República Bolivariana de Venezuela
Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación
Unidad Educativa Colegio “19 de Abril”
Guía de estudio de Inglés
Cuarto año
2013-2014
Elaborado por:
Profesor: Jesús Alejandro Pérez
Barquisimeto, Septiembre 2013
Introducción
La presente guía de estudio tiene como propósito ser un material
complementario a los objetivos de aprendizaje que se desarrollarán en
clase a lo largo del año escolar.
Debes realizar una lectura comprensiva de esta guía de estudio,
participar en las actividades propuestas en la clase y realizar los
ejercicios prácticos. Así podrás reforzar los conocimientos adquiridos y
de esta manera alcanzar un dominio pleno de los objetivos del curso.
Good luck!
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Tema nro. 1
(Topic one)
El presente simple
(The simple present tense)
En oraciones en las cuales queremos expresar que una acción fue
verdadera en el pasado, es verdadera en el presente y será verdadera
en el futuro, utilizamos el presente simple. Esto nos indica
principalmente que el presente simple habla de acciones que tienden a
permanecer o continuar haciéndose por un período indefinido de
tiempo.
Asimismo, el presente simple también nos permite referirnos a
acciones que realizamos con regularidad, es decir, son hábitos
presente que tendemos a continuar realizando a lo largo del tiempo.
La estructura sintáctica de una oración afirmativa en presente simple
es la siguiente:
Subject +
verb
(simple form)
+ complement
Ejemplos:
- I live in Caracas (oración sin tiempo).
- The children play in the park.
- I get up at six o’clock every day (oración que indica un hábito).
- My father usually writes a column about History (oración que indica
un hábito).
Una oración negativa en presente simple está estructurada en la forma
siguiente:
subject
+
be
+
(main verb)
Subject + do/does + not
(auxiliary)
not
+
complement
+ verb
+ complement
(main verb)
3
Ejemplos:
-I am not (I’m not) a doctor.
-They do not (don’t) work on Saturdays.
Las oraciones interrogativas en presente simple se construyen de la
forma siguiente:
Be + subject
(main verb)
+
Do/does + subject
(auxiliary)
complement?
+
verb + complement?
(main verb)
Ejemplos:
-Is she a nurse?
-Does he practice the dialogues?
Debemos también tener presente que las oraciones afirmativas,
negativas e interrogativas en presente simple pueden contener
expresiones que indican regularidad (complemento de tiempo) tales
como often, every day, usually, always, never.
Veamos los siguientes ejemplos:
-My sister usually travels to USA on vacation.
-Do you always bring your dictionary to class?
-My cousin never wears a suit for his meetings.
-My grandfather feeds his dog every morning.
4
Tema nro. 2
(Topic two)
El pasado simple
(The simple past tense)
Este tiempo verbal se refiere a acciones que iniciaron y concluyeron
en el pasado.
La estructura gramatical del pasado simple es la siguiente:
Oraciones afirmativas
Subject
Verb
Other information
I/You/He/She/we/You/They saw a squirrel in the park
Oraciones negativas
Subject
Auxiliary not Verb
Other information
I/You/He/She/We/They didn’t hear
any noise
Recordemos que, con relación al pasado simple, existen verbos
regulares e irregulares.
Los primeros forman el pasado simple agregando d o ed a la forma
simple del verbo, mientras que los verbos irregulares añaden una
terminación diferente a la forma simple.
Ejemplos.
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Verbos regulares.
Simple form
Simple past
Work
Mark
Open
Close
Fix
Listen
Watch
Learn
Wait
Paint
Change
Need
Played
Study
Live
Worked
Marked
Opened
Closed
fixed
Listened
Watched
Learned
Waited
Painted
Changed
Needed
Played
Studied
Lived
Verbos irregulares
Simple form
Simple past
Eat
Drink
Have
Sit
Write
Read
Put
Cost
Come
Speak
Get
Go
Tell
See
Give
ate
Drank
Had
Sat
Wrote
Read
Put
Cost
Came
Spoke
Got
Went
Told
Saw
Gave
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Feel
Begin
Know
Smell
Become
Make
Buy
Take
Forget
Do
Understand
Lose
Sing
Felt
Began
Knew
Smelt
Became
Made
Bought
Took
Forgot
Did
Understood
Lost
Sang
Preguntas Sí/No (Yes / No) en el pasado simple.
Auxiliary
Subject
Verb
Other information
Did
they
go
to the concert?
Respuestas cortas
Yes, they did.
No, they didn’t.
