Chapter 11-1
Name:
Period:
Date:
369 AP US HISTORY
AMERICA; PAST AND PRESENT
CHAPTER 11: THE PURSUIT OF PERFECTION
From 1830 a wave of
revivals swept the North led by Charles G.
who called for
and
renewal. Early converts came from
the middle class and they in turn pressured their em
proper
and
to higher standards of
conformity. By concentrating on the
religious conversion and moral uplift of the individual Finney trusted that the
follow. Sims attacked included:
. The
outgrowth of this religious movement brought
and
and inspired more
movements. (i.e. abolition, temperance, etc.)
I.
The Rise of Evangelicalism (p. 298)
Define secular-humanistic beliefs (dictionary)/Enlightenment Reading
1.
They (evangelists) capitalized on the growing willingness of Americans to form effective
organizations; renewals were often followed by
into
to spread the
and
of the faithful
American
.
Second Great Awakening (1801-1820/1830s)
2.
How did Southern and frontier (Midwest) revivalism differ from Northern/Urban
revivalism? p. 300
Chapter 11-2
3.
List the differences (p. 300-301)
Deism/Unitarianism
Calvinists/Neo-Calvinists
(Finney)/(Beecher)
4.
Reforms inspired by the middle class who had taken part in the Great Awakening
included
a)
dueling, gambling, prostitution
b)
*American Temperance Society (1826) p.303
c)
Explain the term “benevolent empire” p. 303
5.
In this era hypothesize as to why church and state complimented one another:
II.
Domesticity and Changes in the American Family p.304
6.
Women were increasingly
to the domestic circle, but assumed a
within it.
Chapter 11-3
7.
Recount the major changes in marriage/sex roles and childhood (fill in)
a)
Triumph of
b)
Marriage had become more a matter of
exertion of
c)
In law the husband remained the
d)
Who held legal authority over property and children?
and less an
*Cult of True Womanhood/Ideology or Cult of Domesticity/Republican Motherhood
1820s/1830s (all of these phrases are interchangeable for the same concept)
*Catherine Beecher
e)
By the Nineteenth century childrens’ upbringing changed dramatically. Describe
below what happened:
f)
g)
III.
Size of the Family=
Birth Control Methods:
Institutional Reform—p. 307
Reformers worked to establish or improve public institutions that were designed to shape
individual character and instill a capacity for self-discipline. Hypothesize as to why this
might be happening:
*Role of Public Schools/Horace Mann
*Role of Asylums/Dorothea Dix
Chapter 11-4
8.
Explain the splits in the following organizations:
Temperance Society (1836)
American Peace Society (1828)
*American Colonization Society (1817)
*William Lloyd Garrison/American Anti-Slavery Society (1833)
*Frederick Douglas
9.
was a major cause of antiablititionist violence in the _________.
tended to fear that
and social competition with
would increase if abolitionists succeeded in
citizens. By the end of the
In the
slaves and making them
the abolitionist movement was under great stress.
abolitionism caused a strong counter reaction and helped inspire a more
militant and uncompromising
of slavery.
*Declaration of Sentiments/Seneca Falls, New York (1848) p. 317
10.
Utopian Socialism—As expressed by Charles Fourier:
communities in which everyone did a
.
of the work and tasks
were allotted to make use of the natural abilities and instincts of the members. Why were so
many of these communities short-lived?
*Transcendentalism
*Emerson/Thoreau
11.
Pre-Civil War reform was both a
of America’s promise. It condemned the
It sought to
(p. 320)
of American reality and a
CHAPTER 11 ID’S
1801-1820/1830’s
SECOND GREAT AWAKENING
Pgs. 299-300
The Second Great Awakening started on the southern frontier in 1801. The vehicle of the
Awakening was the camp meeting. Generally Methodist or Baptists evangelists would organize
a meeting at which people could get baptized, married, or have a communal religious experience.
Although most of the people who attended the meetings were religious, hecklers attended as
well. The evangelists would sometimes be able to convert these people. The frontier
Awakening strengthened personal piety and morality, but it didn’t stimulate organized
benevolence or social reform. The Awakening in the North was much different. The
Awakening started in the early 1800’s to combat the Unitarians, a group of men from Yale who
followed Deism. The leading Northern evangelist was Lyman Beecher. Beecher followed the
ideas of Timothy Dwight, the president of Yale. Dwight said that every man could overcome his
natural temptation to sin. Beecher preached in many Congregational churches. Another
evangelist was Charles G. Finney. Finney preached in Congregational and Presbyterian churches
in New York. Finney appealed directly to a person’s heart rather than to doctrine or reason. He
said that people could be totally sin-free, like God. Beecher and Finney disagreed with each
other, and they were never able to reconcile their differences. The Great Awakening in the North
started a flood of social reforms. Groups like the American Bible Society and the American
Tract Society put out religious texts, while other groups tried to wipe out dueling, gambling,
prostitution, and drinking.
