TACTICAL
ENVIRONMENT
SMARTBOOK
For The
BLACKSMITH NCOs
(This booklet is to set you up for success…not failure
BLACKSMITH 09
Aug 1999
DEDICATED TO EXCELLENCE
TABLE of CONTENTS
Uniform and Equipment
4
Soldier’s Welfare
8
Pre-Combat Checklist
10
Troop Leading Procedures
13
Deliberate Relocation of BSA
16
TOC/CP Set-up Priorities of Work
17
TOC/CP Tear-down Priorities of Work
18
Professional Appearance and Operation
19
Camouflage
21
Fighting Positions
22
Light Discipline
23
Trash Discipline
23
Noise Discipline
23
Bivouac
24
Control of Equipment
25
Save Plan Operations
26
Priority of Destruction
27
Defensive Action/Standards
28
BSA Defense Training
29
NBC Training
30
BSA Defense Exercises
31
Priorities of Work in the Defense
32
2
TABLE of CONTENTS CONT.
“Stand To”
33
M16 Rifle Marksmanship
34
Spot Reports (SALTY)
35
React to Air Attack
36
Respond to Ground Attack/Red Alert Status
37
React to Indirect Fire
38
React to Chemical Contamination
39
Notes
40
3
UNIFORM AND EQUIPMENT
This list is the minimum amount of equipment needed by each soldier who deploys, this
must be in their possession. All equipment will be serviceable and the first line
supervisor is responsible for inventorying and ensuring that the equipment is present. It
is ultimately the responsibility of the Commander, 1SG, PLT Leaders, and PSG to ensure
all deploying soldiers’ equipment is serviceable and complete.
EQUIPMENT TO BE WORN:
LCE Complete:
Belt, web
Suspenders w/first aid pouch and dressing
2ea ammo pouches w/7 magazines
Canteen w/ cover & cup (worn on left hip)
Flashlight
Compass (optional)
Kevlar:
Sewn-on rank
2ea inside (1155 & 1156)
Name sewn on band (block letters
Personal weapon
Protective Mask
1 Set BDU's
1 T-shirt, brown
1 Pair Combat Boots
1 Belt, black
Socks, OD/Black
ID Card
ID Tags, set
Meal Card
Plugs, ear
Carry on bag (CVC bag or Patrol Pack only)
4
“A” BAG (DUFFLE W/LOCK)
1 Bag, waterproof
2 Undergarments, cotton
3 Rank set, pin on
5 Socks, cushion sole
2 Towel, brown
4 T-shirt, brown
1 Poncho liner (optional)
1 Boot polishing kit
1 Entrenching tool
1 Sleeping bag
1 Mat, sleeping
1 PT uniform, complete
3 Socks, white
1 Pair running shoes
1 Shelter half (2 females/officers)
5 Peg, tent (10 females/officers)
3 Pole, tent (6 females/officers)
1 Rope, tent (2 females/officers)
1 Set BDU’s
“B” BAG (DUFFLE W/LOCK)
1 Cap, cold weather
4 Undergarments, cotton
2 Towel, brown
4 T-shirts, brown
1 Jacket, gortex
1 Poncho
1 Pair liner, glove (OD green)
1 Pair boots, jungle/combat
1 Set BDU’s
1 Liner, field jacket
2 Pair long underwear (if issued)
1 Scarf, wool
1 Pair gloves, cold weather, black
1 Vest, flack/crew
1 Sweater, brown, wool
1 Nomex suit (if issued)
5
RUCKSACK
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1 Kit, weapons cleaning
1 T-shirt, polypro (thermal-optional)
1 MOPP suit (complete)
2 MRE’s
1 Set, BDU’s
1 Canteen, two quart w/ cover
1 Cap, BDU camouflage
1 Wash cloth, brown
1 Cord 550, 6ft section (optional)
2 Undergarments, cotton
1 Goggles (sand/dust/wind)
1 Jacket, wet weather
1 Trousers, wet weather
1 Kit, personal hygiene
1 Socks, cushion sole
1 Towel, brown
2 T-shirt, brown
1 Pair overshoes
1 Pair shower shoes
1 Laundry bag
There will be no civilian baggage in the tactical environment.
