chain Compounds and Univalent Radicals 1.1 - The first four saturated unbranched acyclic hydrocarbons are called methane, ethane, propane and butane. Names of the higher members of this series consist of a numerical term, followed by "-ane" with elision of terminal "a" from the numerical term. Examples of these names are shown in the table below. The generic name of saturated acyclic hydrocarbons (branched or unbranched) is "alkane". Examples of names: (n = total number of carbon atoms) n n 1 Methane 22 Docosane 2 Ethane 23 Tricosane 3 Propane 24 Tetracosane 4 Butane 25 Pentacosane 5 Pentane 26 Hexacosane 6 Hexane 27 Heptacosane 7 Heptane 28 Octacosane 8 Octane 29 Nonacosane 9 Nonane 30 Triacontane 10 Decane 31 Hentriacontane 11 Undecane 32 Dotriacontane 12 Dodecane 33 Tritriacontane 13 Tridecane 40 Tetracontane 14 Tetradecane 50 Pentacontane 15 Pentadecane 60 Hexacontane 16 Hexadecane 70 Heptacontane 17 Heptadecane 80 Octacontane 18 Octadecane 90 Nonacontane 19 Nonadecane 100 Hectane 132 Dotriacontahectane 20 Icosane 21 Henicosane Reference: http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/79/r79_34.htm Organic Chemistry Carbon in an organic molecule has an s1p3 valence: Since there are four half-full orbitals, organic carbon needs four bonds (4 single bonds, 2 double bonds, 2 single bonds and 1 double bond, or 1 single bond and one triple bond). Hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing only C and H Alkanes have only single bonds (CnH2n+2), and their names end in “-ane” methane CH4 ethane C2H6 propane C3H8 butane C4H10 pentane C5H12 hexane C6H14 heptane C7H16 octane C8H18 nonane C9H20 decane C10H22 When an Alkane becomes a functional Group, it loses an H, its name loses the “-ane” suffix, and it now ends in “-yl”. Alkenes have at least one double bond, and their names end in “-ene”. Alkynes have at least one triple bond, and their names end in “-yne”. Naming Alkanes with functional groups: Consider the longest chain of carbons as the main parent Find and maintain the lowest total numbering system (left to right or right to left) Name the functional groups in alphabetical order. With multiples of the same group, use “di-“, “tri-“, “tetra-“, “penta-“, “hexa-“, “hepta-“, “octa-“, “nona-“, “deca-“. Put a dash between letters and numbers and a comma between numbers Naming alkenes/alkynes with functional groups: A position number is given to the carbon on which the double/triple bond begins Begin at the end that will make this position number the lowest This position number is always placed just before the name of the main parent chain(the longest chain containing the double/triple bond) If the molecule has more than one double/triple bond, the “-ene”/”-yne” ending must be preceded by a prefix indicating the number of double/triple bonds Name the functional groups as for alkanes Examples: 2,4-diethyl-3-methylpentane 4,6-dimethyl-5-propyl-2,3,5-nonatriene Naming Cyclic compounds: the cyclic compound is considered to be the main parent chain the functional groups are named in alphabetical order and numbered around the compound with the lowest possible numbering system Example: benzene toluene 7-ethyl-2,3-dimethylnaphthalene phenol Name:__________________ Period: _______________ Hydrocarbon Aliphatic Saturated Base Straight Chain Alkane C1 meth C2 eth C3 prop C4 but butane C5 pent pentane C6 hex C7 hept C8 oct C9 non nonane C10 dec decane Unsaturated Formula Alkene Akyne CnH2n+2 Saturated Cyclic Compound Functional Group CnH2n+1 methane C2H6 ethyl C2H5- ethyne propene cyclobutane pentyl C5H111-hexene heptyl C7H15- 1-heptyne C8H18 1-octene 1-nonyne cyclononane Decyl C10H21- Polymers: Addition Polymers Condensation Polymers Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides – glucose, fructose Disaccharides – sucrose Polysaccharides – starch, cellulose Amino Acids Peptides Proteins Enzymes/Co-enzymes Lipids Triglycerides Phospholipids Waxes Nucleic Acids DNA RNA