-21826
AMERICAN TEMPERANCE SOCIETY
Pg. 303
Lyman Beecher’s most effective social reform was his attack on alcohol. Alcohol was a
real problem in America in 1826. Whiskey was cheaper than milk and safer than water. Hard
liquor was used as a table beverage, and it was drunk by adults and children alike. Alcoholism
was great problem. Reformers saw alcohol as a source of crime and disorder. It also was a
danger to the family. Wealthier people were afraid that lower class mobs would get drunk and
destroy private property. In 1826, a group of reformers organized the American Temperance
Society. The Society’s purpose was to encourage abstinence from hard liquor. It sent out
literature, held essay contests, and organized revival meetings. The Society was effective,
forming many local branches and making abstinence a sign of respectability.
1820’s/1830’s
CULT OF TRUE WOMANHOOD
Pgs. 304-305
The Cult of True Womanhood was the term applied to the role of the woman during the
first half of the 1800’s. Otherwise known as the ideology of domesticity or Republican
motherhood, the woman’s role was spiritual head of the home. It was women who went to the
evangelical sermons and enrolled in churches. It was their job to pass this spiritual goodness
onto their children and their husband. Part of this developed because the husband was away at
work all day and the wife was at home due to changing work conditions. The woman was the
head of the household because she was there all day. She had to raise her children to be good
citizens and provide a shelter for her husband from the cruel outside world.
-31820’s/1830’s
CATHERINE BEECHER
Pg. 306
Catherine Beecher was one of Lyman Beecher’s daughters. She wanted to make teaching
a woman’s profession. She thought that since woman were supposed to be pious and good, that
they should pass that on to young men through the schools. This would help keep America from
corruption and materialism. Beecher realized that women couldn’t reform their husbands, but
they could reform their children.
1820-1850
ROLE OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS/HORACE MANN
Pgs 307-311
Before 1820, education was very haphazard. Basically, only the rich were educated in
the North, and almost no one was educated in the South. During the 1820’s and the 1830’s the
push for public education was started by the workers because they thought it would be way to
close the gap between rich and poor. The middle class took up the cause and provided the
momentum needed for public education to become the norm. The spokesman for common
schools was Horace Mann of Massachusetts. In 1837 he persuaded the legislature to create a
public school system. He resigned his place as a representative to become the first secretary of
the school board. Mann felt that children were clay that could be molded to a state of perfection.
He didn’t believe in corporal punishment. He also justified the use of property taxes to pay for
the schools because private property was held in trust for the good of the community. Mann’s
schools taught morality rather than the normal school subjects. Often, they alienated the poorer
classes because they tried to impose a uniform culture on varied people.
-41820’s-1830’s
ROLE OF ASYLUMS/DOROTHEA DIX
Pgs. 311-312
During the 1820’s and 30’s state-supported asylums, prisons, and poorhouses were set
up. The prisons were admired because they used solitary confinement as a way to rehabilitate
inmates. The institutions were supposed to take the place of the family. They didn’t succeed.
Inmates were subjected to strict daily routines. Overcrowding was common and inmates were
often beaten for discipline. Dorothea Dix saw this and between 1838 and the Civil War lobbied
for asylum and prison reform. She succeeded and many new state hospitals and prisons were
opened to relieve the overcrowding.
1817
AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY
Pg. 313
The American Colonization Society was one of the first abolitionist groups in the U.S.
The colonizationsists said that slavery was evil, but it couldn’t be eradicated without the support
of the southern slaveholders. They said that freed slaves should be shipped to Africa so a race
war wouldn’t begin. In 1821, the society established Liberia.
-51833 WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON/AMERICAN ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY
Pgs. 313-314
Colonization did nothing to stop the spread of slavery. William Lloyd Garrison and other
called for immediate emancipation without emigration. Garrison published an abolitionist
journal called the Liberator in 1831. In 1833 he established the American Anti-Slavery Society.
The Society believed that colonization was a slaveholders plot to remove troublesome blacks.
The American Anti-Slavery Society replaced the American Colonization Society as the major
force for abolitionists.
1838
FREDERICK DOUGLASS
Pg. 314
Frederick Douglass was a slave who escaped in 1838. He became on of the most
important spokespeople for the abolitionist movement.