Do not leave TA-50 unattended in vehicles.
When issued your weapons will be considered as part of the duty uniform.
Proper field uniform at all times.
Proper uniform whiles in vehicles-kevlar w/ chinstrap fastened and eye protection
worn.
Protective mask carried at all times
NBC suit at arm’s length at all times unless stated otherwise.
Working Areas
 While performing maintenance, supply operations, or under cover, weapons, LCE,
and NBC suit must be at arms length
 Protective mask will be worn at all times!
ADDITIONAL ITEMS MAY BE PACKED:
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Additional sets of BDU’s
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Cold weather clothing, as required
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Underclothes
6
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Socks
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Chapstick/lip balm
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Sunscreen
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Camouflage sticks
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Foot powder
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Insect repellant
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Body powder
* “Poggie” bait should be limited to a few items. *
NO ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES OF ANY KIND WILL BE PERMITTED IN
FIELD LOCATIONS OR 24 HRS BEFORE DEPLOYMENT!
7
SOLDIERS’ WELFARE
THESE PROVISIONS MUST BE ESTABLISHED FOR SOLDIERS!
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Meals
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Tactically feed at all meals, 5 meters between soldiers
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Mail operations--set aside an area where paper, pens, and light are available
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Stay out of open areas
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Proper field sanitation
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Hand washing capability for chow line and at latrines location
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Garbage disposed of quickly and properly
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No eating or sleeping in work areas (Vans)
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Limited “Poggie” bait in field location
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Soldiers’ pay—S1 must make arrangements for LESs pickup and leaders must screen
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Laundry and bath--personal hygiene must remain a high standard (soldiers will be
clean and shaved no later than 1200 hours daily)
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Heat and cold weather injuries must be prevented through briefings and First line
leaders checking (identified with white engineer tape)
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Personnel properly licensed to operate equipment
8
SOLDIERS MUST BE BRIEFED PRIOR TO DEPARTURE AS TO
THE WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, AND WHY:
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**Concept of operation/mission
**Threatcon
**ADA status
**MOPP level
**Challenge & password
**Risk Assessment
Location of deployment
Standards of performance
Training goal
**LEADERS WILL PROVIDE 3X5 CARD WITH ABOVE INFORMATION DAILY

Soldiers must continually have their property accountability and serviceability
checked ie..TA-50, protective mask, weapons serial number (verified twice daily)
times to be established by the senior commander.
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All sleeping tents must have sleeping diagram at each entrance to facilitate rapidly
finding personnel. At the same time, personnel not involved should not be awakened.
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Bedrolls will be uniformly rolled or unrolled throughout the unit. Uniformity in all
areas is a must.
