Brown AP Psychology 1
PROLOGUE: INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY
1. Socrates / Plato / Aristotle
2. Empiricism
3. Structuralism
4. Wilhelm Wundt
5. Edward Bradford Titchener
6. Functionalism
7. William James
8. Mary Whiton Calkins
9. Gestalt
10. Psychoanalysis
11. Sigmund Freud
12. Psychology
13. Behavioral
14. John Watson
15. Ivan Pavlov
16. B.F. Skinner
17. Behavior
18. Nature-nurture
19. Charles Darwin / natural selection
20. Neuroscience
21. Behavior Genetics
22. Psychodynamic
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23. Cognitive
24. Socio-cultural
25. Basic Research
26. Applied Research
27. Clinical psychologists
28. Psychiatrists
29. Ethics in Human Research
a. Informed consent – participants must know that they are involved in research and give
their consent
b. Deception – if the participants are deceived in any way about the nature of the study, the
deception must not be so extreme as to invalidate the informed consent. The research the
participants thought they were consenting to must be similar enough to the actual study
to give the informed consent meaning.
c. Coercion – participants cannot be coerced in any way to give consent to be in the study
d. Anonymity – the identities and actions of participants must not be revealed in any way by
the researcher
e. Risk – participants cannot be placed at significant mental or physical risk. This clause
requires interpretation by the review board. Some institutions might allow a level of risk
other boards might not allow. This consideration was highlighted by Milgram’s
obedience studies in 1970s in which participants thought they were causing significant
harm or death to other participants.
f. Debriefing procedures – participants must be told the purpose of the study and provided
with ways to contact the researchers about study results
CHAPTER 1: RESEARCH METHODS
1. Hindsight Bias
2. Critical thinking
3. Scientific Method
4. Theory
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5. Hypothesis
6. Operational definitions (dependent and independent variables)
7. Replicate
8. Case study
9. Survey
10. False consensus effect
11. Population
12. Subject
13. Random sample
14. Jane Goodall
15. Naturalistic Observation
16. Descriptive statistics – describe a set of data
17. Frequency distribution – how many of each item is present
18. Frequency polygons – line graph used with a frequency distribution
19. Frequency histograms – bar graph used with a frequency distribution
20. Y-axis always represents frequency, X-axis always represents the variable you are graphing
21. Correlation – expresses a relationship between two variables without ascribing cause
22. Negative correlation – presence of one thing predicts the absence of another (perfect negative
correlation = -1)
23. Positive correlation – the presence of one thing predicts the presence of another (perfect positive
correlation = +1)
24. Weak correlation – knowing something about one thing tells you nothing about another
no correlation = 0
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25. Correlation coefficient – statistical measure of a relationship from –1 to +1
26. Scatter plots
27. Line of best fit – line drawn through the scatter plot that minimizes the distance of all the points
from the line
28. Illusory causation
29. Experiment
30. Laboratory experiments – conducted in a lab
31. Field experiments – conducted out in the world
32. Double-blind procedure
33. Placebo effect
34. Experimental condition or experimental group
35. Control condition or control group
36. Experimenter bias – unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental
and control groups differently increase the chance of confirming the hypothesis
37. Randomly assigning
38. Hawthorne effect – idea that merely selecting a group of people on whom to experiment affects
the performance of that group
39. Variable
40. Independent variable
41. Dependent variable
42. Confounding variable – any difference between the experimental and control group, except for
the independent variable that might affect the dependent variable
43. Central tendency – measures that attempt to mark the center of a distribution
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a. Mode
b. Mean
c. Median
