White Paper . Fred Erickson President & CEO Knowledge Capital Alliance, Inc Table of Contents What is eLearning? ................................................................................................ 1 Knowledge Capital ............................................................................................... 1 Why do we want eLearning? .............................................................................. 2 eLearning Effectiveness Assessment .................................................................. 3 Learning Styles........................................................................................................ 4 eLearning Types ..................................................................................................... 6 Synchronous eLearning .................................................................................... 6 Asynchronous eLearning .................................................................................. 6 Blended eLearning ............................................................................................ 7 Reusable Learning Objects .................................................................................. 8 eLearning components ........................................................................................ 9 Learning Management System ....................................................................... 9 Content Delivery Servers (CDS) ..................................................................... 10 Content Development/Authoring Tools ....................................................... 10 Content Management Systems (CMS) ........................................................ 11 Community/Collaboration ............................................................................. 11 RLO Repository ................................................................................................. 11 Contribution Repository .................................................................................. 11 Standards .............................................................................................................. 12 Just-in-time Learning ........................................................................................... 12 Distributed eLearning .......................................................................................... 13 The Players ............................................................................................................ 14 Summary ............................................................................................................... 16 eLearning Primer Knowledge Capital Alliance, Inc. www.KnowledgeCaptialAlliance.com What is eLearning? eLearning is the application of technology to improve, supplement or replace the standard methods of training. eLearning can be done through many types of media like CDROM, electronic books, or web based tools. For purposes of this discussion, we will limit the scope to web based tools. Knowledge Capital Knowledge Capital, that intangible commodity held firmly between the ears of your employees, is rapidly being recognized as the most valuable asset in business. CFOs worldwide are trying to figure out how to measure and track knowledge capital as an asset to the company. Learning is the key to maintenance and growth of knowledge capital within an organization. A methodology, designed at CFO Magazine's request by Prof. Baruch Lev of New York University's Stern School of Business, pierces the knowledge capital veil in more detail. Top companies in 20 industries were ranked according to their levels of knowledge capital, from a high of $211 billion at mighty Microsoft Corp., down to $332 million at our smallest knowledgerated company, Adolph Coors Co. At our median company, $21 billion of knowledge capital amounted to three times book value. Knowledge Earnings are earnings attributable to knowledge capital. Knowledge earnings are the portion of normalized earnings over and above expected earnings attributable to book assets. Knowledge capital represents the present value of all future knowledge earnings, discounted at an appropriate rate. As many companies evolve from the old to the new economy, measuring knowledge capital will become an increasingly important mission. "Managing knowledge capital will be critical for organizations to create a sustainable, competitive advantage," says Harvard University accounting professor Robert Kaplan. "Today, the long-term success of organizations comes from their knowledge-based assets--customer relationships; innovative products and services; operationally excellent processes; the skills, capabilities, and motivation of their people; and their databases and information systems. Physical assets may be important, but they are unlikely to be as effective a competitive weapon as knowledge assets." Fred Erickson 1 fred@KnowledgeCapitalAlliance.com eLearning Primer Why do we want eLearning? Knowledge Capital Alliance, Inc. www.KnowledgeCaptialAlliance.com There are many benefits and a few potential downsides to eLearning. Growth in Knowledge Capital is a result of learning on the part of the employee. This learning can come from structured training programs (including eLearning) or skills and knowledge accumulated on the job. eLearning becomes a very effective way to grow, maintain and