6eCHAPTER SEVEN – Outline
Reading Highlights:
Erikson: basic trust vs. mistrust – pages 252
Erikson: autonomy vs. shame – page 252 - 253
emotional development – pages 253-259
basic emotions - page 254 -256
self-conscious emotions – 257-258
stranger anxiety – pages 256
social referencing – page 257
emotional self regulation – pages 258-259
temperament – pages 260-267
goodness-of-fit – pages 266-267
attachment – pages 268-282
self-awareness – page 283-285
self control – page 285-286
Terms and Concepts:
autonomy
basic trust
self-conscious emotions
attachment
temperament
goodness-of-fit
stranger anxiety
social referencing
categorical self
emotional self-regulation
empathy
compliance
separation anxiety
Main Ideas:
 Erikson’s first stage focuses on the important issue of basic trust versus
mistrust. For infants to thrive, they must feel secure. If the people around
them are dependable and responsive, infants will develop trust, which lays
down the foundation for positive future relationships.
 Erikson’s second stage focuses on autonomy versus shame and doubt. In
the second year of life children are up on their feet, actively exploring and
asserting themselves. That’s their natural impulse at this stage. If they
are constantly discouraged or scolded by adults, they will begin to feel
shame and doubt. Too-early or too-strict toilet training can also contribute
to these negative feelings.
 Almost all basic emotions like happiness, anger and fear, are present in
the first year of life.
 Infants are strongly tuned into the people around them. By eight to ten
months, they look to their caregivers for clues about how to respond to
new people and situations.
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Emotional self-regulation – our ability to soothe or entertain ourselves –
also begins in infancy. Adults can support this development for the infants
in their care.
Infants vary in temperament, which is the measure of how active,
attentive, intense or fearful their personalities are. Temperament is
determined by both biology and environment. When parents understand
their children’s shy or active or difficult temperament, they can adjust their
caregiving style to fit.
Infants must connect emotionally to their caregivers in order to be healthy
and to thrive. Infants who are deprived of this vital attachment can have
serious lifelong emotional and social problems.
A major task for infants is to develop a sense of themselves as separate
from the world around them. This happens gradually; the growing sense
of self causes an increasing awareness of others and toddlers begin to
show empathy and peer sociability.
Reading Content:
Erikson
 Basic trust vs. mistrust
 autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Emotional Development
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happiness / social smiling / laughing
sadness, fear and anger
stranger anxiety
social referencing
Self-conscious Emotions
Emotional Self-regulation
Temperament
 easy / difficult / slow to warm up
 shyness
 stability of temperament
 genetic and environmental influences
 goodness-of-fit
Attachment
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Bowlby’s Ethological theory
separation anxiety
cultural variations
multiple attachments
child care and secure attachment
peer sociability
Self Understanding
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self-awareness
empathy
self control and compliance
Practice Quiz 7
6e
1. Three types of temperament are:
a. easy, difficult, slow to warm up
b. easy , difficult, intense
c. shy, intense, easy
d. difficult, shy, positive
2. What percentage of children show unique blends of temperament characteristics,
rather than falling clearly into one category?
a. 50%
b. 12%
c. 25%
d. 35%
3. Jasmine seems to be particularly sensitive to external stimuli like light, heat and touch.
She has trouble making transitions, and does not adapt easily to new situations. How
might her temperament be characterized?
a. easy
b. difficult
c. slow to warm up
d. can’t tell from these items
4. Corinne has recently started to walk. When she falls down, she looks at her caregiver
for a response. When her caregiver says cheerfully “Ups-a-daisy!”, Corinne gets up and
takes a few more steps. This is an example:
a. separation anxiety
b. secure attachment
c. social referencing
d. self-conscious emotions
5. An 8-month-old child is more likely than a 3-month-old to
a. smile when interacting with people
b. remain calm and unperturbed when encountering a stranger
c. remain cheerful when mom leaves
d. show anger when a favorite toy is taken away
6. Which of the following situations might cause an 18-month-old child to experience
one of the self-conscious emotions?
a. being fed when she feels hungry
b. being buckled into the car seat
c. being scolded for taking another child’s toy
d. being put in a play situation with a new child
7. The appearance of the self-conscious emotions are tied to the development of
a. a sense of self
b. a sense of shame
c. emotional self-regulation
d. temperament
8. When 2 year old Brandon finishes his juice, he says “I good boy!”. This is an
example of
a. empathy
b. social referencing
c. temperament
d. categorical self
9. Around 18 months, the beginnings of self-control appear in the form of
a. benevolence
b. realism
c. compliance
d. reciprocity
10. When the caregiver’s expectations and responses are in tune with the child’s
temperamental needs, this is called
a. goodness of fit
b. social referencing
c. attachment
d. compliance
Child Growth and Development Video Worksheet (Berk Chapter 7)
EMOTIONAL / SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT : BIRTH – 2 ½
I. ERIK ERIKSON described development through the lifespan in 8 stages; each stage
had a psychosocial crisis or issue to be overcome
STAGE 1: Basic trust versus mistrust (birth to one year)
Major task of this stage: infants gain trust or confidence that the world is a good place
How achieved: Warm responsive care helps infants establish a secure base
STAGE 2: Autonomy versus shame and doubt (1 – 3 years)
Major task of this stage: new mental and motor skills and a developing sense of self
cause older infants and toddlers to want more control over their bodies and their lives
How achieved: Parents who allow reasonable choice and do not shame or criticize young
children’s efforts help their children build a positive sense of autonomy (self-governance)
II. TEMPERAMENT
Defined as: early appearing stable individual patterns of emotional responsiveness to the
environment. Heredity and genetics are both factors in temperament. Culture is
influential in deciding how temperamental characteristics are interpreted. (Example: a
child who is labeled very shy in one culture may be thought to be quiet and well-behaved
in another.)