7
Tema nro. 3
(Topic three)
El futuro simple
(The simple future tense)
Usaremos siempre Willo be going to cuando hacemos predicciones o
cuando tenemos la certeza de que algo será cierto u ocurrirá en el
futuro.
Subject + (will + verb / be going to + verb) + other information
I will graduate in July - I'm going to graduate in July.
He/she will complete these sentences soon - He/she is
going to complete these sentences soon.
• They will pay us in two days - They are going to
pay us in two days.
Be going to
Be going to puede ser usado para expresar un plan prioritario, es
decir, algo que nos proponemos hacer en el futuro como resultado de
una decisión tomada previamente o un plan.
9
10
Tema nro.4
(Topic four)
Los pronombres reflexivos
(Reflexive pronouns)
Los pronombres reflexivos son utilizados para hacer énfasis. Estos
pronombres pueden seguir inmediatamente a un sustantivo o
pronombre, o pueden estar al final de una oración.
Singular
I
→
myself
you
→
yourself
he
→
himself
she
→
herself
it
→
itself
Plural
we
→
ourselves
you
→
yourselves
they
→
themselves
Ejemplos.
I look at myself at the mirror.
The little boy hurt himself.
Exercise.
Fill the blanks with the correct reflexive pronoun.
you ____________
he ____________
John ____________
it ____________
we ____________
the dog _______
Mary and I _______
the horse ______
They ___________
Helen________
Mr. Smith ________
we ___________
Exercise.
Fill the blanks with the correct reflexive pronouns.
1. John fell and hurt __________.
2. She looked at _________ in the mirror.
3. I shave _________ every day.
4. Do you like to study by _________ or in a group?
5. We enjoyed ________ at the opera.
6. The men will live __________.
7. The dog hurt ___________.
8. Mary lives by __________.
9. Can your daughter dress __________?
10. I went to the movies last night by ___________.
13
Tema nro.5
(Topic five)
Las expresiones de admiración o disgusto
(Expressing admiration or disappointment)
Algunas expresiones en el inglés pueden ser útiles para expresar
admiración o disgusto.
Ejemplo:
Vocabulario
awful boringstrangecharming
amazing funny
smart
Otros adjetivos que se pueden utilizar para expresar agrado o disgusto
son los siguientes:
Terrible lovely incredible delightful interesting delicious
Una expresión de agrado o disgusto puede ser seguida por:
-Un sustantivo:
What a day!
What an experience!
-Un adjetivo y un sustantivo:
What a terrible day!
What an unpleasant weather!
What an awful job!
14
Tema nro.6
(Topic six)
Las conjunciones correlativas
(paired conjunctions)
Este tipo de conjunciones (paired conjunctions), se utilizan para indicar
que es posible elegir entre dos posibilidades o, por el contrario, que no
es posible elegir entre dos alternativas o dos no-posibilidades.
En el primer caso utilizamos either …or en la forma siguiente:
-Either John or Mary can help me move this table.
-You can buy either the black suit or the brown one.
En el segundo caso, Utilizamos neither …nor en la forma siguiente:
-Neither Janet nor her parents were at home yesterday.
-Lucy prefers neither apples nor pears for lunch.
15
16
Tema nro.7
(Topic seven)
El verbo look + adjetivo / look + intensificador + adjetivo
(Look + adjective/look + intensifier + adjective)
Look
Use the verb look + an adjective to talk about your
impression of people and things. The verb look can be in
present, past or future.
Alice looks charming in that red dress!
Paul looked bored at the party last night!
Use the verb look + an intensifier + an adjective to give
more emphasis to the adjective you use.
Some intensifiers you can use are:
Rather(somewhat, more or less):
Frank looks rather smart with that jacket.
Very(extremely):
You lookedvery excited in the last concert!
Quite (completely, fairly):
That book looks quite interesting!
So (very much):
Betty will look very pretty with a pair of sunglasses!
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Para expresar nuestra opinión en una forma indirecta, sin
comprometernos en lo personal, podemos utilizar el verbo “seem” en
la forma siguiente:
SEEM – SEEMS - SEEMED
Seem can be followed by an adjective:
That lamp in this room seems to be very heavy.
Seem can be also followed by an infinitive:
In the last month of the year it seems to rain every day in this town.
Besides, seem can be followed by “like”:
That girl in the hall seemslike confused about the reason for this
meeting.
Seem can be followed by “as if”:
Now that we are here this place seems as if forbidden for foreigners.
Seem can be followed by a clause:
It seems we are wasting our time.
18
Exercise number one
(Topic one – The simple present tense)
1.
