Livia Chan
AP US History – Period 3
October 26, 2010
Chapter 9: Jacksonian America ~ Key Terms (p.234-242)
Broadening the Franchise- (p.234) before 1820s, voters = white male property owners +
taxpayers -> greatly restricted voting rights, right before Jackson’s election = expand
voting requirements: all white males and voters = able to run for public office -> 1st in
west states then east join b/c feared people would leave and rising democratization forces.
Dorr Rebellion- (p.235) RI legisl refused to change const to expand voting require. ->
Thomas L. Dorr + others = “People’s party” + new const: popular vote and widely
approved, rejected by state legisl -> Dorrites = new govt. w/ Dorr as gov. -> Dorrites =
rebels+imprisoned, Rebellion: tried to capture state arsenal but failed -> changed RI const.
Democratic Reforms- (p.236) change in method of voting = ↑ voters; helped Jackson
reach presidency -> reforms credited to Jackson
Second Party System- (p.237) the need of diff. political parties was accepted as a
byproduct of Amer. Govt -> 1830s Whigs vs. Democrats
Spoils System- (p.238) Jackson replaced many federal officeholders w/ his own
supporters; allies of Jackson = support his ideas -> less opposition
Calhoun’s Theory of Nullification- (p.239) John C. Calhoun (vice president to Andrew
Jackson) developed theory that state could declare fed. law that felt was unconstitutional
void; SC wanted to nullify tariff or else secede
Martin Van Buren- (p.2399-240) secretary of state under Jackson and close advisor to
Jackson; ended Calhoun’s hope for presidency
Compromise for Nullification Crisis- (p.241) Henry Clay’s comp. = 1832 tariff of
abominations decrease over 10 years and reach same level as 1816 -> SC null. of tariffs =
repealed; showed fed. govt. would and could overpower opposition of single state
In colonial period,
Puritans slightly
respected natives but
decided they were
savages but able to
be civilized. In
1800s, though,
Amer. took an even
larger step towards
hostility towards
natives.
October 27, 2010
Chapter 9: Jacksonian America ~ Key Terms (p.242-249)
Changing Attitude Towards the Indians- (p.242) in 1700s many white Amer. Though of
Ind. as “noble savages” (without any real civilization but was possible) -> early 1800s
Amer. viewed Native Amer. as uncivilized and impossible to be; believed Amer.
shouldn’t live in close contact w/ tribes
Black Hawk War- (p.242-243) Black Hawk refused to accept treaty signed by rival tribal
faction that gave tribal lands in Illinois to U.S. -> Black Hawk + followers reoccupy
lands and whites vowed to exterminate natives, attacked even when Black Hawk try to
surrender -> killed many Ind; showed how cruel white military efforts could be, conflicts
b/w whites and natives intensified through white desire for westward expansion
Removal Act- (p.243) 1830 Congress set aside $ to finance federal negotiations w/
southern tribes that would relocate them to west; tribes faced pressure to relocate from
state and fed. govt. -> many = too weak to resist and gave up land for $
Removal of
Cherokees in winter
showed that Amer.
didn’t much care for
well-being of the
natives and were in
hurry to get rid of
Ind. as soon as
possible.
Cherokee Resistance- (p.243) brought case to Supreme Court = Cherokee Nation v.
Georgia (1831) and Worcester v. Georgia (1832); even though Jackson didn’t support
Native Amer. (wanted support of westerners and southerners), Marshall ruled in favor of
Cherokees in Worcester v. Georgia -> 1835 fed. govt. and small faction of Cherokees =
treaty -> tribal land in Georgia given to U.S. for $5 mill. and reservation west of MS R.,
small faction ≠ representative of entire tribe so 17,000 didn’t move, Jackson drove them
away w/ army of 7,000 under General Winfield Scott
Trail of Tears- (p.243-244) Cherokee removal to Indian Terr. (aka OK) in winter of 1838;
difficult journey that killed almost 1/8+ before/ soon after journey end
Indian Removal- (p.244) 1830-1838 almost all “5 civilized tribes” relocated to Ind. Terr.
(created by Indian Intercourse Act of 1834); 1.) 1830 Choctaws, 2.) 1836 Creeks, 3.)
1837 Chikasaw, 4.) 1838 Cherokees, 5.) Seminoles able to resist relocation efforts
Seminole War- (p.244-245) 1835-1842 Most Seminoles in FL agreed to relocate to Ind.
Terr. but others rebelled under chieftain Osceola, Seminoles + runaway black slaves cont.
to fight until 1842, U.S. govt gave up but most of those Seminoles were dead/moved west,
Seminole relocation never completed, showed Ind. = capable of resisting U.S. govt.