d. Skewed scores – when a distribution includes an extreme score
e. Positive skew – contains more low scores that high scores
f. Negative skew – contains more high scores than low scores
44. Measures of variability – depict the diversity of the distribution
45. Range
46. Standard deviation
47. Z score – measures the distance of a score away from the mean
48. Inferential statistics – determine whether or not findings can be applied to the larger population
from which the sample was selected
49. Sampling error – the extent from which the sample differs from the population
50. Statistical significance
CHAPTER 2: NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIOR
1. Phrenology
2. Biological psychologists
3. Neuron
4. Dendrite
5. Cell body (soma)
6. Axon
7. Myelin Sheath
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8. Axon terminal
9. Action Potential
10. Resting Potential
11. Depolarizes
12. Excitatory signal
13. Inhibitory signal
14. Threshold
15. All-or-none response
16. Synapse
17. Synaptic gap
18. Neurotransmitters
19. Reuptake
20. Acetylcholine – motor movement - lack of is associated with Alzheimers
21. Dopamine – motor movement and alertness - lack of is associated with Parkinson’s
- too much is associated with schizophrenia
22. Endorphins – pain control
23. Serotonin – mood control
- involved in addictions
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24. Agonists
25. Antagonists
26. Nervous system
27. Central nervous system (CNS)
28. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
29. Nerves
lack of associated with major depression
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30. Sensory neurons (Afferent neurons)
31. Interneurons
32. Motor neurons (Efferent neurons)
33. Somatic nervous system
34. Autonomic nervous system
35. Sympathetic nervous system
36. Parasympathetic nervous system
37. Reflexes
38. Neural networks
39. Phineas Gage (1848) accident at work – damaged front part of brain - become highly
emotional and impulsive
40. Lesion
41. Electroencephalogram (EEG) – detect brain waves - used in sleep research
42. Computer axial tomography scan (CAT) – examine the structure of the brain only
43. Positron emission tomography scan (PET) - detect what areas of the brain are active
44. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - examine the structure of the brain only
45. Brainstem
46. Hindbrain
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Medulla
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Pons
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Cerebellum
47. Midbrain
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Reticular formation
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48. Forebrain
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Limbic System
i. Thalamus
ii. Amygdala
iii. Hypothalamus
iv. Hippocampus
49. Cerebral Cortex
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Fissures (Sylvian Fissure)
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Sulci (Central Sulcus)
50. Glial cells
51. Frontal lobes
52. Broca’s area
53. Parietal lobes
54. Occipital lobes
55. Temporal lobes
56. Wernicke’s area
57. Motor cortex
58. Sensory cortex
59. Association areas
60. Aphasia
61. Plasticity (flexible)
62. Right Hemisphere
63. Left Hemisphere
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64. Corpus callosum
65. Endocrine system
66. Hormones
67. Adrenal glands
CHAPTER 5: SENSATION AND CHAPTER 6 : PERCEPTION
1. Sensation
2. Perception
3. Bottom-up processing - also known as Feature Analysis – use only the information from the
object itself
4. Top-down processing - filling in missing information – use background knowledge
5. Psychophysics
6. Absolute threshold
7. Signal detection theory
8. Difference Threshold
9. Weber’s Law
10. Sensory adaptation
11. Transduction
12. Wavelength
13. Intensity
14. Accommodation
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15. Cornea
16. Pupil
17. Iris
18. Lens
19. Retina
20. Rods
21. Cones
22. Fovea
23. Lateral Geniculate nucleaus: (LGN) the specific region of the thalamus that sends the message
to the occipital lobe of the brain
24. Acuity
25. Nearsightedness
26. Farsightedness
27. Blind spot
28. Feature detector- studied by Hubel and Weisel – they found that different groups of neurons in