-61848DECLARATION OF SENTIMENTS/SENECA FALLS, NEW YORK
Pg. 317
The feminist movement was really started by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
These two women were a part of Garrison’s Anti-Slavery Society. After the Society walked out
of a London convention because the people refused to seat the women, Stanton and Mott decided
to start their own movement. They started their feminist campaign. The most important point of
the campaign was the convention in Seneca Falls, New York. The Declaration of Sentiments put
out at the convention called for the right to vote, and the freedom from laws giving husbands
control of property and children.
1840’s
TRANSCENDENTALISM/EMERSON & THOREAU
Pgs.318-319
Transcendentalism was a philosophical movement that said that man could transcend
material reality and reach a higher plane of reason. Transcendentalism was the American form
of romanticism that emerged in the 1800’s.
Ralph Waldo Emerson was the first
transcendentalist. He set out transcendentalist doctrine. He came up with the idea of oversoul.
One of his followers, Henry David Thoreau, acted out Emerson’s ideas. Between 1845 and 1847
Thoreau lived on Walden Pond alone.
369 AP US HISTORY
AMERICA: PAST AND PRESENT
QUIZ: CHAPTER 11
Name
Period
Date
Multiple Choice
Circle the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1.
Pious Protestants of the early nineteenth century were concerned about
a.
the spread of secular humanism.
b.
the lack of respect for the example of Christian orthodoxy set by the Founding
Fathers.
c.
the increase in established state churches.
d.
declining membership in frontier churches, such as the Baptist and the Methodist.
2.
Camp meetings on the frontier provided all of the following except
a.
an emotional outlet.
b.
a sense of community.
c.
a rational appeal to moral behavior.
d.
a rite of passage for a young man or woman.
3.
The Second Great Awakening in the North especially appealed to
a.
Unitarians, searching for a revival theology consistent with their view of the
Trinity.
b.
small-to medium-sized town dwellers with New England Puritan backgrounds.
c.
urban workers and mechanics, looking to revivals for relief from daily work
problems.
d.
rural planters, seeking a method to help them with their drinking problems.
4.
Temperance reformers opposed public drunkenness because it
a.
spawned crime and vice.
b.
was a threat to the family.
c.
was a threat to private property and public order.
d.
all of the above.
5.
The “Cult of True Womanhood” or the “ideology of domesticity” achieved
a.
true equality for men and women.
b.
some equality for women, especially in the ownership of property.
c.
some equality for women, especially in religion and morals for the family and as a
companion for her husband.
d.
nothing that was not already accomplished in the colonial era.
6.
The rise of the “Cult of True Womanhood” was caused by
a.
a division in the working lives of men and women.
b.
successful Supreme Court decisions.
c.
the high number of women in the teaching profession.
d.
agitation by organized groups.
7.
The new literature that glorified the “Cult of True Woman hood” appealed especially to
a.
relatively affluent women.
b.
single women.
c.
working-class wives.
d.
rural and mountain wives.
8.
The nineteenth century has been called the “century of the child” for which of the
following reasons?
a.
The average family had more children.
b.
Birth control and abortion were not available.
c.
Children were an economic asset to the urban family.
d.
The family became more child-centered.
9.
The purpose of public education as seen by Horace Mann was to teach
a.
cultural plurality.
b.
morality and discipline.
c.
freedom, liberty, and other ideals of the American Revolution.
d.
that the rights of private property are absolute.
10.
The “discovery of the Asylum”
a.
occurred because economic development led to the rise of urban areas and the
decline of cohesive villages.
b.
resulted in placing lunatics and paupers with families in small towns.
c.
led to the abolition of solitary confinement.
d.
happened after a Calvinist revival meeting.
11.
William Lloyd Garrison and the American Anti-Slavery Society advocated
a.
gradual emancipation with compensation to owners.
b.
gradual emancipation without compensation to owners.
c.
immediate abolition of slavery and colonization of blacks in Africa.
d.
immediate abolition of slavery without emigration..
12.
Which of the following caused a formal split in the American Anti-Slavery Society?
a.
Garrison’s attack of the clergy
b.
racism in the North
c.
Garrison’s support for women’s rights
d.
Black leadership in the organization
13.
The primary catalyst for the women’s rights movement of the 1830s was the
a.
“Cult of True Womanhood”
b.
abolitionist movement
c.
Rise of free public education
d.
Second Great Awakening
14.
The “Declaration of Sentiments” of the Seneca Falls meeting of 1848 stated that
a.
men had established a tyranny over women.
b.
men should willingly accept the cult of domesticity.
c.
women should have equal rights but only in their own spheres.
d.
women should have the right to vote, but not necessarily equality within the
family.
15.
The utopian socialist communities of the 1830’s and 1840’s were
a.
all secular with no religious basis.
b.
variable in organization and leadership.
c.
based on the idea of “free love”.
d.
based on a purely American idea.