Ms. Farrell 2008-2009
Latin I
Final Exam Review Packet
Test Date: 6/4/09
Points: TBA
*This exam is worth 10% of your Latin
grade for the YEAR*
In order to gage whether or not you are
adequately prepared for Latin II, you will
be taking a cumulative final exam on
Thursday, June 4th. The exam will cover
all the grammatical concepts (and
culture) we have covered this school
year. This exam is not intended to fail or
stress anyone out; it lets us know
whether you are ready to move on to the
next level of Latin.
Ms. Farrell 2008-2009
Exam Format
There will be a vocabulary and
translation section on the exam.
Vocabulary:
There will be 100 vocabulary words on the exam. Approximately
75 of the words will be in Latin, and the students must give the English
translation. For the remaining 25, students will be asked to give the
Latin forms. The following information will be expected for each part
of speech:
Nouns: nominative and genitive singular and gender. Ex: maritus,
mariti, m.
Verbs: First 2 principle parts. Ex: pugno, pugnare
Adjectives: All three genders. Ex: laetus, -a, -um
Translation:
Students will be asked to translate three passages (roughly 8-10
lines) from Latin to English. Two of the passages will be taken from
the textbook and students will have adequate time to prepare the
translation. One translation will be an “at sight” translation which
students have not been exposed to. The translations will contain all of
Ms. Farrell 2008-2009
the grammatical concepts that we have learned this year and that are
included in this review packet.
Cases
Explanation:
In Latin, each noun in a sentence has a specific
“job”, just like it’s a teacher’s job within a school to teach. Each job is
called a case. There are 6 cases in Latin. They are:
Nominative:
Nouns that are in the nominative case are the
SUBJECTS of the sentence (Ex: The dog runs. Dog = subject -->
Nominative case)
Genitive:
Nouns that indicate POSSESSION or OWNERSHIP.
They are translated as “of ___” (Ex: The beauty of the girl is known
to all. Girl = noun of possession --> Genitive case)
Dative:
The INDIRECT OBJECTS of a sentence. They answer the
question “to whom/for whom” and are translated as “to/for” (Ex: The
child gives a flower to the mother. Mother = indirect object --> Dative
case)
Accusative:
The DIRECT OBJECTS of a sentence. Direct objects
“receive the action”. (Ex: The child gives a flower to the mother.
Flower = direct object --> Accusative case)
Ablative:
Typically, the OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION. If there
is no preposition present, can be translated as “by/with/from”. (Ex:
The children sit in school. School = object of the preposition (in) -->
Ablative case)
Ms. Farrell 2008-2009
Vocative:
Nouns of DIRECT ADDRESS. Nouns in this case are the
people/group that are being directly spoken to. (Ex: Child, why are
you sad? Child = noun of direct address --> Vocative case)
Noun Declensions
Explanation:
In Latin, certain endings are added to nouns to
indicate what case they are in. Each list of singular and plural case
endings is called a “declension”. We have learned 3 declensions this
year.
1st Declension:
1st declension nouns are typically feminine in
gender. You can tell if a noun is first declension by looking at its
nominative and genitive singular endings. A 1st declension nominative
singular ending will end in “a” and its genitive ending will end in “ae”.
For example: puella, puellae, f. is a 1st declension noun. 1st declension
endings are:
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Voc.
Singular
Plural
-a
-ae
-ae
-am
-a
-a
-ae
-arum
-is
-as
-is
-ae
Ms. Farrell 2008-2009
When you decline a noun, you do two things: First, find the base and
then add the endings. To find the base, just look at the genitive form
and drop -ae. For example, if you were declining puella, puellae, you
would look at puellae and drop -ae, making your base puell-. From
there, you add the endings!
Ex: puella, puellae, f. (girl)
Singular
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Voc.
puella
puellae
puellae
puellam
puella
puella
Plural
puellae
puellarum
puellis
puellas
puellis
puellae
To translate each form, follow this model:
Nom.: “the girl”
Gen.: “of the girl”
Dat.: “to/for the girl”
Acc.: “the girl (after the verb)”
Abl.: “by/with/from the girl”
Voc: “girl”
Try one on your own:
Ex: cena, cenae, f. (dinner)
Singular
Plural
Ms. Farrell 2008-2009
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Voc.