the visual cortex responds to different visual images
29. Parallel processing
30. Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory
31. Opponent-process theory
32. Color constancy
33. Audition
34. Frequency – length of the wave and thus determines the pitch of the sound: high pitch = high
frequency
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35. Pitch
36. Amplitude – height of the wave and thus determines the loudness of the sound
37. Place Theory
38. Frequency Theory
39. Pinna
40. Auditory canal
41. Eardrum (Tympanic membrane)
42. Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup
43. Cochlea
44. Conduction Hearing Loss = part of the ear is damaged
45. Sensorineural Hearing loss = loud noise
46. Gate-control theory
47. Taste = Gustation
48. Papillae – the bumps you can see on your tongue, this is where the taste buds are located
49. Smell = Olefaction
50. Olfactory bulb
51. Sensory interaction
52. Kinesthesis – tells specific position and orientation of specific body parts (roller coaster)
53. Vestibular sense – these tell us how our body is oriented in space (keeping balance)
54. Selective attention
55. Visual capture
56. Absolute threshold – smallest amount of stimulus we can detect
57. Subliminal – below the absolute threshold
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58. Difference Threshold (Just Noticeable Difference) – the smallest amount of change needed
before we detect if
59. Weber’s Law – change needed is proportionate to the original intensity of the stimulus
60. Figure-ground
61. Grouping
62. Proximity
63. Similarity
64. Continuity
65. Connectedness
66. Closure
67. Depth perception
68. Visual Cliff
69. Binocular cues
70. Monocular cues
71. Retinal disparity
72. Convergence
73. Relative size
74. Interposition
75. Relative clarity
76. Texture gradient
77. Relative Height
78. Relative motion (motion parallax)
79. Linear Perspective
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80. Light and shadow
81. Phi Phenomenon
82. Perceptual constancy
83. Perceptual adaptation
84. Perceptual set
85. Extrasensory
CHAPTER 7: STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
1. Consciousness –
2. Dualism – believe humans consist of two materials: thought and matter: Matter = everything that has
substance Thought = nonmaterial aspect that comes from the brain
3. Monism – everything is the same substance: thought and matter are parts of the same substance
4. Biological rhythms
5. Circadian rhythms
6. Consciousness
7. Preconscious
8. Unconscious
9. Nonconscious
10. Sleep
11. Sleep onset
12. Stage 1 Sleep
13. Stage 2 Sleep
14. Stage 3 Sleep
15. Stage 4 Sleep
16. Stage 5 Sleep
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17. REM sleep - Paradoxical sleep
18. Beta waves
19. Alpha waves
20. Theta waves
21. Delta waves
22. REM waves
23. Hallucinations
24. Insomnia
25. Narcolepsy
26. Sleep apnea
27. Night Terrors
28. Sleep walking – Somnambulism – stage 4 sleep, most often in children
29. Dream
30. Manifest Content
31. Latent content
32. REM rebound
33. Activation-synthesis theory – dreams are based on biological phenomena
34. Hypnosis
35. Posthypnotic amnesia
36. Posthypnotic suggestions
37. Role theory – some people are more easily hypnotized than others (hypnotic suggestibility)
38. Dissociation Theory – Ernest Hilgard studied and said that hypnosis causes us to divide our
consciousness - one part responds to hypnotist, other is retains awareness of reality
39. Hidden observer
40. Psychoactive drug
41. Tolerance
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42. Withdrawal
43. Physical dependence
44. Psychological dependence
45. Depressants
46. Stimulants
47. Hallucinogens
48. Barbiturates
49. Opiates
50. Amphetamines
51. Cocaine
52. Ecstasy
53. Hallucinogens
54. LSD
55. Marijuana
56. THC
CHAPTER 8: LEARNING
1. Learning
2. Associative learning
3. Classical conditioning
4. Ivan Pavlov
5. Behaviorism
6. John Watson
7. Unconditioned Stimulus
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8. Unconditioned Response
9. Conditioned Stimulus
10. Conditioned Response
11. Acquisition – responding to the CS without a presentation of the US
12. Extinction
13. Delayed conditioning – most effective way of classical conditioning – present the CS first and
then introduce the US while the CS is still evident