Make sentences in simple present tense with the words in the
box:
A baseball player - is - Tom
________________________________________________________
A hospital - works in - my sister
______________________________________________________
2.
Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative
simple present:
a) My little brother studies in a college downtown.
______________________________________________________
b) I sell apples in the market.
______________________________________________________
3.
Change the following sentences to the interrogative form:
a)
The students practice the dialogues.
_____________________________________________________
b)
Sarah cleans the dishes.
_____________________________________________________
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Exercise number two
(Topic two – The simple past tense)
1. Change the following sentences from simple present tense to simple
past tense.
1). He prepares his lesson well.
____________________________________________________
2).They tell us about it.
_____________________________________________________
3). He puts the books on the table.
_______________________________________________________
4). I see Helen with her parents.
______________________________________________________
5).The book costs two dollars.
______________________________________________________
6). I know him very well.
______________________________________________________
7).They sell the home.
______________________________________________________
8). I speak with George about that matter.
______________________________________________________
9). She comes to the meeting alone.
______________________________________________________
10). I give her your message.
______________________________________________________
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2. Change the sentences in part one from past tense to past tense
negative form.
1) ____________________________________________________
2) ____________________________________________________
3) ____________________________________________________
4) ____________________________________________________
5) ____________________________________________________
6) ____________________________________________________
7) ____________________________________________________
8) ____________________________________________________
9) ____________________________________________________
10) ___________________________________________________
3. Change the following sentences to questions.
1). He prepared his lesson well.
Did he prepare his lesson well?
2). He gave her a lot of presents.
______________________________________________________
3).They stayed in Europe all summer.
______________________________________________________
4). She told them all about her trip.
______________________________________________________
5).They went by plane.
_____________________________________________________
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6). He arrived home very late.
________________________________________________________
7).They came to the party together.
_____________________________________________________
8).They knew each other as children.
_____________________________________________________
9). He worked in that firm too many years.
_____________________________________________________
10). They put him in the advanced class.
_____________________________________________________
Exercise number three
(Topic three – The simple future tense)
1. Read the following sentences and then underline the correct
expression (will – be going to) if you think it’s a promise, a prediction,
or a prior plan.
a) It`s weekend. As I don`t have to go to work (I will / I’m going to)
prepare a barbecue and invite some friends.
b) The economist says that this year prices and taxes (are going to /
will) increase a lot.
c) I can see that you lost your tickets. (I will / I’m going to) help you find
them!
d) It’s dark. The boy scouts and the chief of the expedition (are going to
/ will) turn on the lights.
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2.Complete the following sentences:
On next March 17th, there ______________ a concert in this city.Many
of the most famous artists _____________ there and I ____________
buy tickets for it as soon as I can. Some of my classmates
____________ be there also, and I heard about it ____________
broadcasted by television.
Exercise number four
(Topic four – Reflexive pronouns)
1. Complete the following sentences with the appropriated reflexive
pronoun.
As we know, these are:
Myself
Yourself
Himself
Herself
Itself
Ourselves (plural)
Yourselves (plural)
Themselves (plural)
a) I will fill this form by ____________.
b) Mom said that you can make your bed ______________.
c) John thinks he doesn’t need to introduce ____________ at the
meeting.
d) Betty painted the kitchen by ____________.
e) The sculpture ____________ looks so strange.
f) We won’t struggle between ____________.
g) I hope this time the children will behave ____________.
23
Exercise number five
(Topic five – likes or disappointments)
Match the sentences in column A with the appropriated sentence in
column B. Draw an arrow ( →) to connect them.
A
a) Martha got angry because
John hidden her purse for a
few minutes. She says:
B
What a boring T.V. program!
b) Peter has a crush with Pamela
and he thinks that she looks so
beautiful in that red dress.
He thinks:
It tasted so delicious!
c) Your little brother doesn’t like that
T.V. program in which some
people are interviewed.
He would say:
What a funny party!
d) John’s mother made a cake
for his birthday and all his
friends really liked it.
They would say:
She looks so beautiful today!
What a terrible day!
What an awful joke!
24
Exercise number six
(Topic six – paired conjunctions)
1. Complete the following sentences if you think there are two
possibilities or two no-possibilities:
a) My sons are musicians. ___________ Paul ___________ John
can play the guitar as the best artists.
b) ____________ the markets _____________ the bakeries are
open today. Remember it’s Sunday.
c) To get in there you can use ___________ shorts __________ tshirts. It is forbidden for visitors.
d) The lady in the restaurant told me that I can pay the bill using
___________ cash ___________ credit cards.
e) ____________ Mary ___________ her friend can talk with those
tourists because they took an Italian course.
f) That town is so far from here. To go there we can take
__________ a taxi __________ the metro.
25
Exercise number seven
(Topic seven – The verb look)
Write short sentences using the correct form of “seem” in each one of
the following situations:
a) You think that it’s Sunday, but you aren’t sure of that.