2nd Declension:
2nd declension nouns can be either masculine or
neuter in gender. You can tell if a noun is second declension masculine
by looking at its nominative and genitive forms. If its nominative form
ends in -us and its genitive form ends in -i, then it is a 2nd declension
masculine noun. You can tell if a noun is second declension neuter by
also looking at its nominative and genitive forms. If its nominative
form ends in -um and its genitive form ends in -i, then it is a 2nd
declension neuter noun. It is important to recognize its gender
because there are two sets of endings. The endings for 2nd declension
masculine nouns are:
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Voc.
Singular
Plural
-us
-i
-o
-um
-o
-e
-i
-orum
-is
-os
-is
-i
You decline a 2nd declension noun the same as the first, by looking at
the genitive form, dropping -i, then adding the endings.
Ms. Farrell 2008-2009
Ex: colonus, coloni, m.
Singular
Nom.
colonus
Gen.
coloni
Dat.
colono
Acc.
colonum
Abl.
colono
Voc.
colone
Try one on your own:
Plural
coloni
colonorum
colonis
colonos
colonis
coloni
Ex: hortus, horti, m. (garden)
Singular
Plural
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Voc.
The endings for 2nd declension neuter nouns are:
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Voc.
Singular
Plural
-um
-i
-o
-um
-o
-e
-a
-orum
-is
-a
-is
-a
Ms. Farrell 2008-2009
Ex: bellum, belli, n. (war)
Singular
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Voc.
bellum
belli
bello
bellum
bello
belle
Plural
bella
bellorum
bellis
bella
bellis
bella
Try one on your own:
Ex: caelum, caeli, n. (sky, heaven)
Singular
Plural
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Voc.
3rd Declension (Masculine/feminine):
3rd declension nouns
can be any gender, but 3rd declension masculine and feminine nouns
have the same endings. 3rd declension nouns are different from 1st
and 2nd declension ones because they do not have a set nominative
case. The nominative form is your “freebie”. To decline a 3rd
declension noun, you must look at the genitive form to find the base
for the rest of your cases. The genitive singular form will also tell you
Ms. Farrell 2008-2009
if your noun is 3rd declension or not. The genitive singular form of 3rd
declension nouns will always end in -is. The endings for 3rd declension
masculine/feminine nouns are:
Singular
Nom.
---Gen.
-is
Dat.
-i
Acc.
-em
Abl.
-e
Voc.
---Ex: mons, montis, m. (mountain)
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Voc.
Plural
-es
-um
-ibus
-es
-ibus
-es
Singular
Plural
mons
montis
monti
montem
monte
mons
montes
montum
montibus
montes
montibus
montes
Try one on your own:
Ex: hiems, hiemis, f. (winter)
Singular
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Plural
Ms. Farrell 2008-2009
Abl.
Voc.
3rd declension (Neuter):
3rd declension neuter nouns are very
similar to masculine and feminine nouns, but with a few differences in
the nominative, accusative, and vocative forms. You still can tell if the
noun is 3rd declension by seeing if its genitive singular form ends in is. To know whether a 3rd declension noun is a neuter noun, you must
memorize its gender. The endings for 3rd declension neuter nouns
are:
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Voc.
Singular
Plural
----is
-i
----e
----
-a
-um
-ibus
-a
-ibus
-a
Ex: carmen, carminis, n. (song)
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Voc.
Singular
Plural
carmen
carminis
carmini
carmen
carmine
carmen
carmina
carminum
carminibus
carmina
carminibus
carmina
Ms. Farrell 2008-2009
Try one on your own:
Ex: foedus, foderis, n. (treaty)
Singular
Plural
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Voc.
Adjectives
Explanation:
Adjectives do not have a set gender.
Adjectives match the nouns they describe in gender, number, and
case.
Ex: laetus, -a, -um
Ex: If I wanted to say “the happy girl”, you would say: laeta
puella
Sometimes the adjectives and nouns will not look exactly the same, but
the important thing is that the noun and adjective match in gender,
number, and case.
Personal Possessive Adjectives
Ms. Farrell 2008-2009
Personal possessive adjectives must also match the nouns they modify
in gender, number, and case. The personal possessive adjectives that
we have discussed are:
Ex: meus, -a, -um: my
tuus, -a, -um: your
noster, nostra, nostrum: our
vester, vestra, vestrum: your
Adverbs
Explanation:
Many adverbs can be formed from adjectives.
We do the same thing in English. For instance, the word “happy”
describes a noun and the word “happily” describes an action. To form
an adverb from a 1st or 2nd declension adjective, do two things: find
the base and add -e.