14. Trace conditioning – present the CS followed by a short break followed by the US
15. Simultaneous conditioning – CS and US are presented at the same time
16. Backward conditioning – US is presented first and is followed by the CS (ineffective)
17. Spontaneous recovery
18. Generalization
19. Discrimination
20. Aversive conditioning
21. Operant conditioning
22. Respondent behavior
23. Operant behavior
24. Law of effect
25. BF Skinner
26. Skinner box
27. Operant chamber
28. Shaping
29. Reinforcement
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30. Positive reinforcement
31. Negative reinforcement
32. Shaping – reinforcing a behavior towards a specific goal
33. Chaining – perform a number of tasks successively in order to get a reward
34. Primary reinforcers – natural properties that are rewarding in themselves – food, water, rest
35. Conditioned (secondary) reinforcers – rewards we learn the value of – praise, later curfew
36. Generalized reinforcers – reward that can be traded for virtually anything - money
37. Continuous reinforcement
38. Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
39. Ratio schedules – number of responses
40. Interval schedule – passage of time
41. Fixed-ratio schedule – provides reinforcement after a set number of responses – (every 5th time)
42. Variable-ratio schedule – provides reinforcement based on a set number of responses (reward
on the 2nd,5th, and 9th trial – numbers can change)
43. Fixed-interval schedule – requires that certain amount of time has passed before reward is given
44. Variable-interval schedule – Varies the amount of time that elapses before reward is given
45. Punishment
46. Instinctive drift – tendency for animals to forgo rewards to pursue their own behavior
47. Cognitive map
48. Latent learning
49. Edward Tolman – studied latent learning
50. Overjustification effect
51. Intrinsic motivation
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52. Extrinsic motivation
53. Observational learning
54. Albert Bandura
55. Modeling
56. Mirror neurons
57. Prosocial behavior
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Chapter 9: Memory
1. Memory
2. Three-box/ Information-processing model – proposes three stages that information passes
through before it is stored – External events are processed by our sensory memory, then
information is encoded in our short-term memory and then information is encoded into longterm memory
3. Sensory Memory
4. Iconic memory
5. Echoic memory
6. Encoding
7. Visual encoding
8. Acoustic encoding
9. Semantic encoding
10. Automatic processing
11. Effortful processing
12. Short-term memory
13. Serial position effect
14. Primacy effect
15. Recency effect
16. Imagery
17. Mnemonic devices – memory aids
18. Chunking
19. Storage
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20. Rehearsal
21. Elaborative rehearsal (deeply processed) – applying meaning to information to remember it
later (most effective)
22. Maintenance rehearsal (shallowly processed) – repeating information over and over again to
remember it
23. Long-term memory
24. Episodic memories
25. Flashbulb memories
26. Semantic memories
27. Procedural memories
28. Retrieval
29. Recall
30. Recognition
31. Priming
32. Mood-congruent – greater likelihood of recalling an item when our mood matched the mood we
were in when we stored the memory
33. State-dependent – recalling events encoded in a similar state of consciousness
34. Amnesia
35. Retrograde amnesia
36. Anterograde amnesia
37. Implicit memory – unintentional memories that we don’t realize that we have
38. Explicit memory - conscious memories that we know we have
39. Hippocampus
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40. Cerebellum
41. Relearning effect – once you learn information, even it if seems it has decayed, it will be easier
to “relearn” the next time
42. Absent-mindedness
43. Transience
44. Blocking
45. Proactive interference – Older information learned previously interferes with the recall of
information learned more recently “I have a hard time learning the color pink, because I know
the color red already.”
46. Retroactive interference – Learning new information interferes with recall of older information
“Now that I know the color pink, I can’t remember the color red.”