Some traits that define temperament: quality and intensity of emotional reaction, activity
level, attention, distractability, approach/ withdrawal (to new situations, people or other
stimuli)
3 Temperament Categories or types (Thomas and Chess, 1956):
1. easy 40%
2. difficult [challenging] 10%
3. slow to warm up 15%
(Other 35% of people are a blend of temperamental characteristics)
How long does temperament type last? May last a lifetime, but usually changes as
individual matures; however, change in temperament is rarely extreme. We might say
temperament modifies.
How can it change? Maturation and child rearing practices are both factors in
modification of temperament. Patient and supportive parenting (“goodness of fit”) helps
child better manage his/her response to stimuli.
III. ATTACHMENT
Defined as: strong affectionate tie between child and significant people in her/ his life
How do parents contribute to attachment? Sensitive caregiving, caregiver
responsiveness, warm physical contact are important elements in developing attachment
Child behaviors that indicate secure attachment:
1.
2.
3.
Anchoring = child does not go beyond a certain safe distance to caregiver
Refueling = child returns to caregiver’s side periodically for reassurance
IV. SOCIAL RESPONSES
Smiling:
At 2 weeks:
At 3 –6 weeks:
At 4 –6 months:
At 6 -7 months:
This new development results in ____________________ _________________.
Towards end of first year, child may also develop ________________
_________________, which results when:
This lasts until about age:__________________________.
V. SELF-AWARENESS
Develops when:____________________________________
Some behaviors that indicate development of self awareness:
Child may show an increase in negativity, which is:
On the positive side, the child may also begin to show ___________________, which is:
VI. DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDS
Beginning of an understanding of _________________ and _________________.
Child understands that some things are unacceptable, such as :
When child is unable to meet a standard she/he may feel__________________________
When child is able to meet a standard, she/he feels______________________________.
Berk Chapter 7: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood 6e
Erikson’s Theory
Erikson’s First Stage = ___________ vs. __________________ Age:______________
In this stage, the child needs ________________________________________________
in order to ______________________________________________________________.
Erikson’s Second Stage = ________________ vs. ____________ and _______________
Age: ________________ In this stage, the child needs ___________________________
_______________________________________________________________, in order
to_____________________________________________________________________.
Emotional Development
Name any 4 basic emotions: ________________________,
_______________________,___________________,________________________,
Social smiling appears at age: _____________ Laughing begins:__________________
Fear begins: ______________________
Briefly explain the difference between the newborn’s smile, and social smiling:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Explain in your own words why the infant’s angry reactions increase with her/ his age:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Define stranger anxiety:
________________________________________________________________________
Define social referencing:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Why are emotions like shame, pride, embarrassment and guilt called “self-conscious
emotions”?______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
When a baby who has been over stimulated by noisy interaction with family members
turns and looks away from everyone, or crawls away, she is showing signs of
_________________________ __________- __________________________.
How do caregivers help infants regulate their emotional states?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
How do social expectations influence emotional expression, and reinforce gender
differences?_______________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Temperament
Define temperament:__________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Thomas and Chess profiled 3 temperament types:
1. the __________________ child = 40%
2. the __________________ child = 10%
3. the __________________ child = 15 %
List 4 dimensions that researchers look at in analyzing temperament type:
_______________________________ _________________________________
_______________________________ _________________________________
What factors influence the stability of temperament in the early years?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Nature vs. Nurture: if someone stated that shyness was all caused by the way children
were raised, what would you tell them about the temperament research of Jerome Kagan?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Contrast how the child-rearing beliefs of Japanese versus American mothers affect their
children’s development:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Define goodness of fit in your own words:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Define attachment:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Earlier theories held that feeding was the central mode for developing attachment
between infant and caregiver. How does the experiment with the baby monkeys
contradict this belief?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Define separation anxiety:
________________________________________________________________________
According to Bowlby’s theory, when a child has moved through the four phases of
attachment development, the child has then constructed an ______________
_________________ ____________, which will serve as a guide for all future close
relationships.
Give an example of a situation in which infants lack the opportunity to develop early
attachments:______________________________________________________.
In these cases, it ahs been discovered that children can develop fist attachment bonds a
late as _______________ years of age. However they are likely to also display
emotional and social problems such as:____________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
Secure attachment seems to be increased by sensitive and responsive care giving.
Interactional synchrony also seems to help babies form secure attachments – the text
calls interactional synchrony an “_________________ _____________”.
Do infants in child care have a harder time forming secure attachments?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Do infants form strong attachments with others besides their mothers? Give examples.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Self-Understanding
What experiences do newborns have that help begin the development of self-awareness?
______________________________________________________________________
Give one example of habituation research that has given us insight into infants’
developing self-awareness:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
A growing self-awareness also leads the child to feel empathy. Define empathy:
_______________________________________________________________________
How does the development of the categorical self contribute to the rise of gender
stereotyped behavior?______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
The foundation for moral development is laid down as the child begins to develop selfawareness. How does self-awareness contribute to the development of effortful
control?_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Between ages 12 and 18 months, self-control takes the form of compliance, which
means:__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Between ages 1 ½ and 3 children show an increased capacity for delay of gratification.
Give an example of this capacity:_____________________________________________
Explain two things that adults can do to support the development of compliance and selfcontrol in toddlers:________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________