9
PRE-COMBAT CHECKLIST for TACTICAL ROAD MARCHES

BRIEFING
1. SP time
2. Route
3. Speed
4. Interval
5. Procedures and halts
6. Breakdown procedures
7. Priorities upon occupation
8. Safety
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PERSONNEL
1. Full accountability
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PERSONAL EQUIPMENT
1. All drivers have a strip map
2. ID card
3. Proper field uniform worn
4. All TA-50 present for current OPORD
5. Individual weapons present and secured
6. Individual weapons serial numbers recorded
7. Flashlight present on soldier/vehicle
8. Compass/pluggers carried by leaders
9. Name on kevlar band in block letters
10. Rank sewn on kevlar cover
11. LCE complete
12. First aid pouch
13. Full canteen w/ drinking cap
14. Protective mask with hood
15. Operation of SOI
16. Radio/telephone procedures
17. Drivers license present
18. Call for MEDEVAC (9 step)card
19. Leaders have a notebook, pencil, area & strip maps, current SOI, and the unit
TASCSOP
10
PRE-COMBAT CHECKLIST (CONTINUED)

INTELLIGENCE
1. Soldiers must be knowledgeable of their mission in the platoon, the platoon’s
mission within the company, and the company’s mission within the battalion
2. All maps posted
3. Soldiers know challenge and password
4. All leaders have a list of their subordinates, their weapons and sensitive items
by serial number, and vehicles by type and bumper number
5. Vehicle bumper numbers must be legible

NBC EQUIPMENT
1. MOPP suit present and serviceable with gloves/boots
2. Protective mask carried, fitted, and serviceable
3. M258 A1 decon kit present on each soldier
4. M256 chemical detection kit present and complete per assigned vehicle (NBC
detection teams)
5. Soldiers with glasses have mask inserts
6. Soldiers knowledgeable on MOPP levels and alert warning procedures and
signals
7. NBC teams identified and knowledgeable of equipment
8. NBC markers for contaminated areas present

COMMUNICATIONS
1. SOI with radio as available
2. Leaders knowledgeable of change over time for, call signs, and challenge and
password
3. Leaders can authenticate and use encoding tables
4. Antenna tie down kit installed and used

VEHICLES AND EQUIPMENT
1. All weapons mounted and operational
2. Spare barrels present and serviceable
3. Weapons cleaning kits available
4. Load plans posted in vehicles
5. Vehicle fully fueled
6. Water and fuel cans full
7. Chains and cargo straps for self recovery
11
PRE-COMBAT CHECKLIST (CONTINUED)

MAINTENANCE
1. Log book and dispatch in vehicle
2. Lubrication order and -10 present in Vehicle
3. PMCS completed daily and 5988E filled out correctly
4. Oil and water levels correct
5. Vehicle batteries clean with cables tight and electrolyte levels correct
6. Windows clean (any time you are stopped for more than 15 min)
7. Fire extinguishers present and serviceable
8. Lights operational

MISCELLANEOUS
1. Eye protection available for drivers of wheeled vehicles without windshields
Each vehicle will carry 5 gals of water, 5 gals of fuel, and 1 case of MREs
12
TROOP LEADING PROCEDURES
Troop leading procedure is the sequence of actions the company commander, platoon,
and squad leaders follow to make the best use of available time and facilities to prepare
for the accomplishment of their assigned mission.
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UNDERSTAND THE MISSION: On receiving the initial order, which is usually a
fragment order, the assigned mission is analyzed so that a thorough understanding of the
specifics and implied tasks to be accomplished is reached. Throughout the preparation and
conduct of the operation, the assigned mission is kept foremost in mind.
PLAN THE USE OF AVAILABLE TIME: is the governing factor in allotting time for
reconnaissance and planning. The leader must allow sufficient time for his or her subordinate
leaders to prepare their units for the operation.
ESTIMATE THE SITUATION: In considering the tasks involved in accomplishing the
mission, the leader weighs the effects of the weather, terrain, and the known enemy
capabilities, strengths, and dispositions. The leader then develops the course of action which
could feasibly accomplish the mission using the resources available to him or her in
accordance with his or her estimate of the situation.
ANALYSIS OF COURSES OF ACTION: Once the leader determines the courses of
action open for accomplishing the mission, the leader weighs one against the other and selects
the one which is simplest, is least costly to execute, and will best ensured accomplishment of
the mission.
DECISION: The decision is a concise statement of the course of action selected to
accomplish the mission and is the basis for the development of the tactical plan. The decision
should answer the question WHO, WHEN, WHERE, HOW, and WHY.
RECONNAISSANCE: As thorough a reconnaissance as possible is made of the terrain
over which the operation is to be conducted. Available time and the enemy situation will
determine whether the reconnaissance will be a brief review of maps and available serial
photographs, or a lengthy and meticulous examination of the terrain itself. All leaders and
fire support personnel make some sort or reconnaissance. The Company Commander may
take his or her unit leaders while reconning the area. The platoon leaders may have to brief
their squad leaders by map.