47. Repression
48. Misinformation effects
49. Long-term potentiation – neurons can strengthen connections between each other in long-term
memory
50. Phonemes – smallest units of sound in language
51. Morphemes – smallest unit of meaningful sound in language
52. Language acquisition – the process of acquiring language abilities
53. Linguistic relativity hypothesis – Benjamin Whorf – language we use might control and is some
ways limit our thinking
54. Nativist theory of language acquisition – humans are born with a language acquisition device
that allows us to lean a language rapidly as children
55. Heuristic – rule of thumb
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56. Availability heuristic – judging a situation based on related situations that come to mind (may
lead to incorrect conclusions)
57. Representative heuristic – judging a situation based on judgments/schemas they have
58. Rigidity – tendency to fall into established thought patterns
59. Functional fixedness – the inability to see a new use for an object
60. Confirmation bias – we look for evidence that confirms our belief and ignore evidence that
contradicts what we think
61. Convergent thinking – thinking pointed toward one solution
62. Divergent thinking – thinking that searches for multiple possible answers
Chapter 12: Motivation
1. Motivation
2. Primary drive – biological needs
3. Secondary drive – learned drives
4. Drive-reduction theory
5. Yerkes-Dodson law – we might perform well at an easy task with a high level of arousal, but with
the same amount of arousal we may be prevented from performing well on a difficult task
6. Homeostasis
7. Arousal Theory – states that we seek an optimum level of excitement or arousal
8. Incentives
9. Hierarchy of Needs
10. Abraham Maslow
11. Glucose
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12. Externals – people motivated to eat by the presence and presentation of food
13. Internals – people motivated to eat due to internal hunger cues
14. Set point
15. Basal metabolic rate
16. Lateral hypothalamus – when stimulated it causes individual to eat
17. Ventromedial hypothalamus – when stimulated it causes individual to stop eating
18. Anorexia nervosa
19. Bulimia nervosa
20. Sexual response cycle
a. Initial excitement
b. Plateau phase
c. Orgasm
d. Resolution phase
21. Sexual disorders
22. Estrogen
23. Sexual orientation
24. Flow
25. Industrial-organizational psychology
26. Personnel psychology
27. Organizational psychology
28. Achievement motivation
29. Extrinsic motivation – rewards get for accomplishments from outside ourselves
30. Intrinsic motivation – rewards we get internally
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31. Task leadership
32. Social leadership
33. Theory X
34. Theory Y
Chapter 13: Emotion
1. Emotions
2. James-Lange theory
3. Cannon-Bard theory
4. Two-factor theory – both out physical responses and our cognitive labels combine to cause an
emotional response
5. Catharsis
6. Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
7. Subjective well being
8. Adaptation-level phenomenon
9. Relative deprivation
10. Fear
11. Anger
12. Happiness
13. Stressors – certain life events
14. Stress reactions – how we react to these changes in the environment
15. Hans Seyle’s General adaptation syndrome (GAS) –
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a. Alarm reaction – Heart rate increases, blood is diverted away from other body functions
to muscles needed to react. The organism readies itself to meet the challenge through
activation of the Sympathetic Nervous System
b. Resistance – The body remains physiologically ready (high heart rate)
c. Exhaustion - parasympathetic nervous system returns our physiological state to normal
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Chapter 4: Development
1. Cross-sectional study – study participants of different ages at varying points of development to compare
changes over a life span (Example: 3 different groups ages 2 years, 6 years, and 10 years)
2. Longitudinal study – study of one group of participants over a period of time
3. Zygotes
4. Embryo
5. Fetus
6. Teratogens
7. Fetal alcohol syndrome
8. Neonate
9. Rooting reflex
10. Sucking reflex
11. Grasping reflex
12. Swallowing reflex
13. Stepping reflex
14. Maternity Blues
15. Postpartum depression
16. Maturation
17. Developmental norms
18. Motor development
19. Cognitive development
20. Schemas
21. Assimilate
22. Accommodate