_______________________________________________________
b) You met an old man at the bus station who spoke with difficulty.
______________________________________________________
c) You think that you are wasting your money in buying a lot of
expensive sheets for printers.
______________________________________________________
d) A lady in the bus tells you that she feels that it’s hot there. She says:
________________________________________________________
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Tema nro.8
(Topic eight)
Los verbos modales can, may, could y might.
(Modals)
Un verbo modal proporciona información adicional acerca de la
intención o voluntad del verbo principal que le sigue. El verbo principal
debe estar siempre en forma de infinitivo (sin to).
Algunos de estos verbos modales son:
Can
Can es un verbo modal usado para:
27
Could
Could es un verbo modal usado para:
May
May es un verbo modal usado para:
28
Might
Might es un verbo modal usado para:
29
Ejercicio.
Utilizando los verbos modales estudiados anteriormente, escribe seis
oraciones que indiquen habilidades, capacidades, autorizaciones o
peticiones.
a) ____________________________________________________
b) __________________________________________________
c) __________________________________________________
d) __________________________________________________
e) __________________________________________________
f) _________________________________________________
30
Tema nro. 9
(Topic nine)
El presente perfecto
(The present perfect tense)
El presente perfecto es usado para referirse a una actividad que ha
ocurrido en el pasado en un momento indeterminado,
Se construye de la forma siguiente:
Subject + have/has + past participle of the main verb
I have gone to theatre twice this month.
My sister has met her friends three times this week.
My grandfather has taken that medicine four times in two days.
Adjetivos que terminan en –ed o –ing.
Usamos adjetivos que terminan en –ing para describir a lo que las
personas o cosas se asemejan.
confuse→ confusing
amaze→ amazing
interest → interesting
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Usamos adjetivos que finalizan en –ed para describir cómo nos
sentimos.
confuse→ confused
amaze→ amazed
interest→ interested
Preguntas con EVER.
Cuando no sabemos si algo ha ocurrido o no ha ocurrido, podemos
hacer preguntas en presente perfecto con la palabra ever, significando
“en cualquier momento antes de ahora”.
- Have you ever been in the desert of Sahara?
- Has she ever ridden a motorcycle?
Since y For.
Usamos since para referirnos a un momento en particular.
Tom has worked in that travel agency since 2004.
Usamos for para referirnos a un período de tiempo.
Nancy has stayed in that hotel for two days.
32
Tema nro. 10
(Topic ten)
El pasado perfecto
(The past perfect tense)
El pasado perfecto describe un evento que ocurrió antes de
un momento específico en el pasado.
Las oraciones afirmativas en este tiempo se forman de la
manera siguiente:
Subject + had + past participle of the main verb + other
information
Ejemplo:
Combinado con el pasado simple, el pasado perfecto muestra
cuál de los dos eventos ocurrió primero.
33
34
Tema nro.11
(Topic eleven)
El futuro perfecto
(The future perfect tense)
El futuro perfecto es usado para hablar de algo que no ha ocurrido
todavía, pero de lo que tenemos la certeza de que ocurrirá o será
cierto antes de un momento específico en el futuro.
La estructura sintáctica de oraciones en futuro perfecto es la siguiente:
Subject + Will/Won`t + have + past participle + Other information
Veamos el siguiente ejemplo:
I will have finished my homework at 3:00 p.m.
35
Completa las siguientes oraciones:
Carol will have ____________ in November.
They won’t ___________ learned English by December.
We _________ have moved to London before Christmas.
36
Tema nro. 12
(Topic twelve)
Las cláusulas adjetivas
(Adjective clauses)
Las cláusulas adjetivas son utilizadas para dar información acerca de
un sustantivo o pronombre indefinido.
Ejemplo:
The pictures that we saw were taken in Montana.
Usaremos who/that para describir personas:
 The woman who/that talked us was Mrs. Johnson.
 The boys who/that we saw were Tom’s friends.
37
Usaremos which / that para describir objetos o cosas:
 The computer which / that I bought was the cheaper
in that store.
 The books which / that you ordered are still in the
book-store.
38
Tema nro. 13
(topic thirteen)
Las preguntas cortas
(Tag Questions)
Es muy frecuente que en el inglés hablado, y en cualquier otro idioma,
en algunos momentos deseemos confirmar información que
suponemos es verdadera y confiamos en obtener de nuestro
interlocutor la respuesta que esperamos.
