Biology 102 Exam II Study Guide
Homeostasis – Feb 18-22, Chapter 32 – Key concepts to review
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment.
Negative feedback loops.
Different organisms exert more or less homeostatic control of different systems (i.e.
osmoregulation in fatworms, arthropods, and vertebrates).
Review how kidneys work, and differences between organisms such as salt water and
fresh water fishes.
Immune System – Feb 23-15, Chapter 33 – Key concepts to review
3 methods of immune defense: Barriers, General response, Targeted response
Barriers are effective due to architecture
The general response involved 4 mechanisms, cellular response, temperature response,
proteins, and inflammation
Review types and functions of white blood cells: Macrophages, Neutrophils, Natural
killer cells, T-cell lineage, B-cell lineage
T-cells and B-cells target antigens using different mechanisms
Hormones – Feb 28-Mar 2, Chapter 35 – Key concepts to review
Hormones are signaling molecules
Hormones signal to target cells via receptors, activate second messengers
Advantages over nervous system based signaling
Most major endocrine glands (what are they) are controlled by the hypothalamus
Hormones form negative feedback loops
Disruption to hormone function results in disease – review diabetes and goiters
Development – Mar 4, Chapter 36 – Key concepts to review
Sexual vs. asexual reproduction
Fertilization combines paternal and maternal chromosomes
External vs. Internal fertilization – which types of organisms use each type, why
Stages of embryonic development: Cleavage, Gastrulation, Neurolation/organogenesis,
growth
Cladistics – Mar 7, Chapter 18
Organisms are classified in a hierarchical system wherein similar organisms are groups
together at each level
Shared characteristics between organisms suggests close evolutionary relationships
There are many imperfect ways to define a species, no definition fits all of life