measure Knowledge Capital. Most companies can justify eLearning on the savings in travel and instructor costs alone. Most companies spend between 30% and 70% of their overall training costs on travel related expenses (airfare, hotel, meals, etc.). In addition to these costs, there is a large opportunity cost associated with having the personnel out of the business. According to Giga, the same training course can be accomplished through eLearning in about 50% of the time of an instructor led training course (ILT). This reduction on time is typically based on the ability to better structure the learning material and teaching the learner in a mode which best fits their individual learning style. What is it worth to have your people back for 50% of the time they would normally be spending in training (plus the travel time)? In most companies, training is done best at the headquarters location and the effectiveness diminishes as the distance from HQ increases. Scheduling instructors, facilities and students often cause problems for deploying training to the ‘field’. eLearning can solve many of these problems. Instructor led classes can be done electronically without the need for travel and facilities. Many web based training classes can be done by the students on their own time schedule. eLearning can provide a consistent learning environment across an extended enterprise. With eLearning, any number of learners can receive the instruction at the same time, therefore reducing the amount of time necessary to train staff. There’s no need to hire multiple instructors to teach classes at different locations. This can make the personnel across the entire enterprise more productive in less time. According to Giga, Cisco has examined it’s return on investment (ROI) based on a year of e-learning and has the following impressive figures: Fred Erickson 2 fred@KnowledgeCapitalAlliance.com eLearning Primer Knowledge Capital Alliance, Inc. www.KnowledgeCaptialAlliance.com Training certification costs for ISO 9000 re-certification for one year decreased from $1.4 million to $16,000 through the creation of an eLearning course available to all learners. For every 1,000 e-learners, the company saved $2.4 million in travel, facility and instructor charges. Sales training for 8,000 people saved $54.2 million by using e-learning rather than three weeks of classroom learning. Cisco believes these figures reflect a conservative estimate of first-year savings alone - and that total savings could be twice as much. Critics of eLearning talk primarily about the lack of human interaction in the traditional classroom environment. There is a lot to be said for the collaboration between students and teachers and students as an adjunct to the learning process. Many eLearning companies are attempting to utilize electronic means to provide some of the same collaboration capabilities. Chat room and threaded discussions groups are some of the tools used for this. Some students perceive training to be a benefit for the opportunity to travel (the guy in Boston in January having the opportunity to go to Phoenix for a week of training). This is another issue management will be dealing with to make eLearning effective in their enterprise. eLearning Effectiveness Assessment Fred Erickson According to Giga, there are 4 primary levels of assessment, which can be done for eLearning. The purpose of the assessment is to determine the actual productivity gains from the learning/training course. Level 1 - Training evaluation: These learner evaluations need to be built into the end of the course to understand what the student has learned. The questions should be insightful to get reactions to the course content, the instructional design, authenticity, and value of learning. Level 2 - Testing: This level assesses how much information the learner gained from the experience. It can be a test, or some kind of an activity. Results are often part of the learner’s record and are also used by developers to identify areas of the course for improvement. 3 fred@KnowledgeCapitalAlliance.com eLearning Primer Learning Styles Knowledge Capital Alliance, Inc. www.KnowledgeCaptialAlliance.com Level 3 - Performance: This is the area that determines if the e-learning training was effective. It is also the area that is most difficult to assess because there is never a one-to-one match of learning experience to performance, since factors other than the training influence performance. Set up a continuous evaluation procedure to keep account of work quality, productivity, speed, behavior, certification and other factors that managers or other supervisors may have noticed. Level 4 - Business results: Organizations want to know how the training affects their overall business. Extensive observations, product evaluations, innovations, tenure, employee attitudes - all difficult to measure but essential in determining training effectiveness — allow an organization to make some reasonable conclusions about the business impact of e-learning. Forrester Research, in a report dated August 2000 entitled ‘Online Training Needs a New Course’ has provided research on the retention rates of learners using different modes of learning. The following graph depicts the results: Many eLearning companies are using the results of studies like this to create eLearning models which can offer better retention rates than comparable