Otras veces simplemente queremos iniciar una conversación rápida o
informal y hacemos una pregunta en la que nuestro interlocutor se ve
en cierta forma en la obligación de confirmar o rechazar la idea que le
comunicamos.
Es entonces cuando utilizamos las tag Questions (preguntas cortas)
en las que debemos poner especial atención a dos cosas:
Si la oración (statement) de la pregunta es afirmativa, la pregunta
corta (tag question) es negativa y, por el contrario, si la oración es
negativa, en ese caso la pregunta corta es afirmativa.
Analicemos los siguientes ejemplos:
You are a doctor
(oración)
→
,
aren’t you?
(pregunta corta)
Respuesta esperada: Yes, I am.
Respuesta no esperada: No, I’m not.
O, si lo que queremos confirmar es una oración negativa:
You aren’t a doctor
(oración)
→
, are you?
(pregunta corta)
Respuesta esperada: No, I’m not.
Respuesta no esperada: Yes, I am.
39
Otros ejemplos:
You played basketball, didn’t you?
You don’t work in a travel agency, do you?
You’ll come to Venezuela soon, won’t you?
Otras formas de Tag Questions.
Usaremos el pronombre it para oraciones con this / that:
- That car is new, isn’t it?
Usaremos el pronombre they para oraciones con these / those:
- These shoes weren’t brushed, were they?
Utilizamos there en oraciones con there + be:
- There was a good program on T.V., wasn’t there?
Utilizamos they en oraciones que se refieren a everyone,
everybody, someone, somebody, no one, nobody:
- Somebody broke the glass, didn’t they?
40
Tema nro.14
(Topic fourteen)
El presente continuo
(The present continuous tense)
Este tiempo verbal es usado para hablar de algo que está en progreso
ahora, justo en este momento.
La estructura gramatical de este tiempo verbal es la siguiente:
(am/is/are) + verb + -ing
Ejemplo:
a) Peter is playing the guitar.
b) The workers are returning to their homes.
c) I am listening to the radio.
41
42
Exercise number eight
(Topic eight - Modals)
1. Complete the following sentences with can as indicated in this
example.
Everybody in the Murray family can play a musical instrument.
(Mr. Murray ….. the guitar)
 Mr. Murray can play the guitar.
a) Mrs. Murray ….. the piano.
________________________________________________________
b) Their son Arthur ….. the saxophone.
_______________________________________________________
c) Their daughter Beatrice ….. the violin.
______________________________________________________
d) Mr. Murray’s father ….. the clarinet.
______________________________________________________
2. Change these sentences as in the examples.
Jerry says he can come to the party tonight.
 He said he could come to the party tonight.
a) Mr. and Mrs. Foster say they won’t be able to go out of town next
weekend.
________________________________________________________
b) Adele says she doesn’t think there’s going to be a lecture tonight.
_______________________________________________________
c) My friend say he’ll meet us at 10 o’clock.
________________________________________________________
d) Al says there won’t be enough time to eat before the show.
________________________________________________________
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e) The paper says it’s going to be very cold tonight.
_______________________________________________________
f) The teacher says the next test isn’t going to be easy.
________________________________________________________
3. Rewrite the following sentences as in the example. Remember to
to use might.
I might go out of town next weekend, but I’m not sure yet.
(get a rise next month).
 I might get a raise next month, but I’m not sure yet.
a) buy a new suit next payday.
________________________________________________________
b) pass Course 6 this term.
________________________________________________________
c) study French next year.
________________________________________________________
d) have to work late tonight.
________________________________________________________
4. Answer these questions. Use might to indicate less than 50 % of
certainty. Follow the example.
1) Are you going to be able to come to my party next Friday?
I’m not sure. I want to, but I might not be able to go.
2) Do you think you’re going to get a raise soon?
______________________________________________________
3) Where are your parents going to spend their next vacation?
______________________________________________________
44
4) Do you have change for five dollars?
______________________________________________________
5) Did you see your next door neighbors might move soon?
______________________________________________________
6) What kind of car did your father say he might buy?
______________________________________________________
7) How long are your friends from Boston going to be in town?
______________________________________________________
8) Do you think it’s going to rain tonight?
______________________________________________________
9) Didn’t you say you might not be here next time?
______________________________________________________
10) Are there going to be any lectures here this month?
______________________________________________________
11) Do you think it’s going to take you very long to get your certificate?