COORDINATION: Any exchange of plans between leaders of adjacent units is vital to
ensure there is no conflict between units and no duplication of efforts occur. Fire support
coordination is conducted throughout the development plan.
ISSUE THE ORDER: Once the tactical plan is developed, the leader issues the order to
his or her subordinate leaders, using the 5-paragraph format shown below:
1. Situation
2. Mission
3. Execution
4. Service Support
5. Command and Control
6. SAFETY
13
TROOP LEADING PROCEDURES CONTINUED
1. RECEIVE THE MISSION
 Think through the mission
 Use METT-T (mission, equipment, terrain, time available, troops available)
 Plan use of available time allow 2/3 of time for subordinates
 Use reverse planning
2. ISSUE THE WARNING ORDER
 Alert unit to mission, time, and place of OPORD
 What is the mission (five W’s)
 Initial preparations required
 Delegate tasks to subordinates
 Announce time and location of OPORD issue and who will attend
3. MAKE A TENTATIVE PLAN
 Develop at least two courses of action
 List advantages and disadvantages of each COA
 List five W’s of each COA
4. INITIATE MOVEMENT
 State time the unit is to be in location
 Five W’s of movement
 Method of movement
 Arrange for transportation
5. CONDUCT RECONNOITER
 Visually inspect the area as much as possible
 Use maps, photos, if available, if you cannot recon the actual site
 Add advantages and disadvantages to COA's based on recon
6. COMPLETE THE PLAN
Write the operations order
7. ISSUE THE ORDER
Format for an Operations Order:
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Situation - a brief outline of overall enemy and friendly situation
Mission - concise, accurate statement of the unit’s task
Who, what, where, when, why
Execution
Concept of the operation
Fire plan (defensive)
Scheme of fire (offensive)
Priorities of work
Sub-unit missions
Coordinating instructions
Service support - list services available
Command and signal - location of command and necessary commo
14
BE SURE TO:
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Use proper format
Take attendance
Issue order on site of mission if possible
Speak clearly, use proper grammar
Be concise, but accurate
Use training aids, such as sand tables, sketches, or maps
Maintain eye contact
Tell subordinates what to do if they lose communications
Ask for questions
Ask them specific questions to be sure they understand
Give a time check, to be sure all are on the same time
8. SUPERVISE AND REFINE
 List a priority of things to be checked to ensure mission
accomplishment
 Display thorough knowledge and confidence
 Get periodic reports from subordinates to include key goals
 Make corrections
 Adjust the plan as necessary, communicate adjustments to
subordinates
 ACCOMPLISH THE MISSION!
15
DELIBERATE RELOCATION OF BSA
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Issue warning order
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Conduct recons
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Issue FRAGO
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Organize to allow echelons.
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Continuous support
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Transfer CSS assets to trains as trains assets permit
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Send quartering party under S-4
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Send advance party under SPO control
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All recovery assets consolidate into trail party
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Units occupy BSA IAW standard BSA layout
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S-3 will assign companies TCP and route security
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ADA assets cover route
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Units provide sector sketch, and lay land lines two hours after main body closes
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Stage vehicles by serial
Plan, in detail, the setup and sequence when arriving in a new area:
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Backward plan setup and time-phase sequence
Establish priorities of work
16
TOC/CP SET UP PRIORITIES OF WORK
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Occupy area. (verify positions/establish security)
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Place sentry/establish NCS
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Place generators/put into operation
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Establish and verify commo
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Resume NCS duties
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Expand SPO van, S-3
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Install remotes for fm
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Establish commo link to sentry
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Erect TOC camoflauge net
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Erect TOC concertina/man access point
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Construct hasty fighting positions (45 min-1hour)
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Camouflage all vehicles/trailers
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Erect sleep tents and other accommodations
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Improve fighting positions/barriers
Company
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Occupy area
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Establish security
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Establish commo
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The CP run wire to BN
17
TOC/CP TEAR DOWN PRIORITIES OF WORK
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Pack SPO van for ADVON/attach generator to van/tear down sentry
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Pack briefing tent
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Remove and roll TOC camoflauge net
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Knock down TOC berm
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Police up concertina wire
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Remove remotes from S2/3 van
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Tear down sleep areas/vehicle camoflauge
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S-3 vehicle assumes NCS
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Turn off generators
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Pack S2/3 van and attach generator
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Withdraw security just prior to movement
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Cover all holes
18
PROFESSIONAL APPEARANCE AND OPERATION
1. Signs should be posted, to clearly mark the following:
 Every section
 Traffic
 CP
 Dismount point
 Customer parking
2. Customers must be controlled in our area. They must be in the proper uniform, and
must park their vehicles in the designated area.