23. Cognition
24. Jean Piaget
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25. Sensorimotor stage (birth – 2 years)
26. Object permanence
27. Preoperational stage (2 years – 7 years)
28. Conservation
29. Egocentric
30. Theory of mind
31. Autism
32. Concrete operational stage (7 years – 12 years)
33. Formal operational stage (12 years – adulthood)
34. Social Development
35. Stranger anxiety
36. Attachment
37. Harry Harlow – monkey experiment on attachment (wire mothers verses soft mother)
38. Mary Ainsworth – studied attachment by placing infants into novel situations and observing their reactions
a. Secure attachments – explore the environment while parents are present / distressed when parents
leave / come to parents when parents return
b. Avoidant attachments – explore the environment while parents are present / resist being held by
parents / do not go to parents when they return
c. Anxious/ambivalent attachments (resistant attachments) – show extreme stress when parents leave /
resist being comforted by parents
39. Authoritarian – set strict rules for children and apply punishments for violating the rules
40. Permissive – do not set clear guidelines for children, rules may constantly change or are not enforced
consistently, unpredictable
41. Authoritative – set consistent rules that are understood by and explained to the child, child is encouraged to be
independent, but must follow rules
42. Critical period
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43. Imprinting
44. Self concept
45. Adolescence
46. Puberty
47. Primary sex characteristics
48. Secondary sex characteristics
49. Menarche
50. Moral Development
51. Lawrence Kohlberg
52. Preconventional morality
53. Conventional morality
54. Postconventional morality
55. Sigmund Freud
a. Oral stage
b. Anal stage
c. Phallic stage
d. Latency stage
e. Genital stage
56. Fixation
57. Erik Erikson
58. Erikson’s stage theory – Psychosocial stage theory
a. Trust vs. Mistrust
b. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
c. Initiative vs. guilt
d. Industry vs. inferiority
e. Identity vs. role confusion
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f.
Intimacy vs. isolation
g. Generativity vs. stagnation
h. Integrity vs. despair
59. Physical development
60. Menopause
61. Dementia
62. Alzheimer’s Disease
63. Crystallized intelligence
64. Fluid intelligence
65. Social clock
66. Elizabeth Kubler-Ross
67. Stages of Dying
a. Denial
b. Bargaining
c. Depression
d. Anger
e. Acceptance
Chapter 15: Personality
1. Personality
2. Sigmund Freud
3. Free association
4. Psychoanalysis
5. Unconscious
6. Preconscious
7. Id – Pleasure principle
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8. Ego – Reality principle
9. Superego
10. Psychosexual stages
a. Oral
b. Anal
c. Phallic
d. Latency
e. Genital
11. Oedipus complex
12. Electra complex
13. Identification
14. Fixate
15. Defense Mechanisms
16. Repression
17. Denial – not accepting the truth
18. Regression
19. Reaction formation
20. Projection
21. Rationalization
22. Displacement
23. Projective Tests
24. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
25. Rorschach inkblot test
26. Alfred Adler
a. Inferiority complex
27. Karen Horney
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28. Carl Jung
29. Collective Unconscious
30. Archetypes – universal concepts we all share as part of the human species (Ex. A shadow represents evil
side of personality)
31. Abraham Maslow
32. Self-actualization
33. Carl Rogers
34. Unconditional positive regard
35. Self-concept
36. Gordon Allport
37. Traits
38. Isaabel Myers and Kathleen Briggs
39. Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck
a. Introversion and extroversion
40. Personality inventories
41. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
42. the Barnum effect – an individual’s tendency to see themselves in a vague, general description of
personality Ex: horoscopes, psychics, fortune tellers
43. Empirically derived
44. the Big Five Factor Theory
a. Openness
b. Conscientiousness
c. Extroversion
d. Agreeableness
e. Neuroticism
45. Social-cognitive perspective
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46. Reciprocal determinism
47. Personal control
48. Julian Rotter – studied and developed the loci of control
a. External locus of control
b. Internal locus of control
49. Learned helplessness
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AP Exam Review
CHAPTER 11: TESTING AND INTELLIGENCE