_______________________________________________________
12) Who’s going to lend you the money you need?
________________________________________________________
13) Don’t you think some of the students in the class might have to
repeat Course 6?
________________________________________________________
14) Are you going to listen to the radio tonight?
________________________________________________________
5. Write six short sentences in which you use may to make a polite
request or to give formal permission.
1) ______________________________________________________
.
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2) ______________________________________________________
3) ______________________________________________________
4) ______________________________________________________
5) ______________________________________________________
6) ______________________________________________________
Exercise number nine
(Topic nine – The present perfect tense)
Complete the sentences with the verbs in the box. Make present
perfect sentences.
Leave get be spend break see
a) I think I _____________my notebook in class. I’ll go back and
check.
b) Peter ___________ sick these days, so he ___________ in
class.
c) My sister ____________ a lot of money in new clothes.
d) Bill is happy about his smart phone. He bought it in 2010 and it
____________ down yet.
e) Benny misses her parents very much. He ___________ them
since they went to Italy two weeks ago.
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Exercise number ten
(Topic ten – The past perfect tense)
1. Complete the following sentences.
a) By the time I went on vacation Sara had already ___________ on
hers.
b) I __________ already fed the dog when my mother told me to do
it.
c) The travelers __________ been waiting until the departure was
announced.
d) By 1997 “Titanic” __________ already been nominated to the
Academy Awards.
Exercise number eleven
(Topic eleven – The future present tense)
1. Write short sentences about the things you are sure will have
happened in the future.
Use the words listed below.
wake up - graduate – finish working – eat lunch – come home
a) ____________________________________________________
b) ____________________________________________________
c) ____________________________________________________
d) ____________________________________________________
e)
____________________________________________________
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Exercise number twelve
(Topic twelve– adjective clauses)
1. Look at these pictures and select the correct verbs from the box.
expanded grown
increased
$ 35
gone flat spread
$ 68,70
The price of the clothes that I bought last week has ____________
by almost 50 %.
2002
2012
The tree that I planted has ______________ a lot.
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The football balloon that I bought has ____________ the amount of
air inside.
Exercise number thirteen
(Topic thirteen– tag questions)
Imagine that you are talking to a classmate about a mutual friend,
Rose. Use the information to write tag question.
a) You think that she should study more.
__________________________________________________
b) You think that she hasn’t come to class lately.
________________________________________________
c) You think that she won’t get good grades at the end of this term.
d) You think that she hasn’t been paying attention to the teacher.
_________________________________________________
e) You think that she has been sick recently.
__________________________________________________
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Exercise number fourteen
(Topic fourteen– the present continuous tense)
Exercise number three
(Topic three)
Write short sentences about the things you can see now or that you
know that are happening just when you are in class.
Use the words listed below.
Writing listening answering reading looking at
a) ____________________________________________________
b) ____________________________________________________
c) ____________________________________________________
d) ____________________________________________________
e) ____________________________________________________
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Tema nro.15
(Topic fifteen)
El pasado continuo
(The past continuous tense)
Este tiempo verbal es utilizado para hablar acerca de un evento que
comenzó antes de un momento específico en el pasado y que estaba
todavía en progreso en ese instante.
En este caso nos referimos a una acción que se estaba ejecutando
cuando otra acción tuvo lugar.
El pasado continuo sigue esta estructura:
(was/were)+ verb + -ing
Ejemplos:
a) I was attending a conference when I got a message from my
parents.
b) You were talking to your friends just at the moment your Aunt Julia
called us.
c) Peter and Mary were walking around the park when it started
raining.
Cómo pedir y dar explicaciones
Para pedir explicaciones debemos usar why al comienzo
de una frase interrogativa:
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Ejemplo:
Why you were late?
Para dar una explicación debemos utilizar because en
nuestra respuesta:
Because there was too much traffic in the city.
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Tema nro.16
(Topic sixteen)
El futuro continuo
(The future continuous tense)
El futuro continuo se utiliza para dar información acerca de eventos
que se estarán realizando en forma continuada en un momento
determinado en el futuro.
Debemos utilizar siempre una forma del verbo Be como auxiliar del
verbo principal, el cual debe estar en participio presente (forma –ing).
Ejemplos.
- Tomorrow at 2:00 PM we will be taking classes on Grammar.
- On next Sunday the trains in the station won’t be leaving to
London.
Una oración en futuro continuo tiene la estructura sintáctica siguiente:
Subject + will/will not + be+ verb-ing + other information
(auxiliary) (auxiliary) (main verb)
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Tema nro.17
(Topic seventeen)
La forma enfática de Do
(Making emphasis with Do)
Do, does y did son palabras que podemos utilizar cuando queremos
enfatizar lo que queremos decir. Generalmente utilizamos estas
expresiones cuando estamos en desacuerdo con alguien.