3. All vehicles must be parked tactically, oriented to the quickest route out.
4. One way flow of traffic throughout the area (if possible).
5. Tighten camouflage nets daily.
6. Give proper challenge and password.
7. Guards must know how to salute with M16A2 rifle.
8. All 2 1/2 ton and larger vehicles must have a walking ground guide in area at all
times.
9. All vehicles will have a walking ground guide during the hours of darkness in the
BSA area.
10. We salute in the field
UNIT TRAINING SHOULD INCLUDE (See pages 29-38) :
 Opportunity training
 Training to cover all lulls/breaks
 Technical and tactical
VISITOR BRIEFING CHARTS:
 Mission
 Sketch of area
 List of personnel and equipment in field
 Perimeter defense
 Training schedules
 Execution matrices
 Technical data charts
 Backlog by commodity
 Production/status
 Class IX status
 Major problems encountered
19
PROFESSIONAL APPEARANCE AND OPERATION (CONTINUED)
WIRE IN AREA (WD-1/WF-16 or electrical):
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Unused wire coiled neatly
Wire crossing roads must be buried
No wire should cross foot paths
Wire should always be tied off
SB22 switchboard should be grounded
All wires should be tagged near the J-box as to what unit the wire belongs to, and
phone number.
LOAD PLANS:
 Ensure load plans are accurate and reflects those items required first to be loaded to
the rear of the vehicle.
 Each soldier has a NCO supervisor and knows what his/her responsibilities are and in
what order of priority.
SHOP OPERATIONS--SAFETY is the first priority
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No sleeping or eating in the work area
Proper uniform at all times
Property accountability
Personal hygiene
Know status of customer equipment
Prepare QA/QC
Customer oriented
Educate customer as to why they are breaking equipment
Offer technical assistance
Feed stranded customers
Keep your area clean, the first impression is a lasting one
Keep your supplies neat, orderly, and, oriented to the customer requirements
If personnel off shift must sleep in working tent, tent must be partitioned to separate
the work area from the sleep area
20
CAMOUFLAGE
Camouflage systems must be properly erected:
 Nets off equipment
 Vehicles capable of going in/out (beneath nets)
 Nets staked down properly
 Camouflage over all equipment as needed
 Vehicle hoods down (for safety reasons)
 Canvas/sand bags over glass and mirrors
 Camouflage system bags neatly stored under stationary equipment
1. Every piece of equipment gets camouflaged: vehicles, tents, generators, latrines,
immersion heaters, etc.
2. Make provisions to camouflage the area for customer parking, dismount points,
and equipment.
3. No equipment will remain uncamouflaged for long periods of time.
4. It is better to have one large tent than many small ones.
5. Individual camouflage must blend in with surrounding areas.
6. Remember there are two sides to a camouflage net, there is an Autumn side, and
a Spring/Summer side.
PRIORITIES FOR CAMOUFLAGE:
1. CP/TOC
2. Generators
3. Vehicles
4. Tents
*There is no requirement to cover subdued bumper markings during training.