Alternatives to Removal- (p.245) in far west U.S., Can., Mex. and natives existed
together and developed societies where all were in close contact, Lewis and Clark exped:
lived in native tribes temp.; two cultures could’ve interacted and shaped each other
Hard and Soft Money- (p.246) supporters of soft money = believed issuing bank notes
unsupported by gold/silver = best way to circulate more currency, supported economic
growth, supporters of hard money: gold + silver = only form of currency, suspicious of
expansion + speculation; both types of people opposed Bank of U.S. soft b/c state banks
were restricted from freely issuing bank notes and hard b/c Bank issued paper money
Removal of Government Deposits- (p.247) Jackson didn’t have power to stop Bank but
found way to weaken institution: withdraw govt. deposits which it relied on to run ->
Nicholas Biddle (president of Bank) called in loans and ↑ interest rates hoping small
recession would catch Congress’s attention and stop Jackson -> supporters of Bank
blame Jackson and same for supporters of Jackson to Biddle -> Biddle change tactics and
grant large amounts of credit -> lost recharter of bank -> Jackson won Bank war but 1836
U.S. lost valuable and stable financial institution and left w/ an unstable banking system
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge- (p.248) 1837 1st company had charter from state
to have toll bridge and guaranteed monopoly of bridge traffic, later another company
received charter from legisl. to make 2nd bridge that was toll free and would compete
against 1st bridge company -> brought to Supreme Court under Roger B. Taney as chief
justice -> ruled in favor of 2nd company b/c in order to promote general happiness it was
necessary to abolish 1st charter; demonstrated Jacksonian idea of expanding economic
opportunity by removing old corporations that would provide challenge to newer ones,
also showed how Supreme Court’s nationalistic ways under Marshall were changing
October 28, 2010
Whig Party
collapsed after
Kansas-Nebraska
act b/c became
divided into Cotton
Whigs and
Conscience Whigs
Chapter 9: Jacksonian America ~ Key Terms (p.249-256)
Birth of the Whig Party- (p.249) named after party in England who tried to limit power of
King Andrew I; nation = second party system where both parties accepted the existence
of the other and competed to be the best party
Democrats’ Emphasis on Opportunity- (p.249) 1830s envisions future of U.S. to have
more opportunities for while males politically and economically; mean defending Union
Locofocos- radical Democrats (workingmen, small businessmen, professionals in
Northwest) strongly supported possible violent attack on monopoly
Whiggery- (p.249) supported expanding fed govt powers, industry./ commercial
development and united country w/ single economic systm; feared expansion = instability,
supported establishing banks, corporations, other modernizing institutions, unlike Demos.
Difference in Supporters- (p.249) Whigs: substantial merchants and manufacturers in
Northwest, rich planters in S., ambitious farmers and rising commercial class of west;
Democrats: small merchants and workingmen in Northwest, southern planters who feared
industrial growth, westerners who originated from S. and supported traditional agrarian
economy and opposed powerful institutions in area
Anti-Masons- (p.249) 1820s response to Society of Freemasons (secret, exclusive,
supposedly undemocratic); Whigs connected w/ Anti-Masons and used opportunity to
attack Jackson and Van Buren (Freemasons), Demos = for democracy but support of
Freemasonry = contradict -> 1826 William Morgan (ex Mason) suddenly disappeared
when claimed to publish Freemasonry secrets in book -> ↑ support of Anti-Masons
Great Triumvirate- (p.250) 3 most influential people of Whig Party:
 Henry Clay: American system = program for internal improvements and
economic development -> won over many supporters
 Daniel Webster: gained support though powerful speeches that defended Const.
and Union; unpopular to some b/c connection w/ national bank + protective tariff,
relied on rich for financial support, and was alcoholic
 John C. Calhoun: became known as The Great Triumvirate, never considered self
true Whig and not supported by some b/c nullification controversy
Whigs’ strategy to
win election
backfired against
them and their
divided candidates =
helped Van Buren
win
Election of 1836- (p.250) Democratic presidential candidate = Martin Van Buren (chosen
by Jackson), Whigs = divided b/w 3 candidates: Webster (New Eng.), Hugh Lawson
White (S.), William Henry Harrison (middle states + west); believed candidates
altogether = take away votes from Van Buren but Van Buren easily won
Distribution Act- (p.251) 1835-1837 U.S. govt. was w/out any debt and had economic
boom w/ surplus in Treasury, act was suggested by Whigs = govt. surplus given to states
as loans w/out interest (not expected to be paid back) in quarterly installments per year
Specie Circular- (p.250-251) Jackson passed presidential order in 1836 that required
payment of public lands be paid in gold/silver or currency backed by gold/silver b/c
Jackson was suspicious of paper currency that had varied worth -> Panic of 1837
Panic of 1837- (p.251) banks and businesses failed, ↑ unemployment, bread riots, railroad
and canal projects failed, states unable to pay back debts; caused by Distribution Act
(weakened state banks), specie circular (not enough gold/silver to back up bank notes,
everyone rushed to banks to trade in notes for gold/silver), European panics (Eur. nations
withdrew $ from U.S. banks) crop failures = import food -> lose $
Independent Treasury- (p.251-252) Van Buren proposed system where govt. funds would
be placed in independent treasury in Washington and sub treasuries in other cities,
approved in 1840; provided replacement for Bank and would separate banks from govt
New Techniques of Political Campaigning- (p.252) both Whigs and Democrats used
same tactics for election of 1840: presented themselves as party of common people, tried
to gain appeal of mass voters
The Caroline Affair- (p.253) 1837 Canadian rebels against British govt. chartered
Caroline, Amer. steamship to ship supplies -> British seize ship and burned it, killed 1
Amer. -> refused to take responsibility -> NY authorities captured Canadian Alexander
McLeod and charged w/ murder -> British foreign secretary Lord Palmerston demand
release or war -> NY courts ended crisis by discharging McLeod
Webster-Ashburton Treaty- (p.254-255) 1842 Lord Ashburton (Brit) and Webster (Sec.
of State) = treaty to ease tensions b/w 2 nations est. firm boundary b/w U.S. and Can.,
protected trade routes in N. U.S. and S. Canada, Brit. promised no more interference w/
Amer. ships -> Anglo-American relations improved
Treaty of Wan Hya- (p.255-256) 1844 U.S. made 1st diplomatic relations w/ China where
U.S. given same privileges as Engl. in trade w/ China, Amer. accused of crimes in China
= tried by Amer. officials; Amer. trade w/ China ↑