No debemos agregar s o es a los verbos en tercera persona del
singular cuando usamos does como forma enfática.
También debemos recordar que no debemos cambiar la forma en
pasado del verbo principal de una oración cuando utilizamos did para
dar énfasis a la oración.
Ejemplos.
a) I do enjoy traveling by train.
b) She does love chocolate cakes.
c) They did listen the dialogue carefully.
d) Charles did stop stopped the car at the traffic lights.
e) My little sister did like the present I you her.
f) He does hate making speeches.
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Las expresiones “In order to” y “To”.
In order to es una expresión que podemos utilizar para indicar
propósito o finalidad de una acción y generalmente es una respuesta
directa a una frase interrogativa que comienza con why.
Veamos el siguiente ejemplo.
Why did you stay a long at the custom?
R: I did it in order to let the custom officer check my passport.
En algunos casos también podemos utilizar la expresión to y, por lo
tanto, in order to es omitido.
Ejemplo.
I stayed a long at the custom to let the custom officer check my
passport.
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Tema nro.18
(Topic eighteen)
El primer condicional
(First conditional)
Usamos el primer condicional en tres situaciones:
-Para describir un posible evento futuro y sus consecuencias:
If it starts to rain, we’ll play in the gym.
-Para dar un consejo:
If you listen to music in English, you will understands more
words.
-Para advertir o prevenir:
If you’re late again, you will be expelled form the team.
El primer condicional está compuesto por dos elementos:
If clause (present)
,
result clause (future with will)
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En algunos casos, will / won’t puede ser reemplazado por be going
to sin cambios en el significado.
-If you don’t get home at 9:00 pm, i’m going to lock the main door.
Algunas veces will / won’t puede ser reemplazado por ciertos
modales como can o may:
-If you want me to, I can help you with your homework.
Unless puede reemplazar a if..not, para añadir énfasis:
Unless you give up smoking, you’ll have lung problems.
Otros ejemplos.
- If it is sunny this afternoon, we’ll go for a walk.
- If you get there before seven, you will get the best
seats.
- If you continue doing that, your father will punish you.
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Tema nro.19
(Topic nineteen)
El segundo condicional
(Second conditional)
El segundo condicional puede ser utilizado en tres contextos
posibles:
Para hablar acerca de situaciones hipotéticas pero posibles:
-If I lived in Europe, I would probably speak several languages.
Para hablar acerca de situaciones totalmente imaginarias o
imposibles:
-If there were cities in the moon, I would live there.
Para dar consejos:
If I were you, I wouldn’t skip classes (not skip).
Estructura de una oración en segundo condicional:
If clause
(simple past)
,
result clause
(would + verb in simple form)
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Ejemplos.
-If I were a famous singer, I would sing in concerts around
the world.
-If you studied more, you would pass your final tests.
-If I traveled to Canada, I would see the Niagara Falls.
Nota: es importante recordar que usaremos siempre un verbo
en pasado en la cláusula if, aún cuando la oración se refiera a
eventos presentes o futuros.
Usaremos siempre were en lugar de was (was aparece
frecuentemente en el inglés hablado de manera informal).
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Tema nro.20
(Topic twenty)
El estilo indirecto y la voz pasiva
(Reported speech – The passive voice)
En el Inglés, el estilo indirecto (reported speech) nos permite
hablar acerca de lo que otras personas han dicho sin utilizar
exactamente las mismas palabras.
Asociado al concepto de estilo indirecto está el estilo directo
(reportar lo que otras personas han dicho utilizando las
mismas palabras).
Analicemos los siguientes ejemplos:
Estilo directo (direct speech):
The teacher: “Mary is a good student”.
Estilo indirecto (reported speech):
The students: the teacher said that Mary was a good student.
Otro ejemplo:
Mr. Brown to his son:
“You have to come home before nine”.
Paul, Mr. Brown´s son:
Father told me that I had to come home before nine.
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La voz pasiva.
Se emplea para describir procesos, emitir opiniones
generales, hablar acerca de las cosas que son hechas sin
tomar en cuenta quién las hace.
En la voz pasiva siempre utilizaremos una forma en presente
o pasado del verbo Be (am, is, are, was , were) como auxiliar
y el participio pasado del verbo principal.
Ejemplos.
-
This coat is made of wool.
Doña Barbara was written by Rómulo Gallegos.