Fred Erickson 4 fred@KnowledgeCapitalAlliance.com eLearning Primer Knowledge Capital Alliance, Inc. www.KnowledgeCaptialAlliance.com classroom training. By combining the aspects of ‘seeing & hearing’ through the use of audio, video and animation, ‘collaboration’ through the use of chat, threaded discussion groups, audio & video conference and ‘doing’ through the use of simulation models and tools, retention rates of over 90% may be possible. This information represents a cross section of learners. Each individual learner has a unique learning style. It may be possible to determine the learning style of each learner before they actually participate in the training course. Through a series of learning modules in different media formats (text, audio, video, simulation, etc.) and corresponding assessments, the learning style(s) of the student could be determined and the balance of the course could be ‘tuned’ for that style. The following diagram shows a possible methodology to determine the learning styles of the student. The following steps are depicted: 1) Pre-assessment – The student is tested for existing knowledge about the subject (which can be any subject of interest to the learner and not necessarily related to the course content to be learned). 2) The student is presented with a learning module based on an abstract. 3) The student is assessed to determine their retained learning on this topic. 4) The student is presented with a learning module based on an analogy. 5) The student is assessed to determine their retained learning on this topic. 6) The student is presented with a learning module based on an example. 7) The student is assessed to determine their retained learning on this topic. 8) The student is presented with a learning module based on a simulation which allows them to ‘do’ whatever is being taught. 9) The student is assessed to determine their retained learning on this topic. Fred Erickson 5 fred@KnowledgeCapitalAlliance.com eLearning Primer Knowledge Capital Alliance, Inc. www.KnowledgeCaptialAlliance.com 10) The results of the individual assessments are tabulated to determine how the student actually learned the best. This result can then be passed to the content system which can deliver the balance of the training in a mode which best fits the learner. PreAssessment q q q q q q q q q q Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Example Based Learning Content Subject C Subject C Assessment q q q q q eLearning Types Subject A Assessment Abstract Based Learning Content Subject A Analogy Based Learning Content Subject B q q q q q Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Simulation Based Learning Content Subject D Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Subject D Assessment q q q q q Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Subject B Assessment Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Learning Style Assessment Results To Content Deployment System Tune content based on learning style Synchronous eLearning The term ‘synchronous’ refers to events that are synchronized, or coordinated, in time. Synchronous eLearning is a method to extend the reach of instructor led training. For synchronous eLearning, the instructor and students must be together, virtually, at the same time. This can take many forms. Often it is done via an audio conference call or, in some cases, a videoconference. Some synchronous eLearning is done in a one- Asynchronous eLearning The term ‘asynchronous’ refers to events that are not synchronized, or coordinated, in time. An asynchronous eLearning course can be created at any time and taken at any point in time. A Computer Based Training (CBT) course on CDROM is an example of an asynchronous course. The ‘instructor’ creates the course and the students can take the course at any time over any time period they desire. Literally thousands of asynchronous eLearning courses are available via the Internet today. Most of these courses are focused on Information Technology (IT) skills but a growing Fred Erickson 6 fred@KnowledgeCapitalAlliance.com eLearning Primer Knowledge Capital Alliance, Inc. www.KnowledgeCaptialAlliance.com number of ‘soft skills’ (management, sales, leadership, etc.) is becoming available. Later generations of these courses are utilizing audio, video and graphics animation technologies to enhance the learning experience. Many of the learning platforms have tools to allow collaboration and communication between students and between students and mentors (instructors). Chat and threaded discussion groups allow the participants to simulate the classroom environment to some degree. Some learning platforms allow the students to contribute to the course content. For example, the student completing a Java course may be able to contribute a code example back to the course for future students to use as a reference. Asynchronous eLearning can provide great value when time and place are obstacles to effective learning. Blended eLearning Blended eLearning is often referred to as the ‘space and place’ model of learning. Space refers to the Internet or like medium and place refers to the traditional classroom or virtual classroom. This is an approach to learning which mixes the best parts of Instructor Led Training (ILT) or synchronous eLearning and asynchronous eLearning. If the presence or virtual presence of an instructor can add