Ex: laetus, -a, -um: laete (happily)
Try one on your own:
Ex: iratus, -a, -um:
Ms. Farrell 2008-2009
To form an adverb from a 3rd declension noun, find the base and add
-iter. The exception is when the base of the adjective ends in nt, in which you just add -er.
Ex: tristis, triste (sad) --> tristiter (sadly)
Try one on your own:
Ex: felix, felicis:
Verb Conjugations
Explanation:
In Latin, certain endings are added to the base
of verbs to tell who is performing the action. Pronouns like “I” or “he”
are not frequently used. There are endings for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
person singular and plural. The ending indicates who is performing the
action. When translating verbs, make sure to check the ending! When
you are given a verb, you get two principle parts: the first person
singular form and the infinitive. There are 4 “groups” of verbs, called
conjugations.
1st Conjugation:
1st conjugation verbs are those whose infinitives
end in -are. The endings for first conjugation verbs are:
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
Plural
-o
-s
-t
-mus
-tis
-nt
Ms. Farrell 2008-2009
The translations for these endings are:
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
Plural
“I”
“you”
“he/she/it”
“we”
“you all”
“they”
To conjugate a verb, you do two things: first, find the base and then
add the endings. To find the base of a 1st conjugation verb, you look
at the infinitive and drop -re. Then, you add the endings. Then you
are able to translate each verb. The only exception is the 1st person
singular, which is your “freebie”.
Ex: libero, liberare (to free)
1st
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
Conjugation
Translation
Singular
Singular
libero
liberas
liberat
“I free”
“you free”
“he/she/it frees”
Plural
Plural
liberamus
liberatis
liberant
“we free”
“you all free”
“they free”
Ms. Farrell 2008-2009
Try one on your own:
Ex: tempto, temptare (to try)
1st
2nd
3rd
Conjugation
Translation
Singular
Singular
Plural
Plural
1st
2nd
3rd
2nd Conjugation:
The infinitives of 2nd conjugation verbs end in ere. The endings and translations for 2nd conjugation verbs are the
same as 1st conjugation verbs.
Ex: teneo, tenere (to hold)
1st
2nd
3rd
Conjugation
Translation
Singular
Singular
teneo
tenes
tenet
“I hold”
“you hold”
“he/she/it hold”
Plural
Plural
Ms. Farrell 2008-2009
1st
2nd
3rd
tenemus
tenetis
tenent
“we hold”
“you all hold”
“they hold”
Try one on your own:
Ex: exerceo, exereo (to exercise, train)
1st
2nd
3rd
Conjugation
Translation
Singular
Singular
Plural
Plural
1st
2nd
3rd
3rd Conjugation:
The infinitives of 3rd conjugation verbs in in ere. Conjugating a 3rd conjugation verb is a little different than what
you do for 1st and 2nd conjugation verbs. Instead of dropping -re, you
now drop -ere. The endings are also slightly different. They are:
1st
2nd
Singular
Plural
-o
-is
-imus
-itis
Ms. Farrell 2008-2009
3rd
-it
-unt
Ex: cano, canere (to sing)
1st
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
Conjugation
Translation
Singular
Singular
cano
canis
canit
“I sing”
“you sing”
“he/she/it sings”
Plural
Plural
canimus
canitis
canunt
“we sing”
“you all sing”
“they sing”
Try one on your own:
Ex: contendo, contendere (to walk, march, hasten)
1st
2nd
3rd
Conjugation
Translation
Singular
Singular
Plural
Plural
Ms. Farrell 2008-2009
1st
2nd
3rd
4th Conjugation:
4th conjugation verbs end in -ire. To conjugate
a 4th conjugation verb just drop -re and add the endings. The
endings for 4th conjugation verbs are:
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
Plural
-o
-s
-t
-mus
-tis
-unt
Ex: circumvenio, circumvenire (to surround)
1st
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
Conjugation
Translation
Singular
Singular
circumvenio
circumvenis
circumvenit
“I surround”
“you surround”
“he/she/it surrounds”
Plural
Plural
circumvenimus
circumvenitis
“we surround”
“you all surround”
Ms. Farrell 2008-2009
3rd
circumveniunt
“they surround”
Try one on your own:
Ex: custodio, custodire (to guard)
Conjugation
Translation
Singular
Singular
Plural
Plural
1st
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
Irregular Verbs
Explanation:
Just like in the English language, there are a
few irregular verbs that you simply must need to memorize. We
focused on three this year.