1. Intelligence tests
2. Intelligence – the ability to gather and use information in productive ways
3. Thurstone – suggested that intelligence consisted of 7 main mental abilities
4. Guilford – suggested that intelligence consisted of well over 100 mental abilities
5. Howard Gardner
6. Multiple Intelligence theory
a. Linguistic
b. Logical-mathematical
c. Spatial
d. Musical
e. Bodily-kinesthetic
f. Intrapersonal
g. Interpersonal
7. Emotional Intelligence (Daniel Goleman)
8. Alfred Binet
9. Mental age
10. Lewis Terman
11. Stanford-Binet
12. Intelligence quotient (IQ) – divide the mental age by chronological age and multiply by 100
13. Factor Analysis
14. General intelligence (g) the name that Spearman the single factor intelligence
15. Savant syndrome
16. Creativity
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AP Exam Review
17. 5 components of creativity
18. Aptitude tests
19. Achievement tests
20. Speed test – a large amount of questions in a short amount of time
21. Power test – questions increasing in difficulty as the test goes on
22. WAIS – Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
23. Standardization
24. Standardized sample – a group representative of a population of the intended study
25. Normal Curve
26. Reliability – the repeatability or consistency of the tests as a means of measurement
27. Split-half reliability – correlating people’s performances on two halves or a test
28. Rest-retest reliability – correlation between a person’s score on one administration of the test
with the same person’s score on an another administration of the same test
29. Validity – the test measures what it is supposed to
30. Face validity – superficial measure of accuracy
31. Content validity – refers to how well a measure reflects the entire range of material it is supposed
to be testing
32. Concurrent validity – measures how much of a characteristic a person has now
33. Predictive validity – a measure of future performance
34. Mental retardation
35. Down Syndrome
36. Stereotype threat
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AP Exam Review
37. Flynn effect – Since performance on Intelligence tests has increased, but the gene pool has
stayed the same, environmental factors such as nutrition, education, and television and video
games play a role in intelligence
CHAPTER 16: ABNORMAL DISORDERS
1. Psychological disorder
2. Medical model
3. Bio-psycho-social perspective
4. DSM-IV
5. Eclectic
6. Neurotic disorder
7. Psychotic disorder
8. Anxiety disorder
9. Generalized anxiety disorder
10. Panic disorder
11. Agoraphobia
12. Phobias
13. Specific phobia
14. Social phobia
15. Obsessive-Compulsive disorder
16. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
17. Somatoform disorders
18. Hypochondriasis
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AP Exam Review
19. Conversion disorder
20. Mood disorders
21. Major depressive disorder
22. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
23. Manic episode
24. Bipolar disorder
25. Dissociative disorder
26. Dissociative fugue
27. Dissociative identity disorder
28. Schizophrenia
29. Delusions
30. Hallucinations
31. Paranoid Schizophrenia
32. Disorganized Schizophrenia
33. Inappropriate affect – inappropriate behavior
34. Flat affect – no emotional response at all
35. Catatonic schizophrenia
a. Waxy flexibility- body moves in any alternative shape and hold the pose
36. Undiffferentiated Schizophrenia
37. Personality disorder
38. Antisocial personality disorder
39. Dependent personality disorder
40. Narcissistic personality disorder – seeing oneself as the center of the universe
41. Histrionic personality disorder – overly dramatic behaviors
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AP Exam Review
42. Paraphilias – sexual attraction to an object, person or activity usually not seen as sexual
a. Attraction to children = pedophilia
b. Attraction to animals = zoophilia
c. Attraction to objects – fetishism
43. Masochist – someone who becomes aroused by having pain inflicted on them
44. Sadist – someone who is aroused by inflicting pain on others
45. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder – difficulty paying attention or sitting still
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CHAPTER 17 – THERAPY
1. Deinstitutionalization – the release of may people from mental institutions in the 50’s due to the
development of drugs that could moderate the effects of severe disorders