value to the learning experience, those courses or modules are taught that way. The balance of the learning experience is done via asynchronous technology. In a blended environment, the ‘homework’ reading can be more effectively accomplished through an interactive, multi-media eLearning course. This adds to the overall learning experience. Many universities are using a blended model for learning. The Duke Fuqua School of Business CrossContinent MBA program is a great example of this. Scattered over the 20 months of the program, students spend 9 weeks in a classroom. The balance of the learning is done via asynchronous technology. Fred Erickson 7 fred@KnowledgeCapitalAlliance.com eLearning Primer Reusable Learning Objects Knowledge Capital Alliance, Inc. www.KnowledgeCaptialAlliance.com Reusable Learning Objects or RLOs can be simply defined as the smallest pieces of instruction that can stand alone and still have meaning. Typically, a RLO is a 5 – 15 minute course module covering 1 specific topic. The module will typically include: Module topic or objective Module dependencies (pre-requisites, etc.) Pre/post assessment test Learning content in various media formats (text, audio, video and graphic/flash) A tool or simulation, which allows the user to apply the content just studied A contribution builder to allow the student to put examples back into the object (code snippet, simulation result, etc.) Content specific collaboration to allow all learners of the content to collaborate and share questions and answers Each of the above components of the RLO is sometimes called a Reusable Information Object or RIO. A RIO may be a video clip or a flash animation file or an assessment test. These objects can be reused to formulate other RLOs. RLOs are stored in an Reusable Learning Object Repository. There are currently no standards for the RLO Repository. Each vendor of RLOs has built proprietary repositories to contain their unique objects. At some point in time, the standards bodies will create and publish definitions for the interface with the repositories to allow the RLOs to exist virtually in cyberspace and be referenced by the learning system. Many issues need to be addressed when designing a RLO repository. Content can consist of many media types (text, audio, video, flash, tools, simulations, etc.). Some of these files are huge and best stored in a file repository instead of a database. Smaller objects like text, etc. can best be stored in a database for quick and easy retrieval. One of the issues related to RLOs is user interface. If the UI is an integral part of the RLO, each module of a course could have a different navigation structure and look & feel. This could be very confusing to the students. The solution to this problem is to have the RLO adopt the UI of the content system and just provide the media assets. Fred Erickson 8 fred@KnowledgeCapitalAlliance.com eLearning Primer Knowledge Capital Alliance, Inc. www.KnowledgeCaptialAlliance.com The following drawing depicts a typical RLO. Module Topic & Objectives Module Dependencies Pre & Post Assessment Learning Content Tool or Simulation Text Audio q q q q q Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Video Contribution Builder Graphics Content Specific Collaboration eLearning components eLearning solutions are typically broken down into a few different subsystems: Learning Management System The Learning Management System or LMS is the system which manages the users and content access. Functions of an LMS include: Fred Erickson Publish online course catalogs Automate course registration and e-mail notification. Report student activity in terms of amount of time spent, scores, areas that need improvement, average time per topic, proficiency of users in each topic, change in performance of users as they progress through the course, etc. Map employee skills against job skill and competency requirements through skill gap analysis. 9 fred@KnowledgeCapitalAlliance.com eLearning Primer Knowledge Capital Alliance, Inc. www.KnowledgeCaptialAlliance.com Integrate and communicate with other systems through standard interfaces to ensure interoperability between the learning management system and content delivery servers. Manage courses and student data across departments and the enterprise. Integrate with the organization’s other systems including HR, ERP and financial systems. Provide content management tools to update curriculum to ensure the most relevant and timely materials. Content Delivery Servers (CDS) Content Delivery Servers allow the delivery of multi-media rich content and assessments to the learner. Access to the CDS is controlled by the LMS. The CDS typically tracks detailed course statistics, assessment results and employee activity at the learning object level, such as time spent on an activity, number of tries on an assessment question, and courses started and completed. The LMS will typically only track this information at the course level. In some systems, the CDS may provide the framework for navigation, bookmarks, etc. In systems where the content is media rich (lots of video), multiple video servers are deployed to balance load across geography. Some of the CDS products allow users to receive the courseware regardless of the plug-ins available in their browser. Typically, the audio, video and Flash components are replaced by text if the plug-in is not