Two pictures were stolen from the museum.
I think “Yesterday” is recognized as one of the best
songs on the hit parade for so many years.
- In Venezuela, corn is usually cropped from August to
September.
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Exercise number fifteen
(Topic fifteen– the past continuous tense)
1. Look at these pictures.
Now, in a past context, complete the following sentences related to the
things that those people was doing in a certain time in the past.
a) Lucy _________ __________ to her office when she saw me.
b) The worker __________ __________ a piece of steel when the
boss came there.
c) The chief of the expedition ________ __________ the boys scouts
some instructions before crossing along the forest.
2. Complete the following dialogue. Ask for and give a reason.
A. _______ don’t you find a job as a taxi-driver?
B. ___________ I haven’t got any license.
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3. Work in pairs.
Ask your partner for a reason and then he/she must give it to you.
Key words:
didn’t pass the last test
didn’t come to our party
sold your bicycle
try to do exercise
A. ___________________________________________________?
B. ___________________________________________________
A. ___________________________________________________?
B. ___________________________________________________
A. ___________________________________________________?
B. ___________________________________________________
A. ___________________________________________________?
B. ___________________________________________________
Exercise number sixteen
(Topic sixteen– the future continuous tense)
1.
Underline the correct word in the following sentences related to
the future continuous tense:
a)
As we are on vacation, tomorrow we (will / would) be traveling to
Italy.
b)
Betty found a new job and next week she will be (work / working)
as a secretary.
c)
Alan (will / won’t) be playing football in the college team because
he’s feeling ill today.
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2. Make four short sentences related to the things you will be doing
next week.
a) __________________________________________________
b) _________________________________________________
c) _________________________________________________
d) _________________________________________________
Exercise number seventeen
(Topic seventeen– making emphasis with Do)
Underline the correct word:
a) I told you before that I (does / do) know how to operate this
machine.
b) As we can see, Lucy (do / does) like pets.
c) Be quiet! People in here (does / do) appreciate silent places.
d) I turned on the lights because I (do / does / did ) hear a noise.
e) Once our neighbors moved here, they (do / did / does) like this
neighborhood.
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Exercise number eighteen
(Topic eighteen– first conditional)
1. Answer these questions using the first conditional. Follow the
example.
a)
What do you do usually if you can’t sleep?
If I can’t sleep, I usually listen to soft music.
b)
What do you do if you have a very bad cold?
______________________________________________________
c)
What do you do if you need to lose some weight?
d)
Who can you talk if you have a problem?
________________________________________________________
e)
Where do you go if you need to buy your favorite music?
_____________________________________________________
2. Rewrite these sentences making the if clause negative. Follow
the example.
a) If you work hard, you will be able to pass your exams.
If you don’t work hard, you won’t be able to pass your exams.
b) If you go to the mall early, you won’t find too many people.
___________________________________________________
c) If I save enough money, I will be able to buy a new computer.
____________________________________________________
d) If the weather is good, we may go to the beach.
___________________________________________________
e) If I get a passport, I can visit other countries.
___________________________________________________
f) If Johnny brings his car, we will visit Grandma in the country.
___________________________________________________
g) If the twins behave themselves, we will take them to the
amusement park.
___________________________________________________
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Exercise number nineteen
(Topic eighteen– second conditional)
Traduce las siguientes oraciones al inglés, utilizando el segundo
condicional:
a) Si yo tuviera dinero, compraría un auto deportivo nuevo.
b) Si Ana viviera cerca de la escuela, podría ir caminando todos los
días.
c) Si yo tuviera tiempo, iría al club de tennis todos los fines de
semana.
d) Si yo fuera tú, no faltaría un día más a clases.
Exercise number twenty
(Reported speech – the passive)
1. Cambia las siguientes oraciones al estilo indirecto (reported
speech):
a) Lucy to John: “I will take the children to school”.
______________________________________________________
b) Rose to her mother: “I left my umbrella in the classroom”.
____________________________________________________
c) A boy to his friends: “I can’t play soccer because I broke my leg
practicing skateboarding”.
___________________________________________________
d) Peter to his wife: “Next week I will get a raise”.
_____________________________________________________
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2. Cambia las siguientes oraciones a la voz pasiva:
a) Robert paints the walls of the Library.
___________________________________________________
b) A famous artist sold this picture by $ 250.000.
___________________________________________________
c) Williams Shakespeare wrote “Hamlet”.
___________________________________________________
d) Venezuela exports oil to the rest of the world.
___________________________________________________
e) The workers built a high tower downtown.
___________________________________________________
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