2. Psychotherapy
3. Eclectic approach
4. Psychoanalysis
a. Sigmund Freud
b. Hypnosis
c. Free association
d. Resistance
e. Interpretations
f. Manifest content vs. latent content
g. Transference
5. Humanistic
a. Self-actualization
b. Free will
c. Determinism
6. Client-centered therapy
7. Carl Rogers
8. Unconditional positive regard – a blanket acceptance and support of a person regardless of
what the person says or does
9. Active listening
10. Behavior therapy
11. Counterconditioning
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12. Exposure therapies
13. Systematic desensitization
14. Anxiety hierarchy – rank-ordered list of what the client fears, starting with least frightening to
most frightening
15. Extinguished – getting rid of a fear
16. Flooding – experiencing ones fear until it is extinguished
17. Aversive Conditioning
18. Token economy
19. Cognitive therapies
20. Cognitive-behavior therapy
21. Rational emotive therapy (RET) – look to expose and confront the dysfunctional thoughts of their
clients
22. Cognitive therapy – get client to engage in pursuit that will bring them success
23. Family therapy
24. Meta-analysis
25. Psychopharmacology (chemotherapy)
26. Antipsychotic drugs (Thorazine or Haldol)
27. Tardive dyskinesia, - unfortunate side affect of antipsychotic drugs – chronic muscle tremors
28. Antianxiety drugs
29. Barbiturates – Miltown and benzodiazepines (including Xanax and Valium)- two common drugs
to treat anxiety
30. Antidepressant drugs
31. Tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, serotonin-reuptake-inhibitor drugs that treat depression by increasing the activity of serotonin in the brain
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32. Electroconvulsive therapy
33. Psychosurgery
34. Lobotomy (prefrontal)
CHAPTER 18: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
1. Social Psychology
2. Social cognition – explain how people think about themselves and others
3. Attribution theory
4. Fundamental attribution error
5. False-consensus effect – tendency for people to overestimate the number of people who agree
with them
6. Self-serving bias – tendency to take more credit for good outcomes that for bad ones
7. Attitude
8. Self-fulfilling prophecy – the expectations we have of others can influence how those others
behave
9. Compliance strategies – the use of certain strategies to get others to comply with their wishes
10. Foot-in-the-door phenomenon – suggests that if you can get people to agree to a small request,
they will be more likely to agree with a follow-up request that is larger
11. Door-in-the-face strategy – suggests that if people refuse a large request, they will be more likely
to agree to a follow-up request that seems more reasonable
12. Norms of reciprocity – people think that when someone does something nice for them they ought
to do something nice in return
13. Cognitive dissonance theory
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14. Conformity
15. Normative social influence
16. Information social influence
17. Social facilitation
18. Social loafing
19. Deindividuation
20. Group polarization
21. Groupthink
22. Prejudice
23. Stereotype
24. Ingroup
25. In-group bias – a documented preference for members of one’s own group
26. Outgroup
27. Out-group homogeneity – tendency to see people of our own group as the in-group and those not
in our group as the out-group
28. Contact theory – states that contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity if the groups
are made to work toward a common goal
29. Scapegoat theory
30. Just-world phenomenon
31. Aggression
32. Instrumental aggression – an aggressive act is intended to secure a particular end
33. Hostile aggression – an aggressive act that has no clear purpose
34. Frustration-aggression principle
35. Conflict
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36. Social trap
37. Mere exposure effect
38. Passionate love
39. Companionate love
40. Equity
41. Self-disclosure
42. Altruism
43. Bystander effect
44. Diffusion of responsibility – the larger the number of people who witness an emergency
situation, the less likely any one is to intervene
45. Pluralistic ignorance – people seem to decide what constitutes appropriate behavior in a
situation by looking to others
46. Social exchange theory
47. Superordinate goals
48. GRIT
49. Norms – rules about how group members should act
50. Roles – the position one takes in a social situation