available. This is useful in corporate environments where plug-ins are not allowed. Some systems utilizing streaming video (RealMedia or Windows Media) utilize multi-bit-rate encoding which allows the video player to handshake with the server to determine the optimal transfer rate based, typically, on the line speed (T1, Cable Modem, 28.8K dial up, etc.). Content Development/Authoring Tools The content authoring tools allow the courseware developer to create the actual course syllabus, content, tools and assessments. Many of these are GUI based systems which allow the creation of custom content without the need for programming skills. Typically, other standard tools are required to produce audio, video and animation sequences which are then inserted into the course module with the authoring tools. MacroMedia Flash is one of the most widely used technologies in the eLearning area. Very animated, Fred Erickson 10 fred@KnowledgeCapitalAlliance.com eLearning Primer Knowledge Capital Alliance, Inc. www.KnowledgeCaptialAlliance.com enticing presentations can be created with minimal bandwidth requirements. Flash, however, does require a browser plug-in which creates difficulty in some corporate environments with strict standards for user configurations. Content Management Systems (CMS) Content Management Systems are just starting to show their faces in the eLearning world. The purpose of a CMS is to aggregate Reusable Learning Objects (RLOs) into a course module and complete course. The CMS may have the responsibility to create the course syllabus from the group of RLOs selected. This is done by looking at the RLO topics and dependencies and creating a list of topics in the proper order to meet the dependency requirements. RLOs can exist in a single physical space (server) or scattered across virtual space (the Internet). Ideally, the objects will be referenced and not collected into a single location. This allows the objects to be updated at the source without the need to distribute the updated modules to multiple servers. Community/Collaboration Community and collaboration is handled in several ways. Some of the LMS products have chat and threaded discussion groups built in. Some of the content delivery servers also have this functionality. In the cases where the functionality doesn’t exist in either, stand alone systems must be implemented to handle the tasks. There are many ‘off the shelf’ products to handle these functions. There are also many technologies which can enhance the community experience. Video conferencing, application sharing, shared whiteboards, are some examples of the technologies which may get put to use in building on-line learning communities. RLO Repository The RLO Repository is a container for the objects. Please refer to the above discussion on RLOs for more detail. Contribution Repository The Contribution Repository is a place (server) to store the contributions made by the students back into the course. An example might be the snippet of Java code written by a Java student which is attached to the module for the next learner’s benefit. Fred Erickson 11 fred@KnowledgeCapitalAlliance.com eLearning Primer Knowledge Capital Alliance, Inc. www.KnowledgeCaptialAlliance.com Community LMS CDS CMS Chat, Discussion Groups Learning Management System Content Delivery Server(s) Content Management System(s) Registration Syllabus Permissions Video Reusable Learning Object Integration Testing Audio Tracking Flash Workflow Text student student RLO Repository RLO Repository Reports Content student Student Contributions Standards Contribution Repository Several standards are emerging in an attempt to create cross platform interoperability. The intent of these standards is to define the interface between components of the eLearning environment (LMS to CDS, CDS to RLO, RLO to RLO, etc.) There are 4 primary standards bodies for eLearning: AICC AGR 010 – Aircraft Industry CBT Committee AICC Guidelines & Recommendations 010 - Web based computer managed instructions ADL-SCORM - Advanced Distributed Learning Initiative - Sharable Content Object Reference Model IMS – IMS Global Learning Consortium, Inc. IEEE LTSC - IEEE Learning Technology Standards Committee A description and comparison of these standards is the subject of a followon whitepaper. Just-in-time Learning Fred Erickson Asynchronous eLearning has enabled the ability to provide just-in-time (JIT) learning. Just-in-time learning can be defined as getting just the learning you need exactly when you need it. With this technology, learning can be integrated with working instead of being a separate training event. 