sum, esse (to be)
Conjugation
Translation
Singular
Singular
Ms. Farrell 2008-2009
1st
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
sum
es
est
I am
you are
he/she/it is
Plural
Plural
sumus
estis
sunt
we are
you all are
they are
possum, posse (can/to be able)
1st
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
Conjugation
Translation
Singular
Singular
possum
potes
potest
I am able
you are able
he/she/it is able
Plural
Plural
possumus
potestis
possunt
we are able
you all are able
they are able
eo, ire (to go)
Conjugation
Translation
Singular
Singular
Ms. Farrell 2008-2009
1st
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
eo
is
it
I go
you go
he/she/it goes
Plural
Plural
imus
itis
eunt
we go
you all go
they go
Infinitives
Explanation:
Infinitives are verbs that end in -re. They are
translated into English as “to _____”. Infinitives are typically used
with verbs such as: want, desire, ought/must, order, or decide.
Ex: iuvare: to help
tenere: to hold
currere: to run
audire: to listen
Try a few on your own:
imperare __________
iacere __________ habere __________
to answer _________
to sail __________ to work __________
Imperatives
Ms. Farrell 2008-2009
Explanation:
Imperatives are the forms of verbs that are
orders or commands. For example, if I said, “Listen to me”, I am
commanding people to listen so the word “listen” would be the
imperative. There are 2 imperative forms: singular and plural. The
singular imperative is used when commanding only 1 person to do
something. To find the singular imperative of a verb you drop -re
from the infinitive. For example, to command one person to prepare
(parare), you would say “para”.
Ex: navigare: to sail
Imperative singular: naviga (sail)
Try one on your own:
Ex: laborare: to work
Imperative singular:
To form the plural imperative, you do two things: drop -re from the
infinitive and then add -te.
Ex: docere (to teach)
Imperative plural: docete (teach)
Try one on your own:
Ex: festinare (to hurry)
Imperative plural:
The exception to the rule is 3rd conjugation. For the 3rd conjugation
plural imperative, drop -ere from the infinitive and add -ite.
Ex: currere (to run)
Imperative plural: currite (run)
Try one on your own:
Ex: dimittere (to send away) Imperative plural:
Ms. Farrell 2008-2009
The irregular verb “sum, esse” (to be) also has irregular imperatives.
Both the singular and plural imperative is translated as “Be”. The word
that usually follows is an adjective. The singular imperative is:
Es/esto (If the word that follows begins with a vowel, use “es”; if
the word that follows begins with a consonant, use “esto”)
Ex: Esto laetus, colonus!
Be happy, farmer!
Try a few on your own:
Ex: Es irata, puella!
______________
Ex: Be safe, children!
______________
Use the plural imperative if you are commanding more than one person
to do something:
Este
Ex: Este laeti, coloni! (Be happy, farmers!)
Try one on your own:
Ex: Este magni, viri!
______________
Ex: Be brave, comrades!
______________
Compound Verbs
Ms. Farrell 2008-2009
Explanation:
Compound verbs are verbs that have a
preposition attached as a prefix. It only slightly changes the meaning
of the verb it’s attached to.
Some prefixes that we have seen are:
con-: together
re-: back or again
Ex: abeo
I go away from
Try one on your own:
Ex: convocas
____________
Personal Pronouns
Explanation:
Pronouns are words that take the place of
nouns. Just like regular nouns in Latin, pronouns have different forms
for each case. The ones we discussed are:
Nominative: ego: I
tu: you
illa: she
ille: he
id: it
nos: we
vos: y’all
ei: they (m.) eae: they (f.)
Accusative: me: me
te: you
eum: him
nos: us
vos: you all
eam: her
Ms. Farrell 2008-2009
eos/eas/eos: them
Ablative: me: b/w/f me
te: b/w/f you
eo: b/w/f him
ea: b/w/f her
nobis: b/w/f us
vobis: b/w/f y’all eis: b/w/f them
Prepositions
Explanation:
Prepositions introduce a prepositional phrase
and WHERE TOWARDS an action is intended. Objects of prepositions
can either be in the accusative or ablative case. The following is a list
of prepositions that take the accusative case:
Ad: to/towards
In: into
Prope: near
Circum: round
Per: through/throughout
Ante: before
Post: after
The following prepositions take the ablative case:
A/ab: from
De: down from
Ms. Farrell 2008-2009
E/ex: out of
Cum: with
In: in/on
Sub: under
Please see me if you have
any questions about the
exam!!
Good luck studying!!!!!! :)