12 fred@KnowledgeCapitalAlliance.com eLearning Primer Knowledge Capital Alliance, Inc. www.KnowledgeCaptialAlliance.com Imagine the scenario where a computer hardware sales rep has just received an order for a service offering which he has never entered into the order management system before. Instead of trying to find a supervisor or peer who knows how to do this (which ineffectively uses several people’s time), he pops open a browser window into the JIT Learning system and types ‘service order entry’ into the course module search box. The search result shows a course module entitled ‘Entering a service order into the order management system’. Clicking on this link takes him to a 5 minute multimedia course on the entry process and screens. Part of this module is a simulation of the order entry process which allows the sales rep to experience the order entry process. JIT learning may happen many times during the day. Learning is provided when the user needs it to more effectively perform a job function. JIT learning can be described as context sensitive help on steroids. Distributed eLearning Fred Erickson As the adoption of interoperability standards becomes more prevalent among the eLearning vendors and content providers, the need to have a single eLearning system is diminished. Most LMS and content providers offer a hosted solution for their systems. Most of these systems can handshake with any course which is compliant with one or more of the standards (typically AICC). A complete eLearning environment can be created by utilizing a hosted LMS solution which has links to best of breed content from many content vendors (hosted on their own sites). This scenario can have many benefits: The costs of deploying and maintaining an eLearning solution are eliminated. The requirement to update the content on your own servers is eliminated. The costs to switch vendors for LMS and/or content are greatly reduced. The ability to add or remove courseware is enhanced. The need to be locked into a single content vendor is eliminated. 13 fred@KnowledgeCapitalAlliance.com eLearning Primer Knowledge Capital Alliance, Inc. Contribution Repository Contributions & Collaboration Hosted Knowledge Community www.KnowledgeCaptialAlliance.com Learners Learner 1 Content Content Learner 2 Authentication & Content Hosted LMS Hosted Skill Soft Hosted Smart Force Content Learner 4 Content Hosted Pensare Content Learner 3 Hosted Knowledge Net Custom Content The Players Fred Erickson There are literally, hundreds of eLearning vendors. At one time, there was a fairly clear distinction between the LMS suppliers and the CDS suppliers and the content providers. Many of the major vendors are expanding their product sets to include most of the required functionality and courseware in an attempt to provide an end to end solution for their customers. This list may be obsolete as soon as it is printed. There is a lot of consolidation going on in the industry as well as some players who may not be able to get additional funding to continue their business. 14 fred@KnowledgeCapitalAlliance.com eLearning Primer Knowledge Capital Alliance, Inc. www.KnowledgeCaptialAlliance.com Here is a partial list of the players and an attempt to categorize them: Company Blackboard Centra Category LMS – Higher Ed Synchronous eLearning Click2Learn http://www.click2learn.com LMS DigitalThink http://www.digitalthink.com CDS Docent http://www.docent.com LMS eMind http://www.emind.com Content/CDS Generation21 http://www.gen21.com LMS, CDS GForce http://www.gforce.com Learning Portal InterWise http://www.interwise.com Synchronous eLearning KnowledgeNet http://www.knowledgenet.com Content KnowledgePlanet http://www.knowledgeplanet.com LMS Learn2 http://www.learn2.com Content, CDS LearnFrame http://www.learnframe.com LMS MindLever http://www.mindlever.com LMS NetG http://www.netg.com CDS Ninth House http://www.9thhouse.com CDS Pensare http://www.pensare.com CDS Placeware http://www.placeware.com Synchronous eLearning Quisic http://www.quisic.com CDS, Content Saba http://www.saba.com LMS SkillSoft http://www.skillsoft.com Content SmartForce http://www.smartforce.com Content, CDS, LMS Thinq http://www.thinq.com LMS UNext http://www.unext.com CDS WBT Systems http://www.wbtsystems.com Synchronous eLearning WebCT http://www.webct.com LMS – Higher Ed Webex http://www.webex.com Synchronous eLearning Fred Erickson URL http://www.blackboard.com http://www.centra.com 15 fred@KnowledgeCapitalAlliance.com eLearning Primer Summary Knowledge Capital Alliance, Inc. www.KnowledgeCaptialAlliance.com eLearning is still an art. The entire industry is in its infancy. There is a huge opportunity for both the eLearning vendors and customers to radically change the world of education. Since reading typically yields a 10% content retention rate, text books in school will become a thing of the past. In the future, students will split their time between instructor led training (physical or virtual classrooms) and their ‘homework’ which will involve some form of asynchronous eLearning to replace the current text books. Time to accomplish the homework will be reduced by 50% or greater with a 70% increase in retention rate. The opportunity exists to take a 4 year college program to 2 years or less and increase the overall effectiveness. Just in time corporate education will allow for the increase in knowledge capital across the enterprise. Workers will have the opportunity to learn new things to help them in their jobs, several times each day. As this happens, there will be a measurable increase in the knowledge assets of the company. These new knowledge assets will yield increased knowledge earnings which translate to a much stronger bottom line for the company. eLearning as a business is growing rapidly. Unlike the recent dot com debacle, eLearning is growing on a very sound business model. eLearning helps everyone. People can learn faster and more efficiently. Companies can reduce costs and increase profits. With this ‘real-world’ business model, eLearning will continue to grow and have a significant positive impact on the world. Fred Erickson 16 fred@KnowledgeCapitalAlliance.com