21
FIGHTING POSITIONS
There are three basic requirements for a fighting position:
1. It provides protection
2. It provides concealment
3. It allows engagement of the enemy
PROTECTION:
A good fighting position protects you from small arms fire and indirect fire
fragmentation. Protection from small arms fire is provided by frontal cover, it cuts in
half the chance of injury or death from small arms fire. Natural frontal protection (trees,
rocks, dirt, etc.) is best because it is hard for the enemy to identify a fighting position that
is concealed by natural cover. Frontal cover must be:
1. Long enough to provide adequate fighting room for two soldiers and to conceal
the muzzle blast when firing oblique.
2. Thick enough to stop enemy small arms fire (at least 18 inches of dirt).
3. High enough to cover the heads of the soldiers when they are firing their
weapons.
4. Far enough in front of the hole to allow for oblique firing.
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Approach the position only from the rear, ensuring that a visible trail is not left.
Do not litter area, make unnecessary noise, or during the hours of darkness expose
any light.
Do not disturb any vegetation not used in constructing or camouflaging the position.
Be particularly careful with a vehicle if you are a driver, insure that the vehicle does
not leave a trail pointing out the position.
Use soil removed from the position to build a parapet and then cover it with sod in
such a manner that it looks natural. Excess soil should be carried well to the rear of
the position and hidden.
If additional vegetation must be used to break up the outline of the parapet, obtain
some similar to that found near your position with root structure intact if possible. Do
not use so much vegetation that the position has more that the surrounding area. If at
all possible use the woodland camouflage system.
If the ground under the weapons nozzle is dusty, keep it moist, but not excessively
wet.
Cover all headlights and mirrors on vehicles with weighted sandbags during the day
to cut down on sun reflection. (Tone Down)
Cover vehicle windshield with poncho or tarp and camouflage both vehicle and
trailers during long halts and extended stays. Do not raise the hood of your vehicle.
22
LIGHT DISCIPLINE
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Lights sets will use 25 watt bulbs
Smoking at night will be done under cover
No smoking in work areas or sleep tents
Only flashlights with blue lens will be used and pointed only toward the ground,
never in the air or toward the perimeter.
Lights from tents or vehicles will be checked nightly and corrective action taken.
Cover anything that reflects light
NOISE DISCIPLINE
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Every attempt should be made to muffle exhaust systems for vehicles and generators
(do not allow equipment to overheat!)
Avoid all unnecessary vehicular or foot movement
Tape or otherwise secure metal parts (weapon slings, ID tags, etc.) to reduce noise
during movement
Talk only when necessary
Use radio only when necessary, keep volume low
TRASH DISCIPLINE
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When occupying a position, take all litter to an established collection point
During movement, carry litter until it can be disposed of without leaving any trace of
the units movement
Empty Trash in work areas
Keep Trash off the ground
23
BIVOUACS
DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cover and concealment
Sufficient area to permit dispersion
Adequate water source
Close to route of march
Sufficient roads or trails to accommodate transportation, or terrain permitting
cross-country movement of vehicles
6. Natural obstacles to armored attack
CAMPS: Provide 50 square meters per soldier and 100 square meter per vehicle. Locate
your camp at least 2 miles from mosquito breeding areas. Select site after considering
mission, consider natural obstacles against attack. Cover and concealment, surface
damage, soil surface, road accessibility to water point, prevailing wind, absence of
poisonous vegetation and insects or reptiles.
LATRINES: Locate at least 100 meters away from dining facility and 30 meters away
from personnel shelters. Locate hand-washing stations between latrines and tents.
WATER: The amount of water for any given number of soldiers varies. The season of
the year, the geographical location, and the tactical situation are factors that must be
considered when estimating the minimum requirements; in a hot dry climate, a soldier
performing normal duty may require as much as two or three gallons of water per day for
drinking purposes. In a cool climate however, a soldier may require only one half gallon
of water per day for the same purpose. Similarly, amounts required for cooking and for
personal hygiene vary greatly.
24
CONTROL OF EQUIPMENT IN THE FIELD IS MANDATORY:

Central point in a company area for vehicles and personnel to check in/out.
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Total accountability at all times.
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Call-back procedure established for personnel not able to return to unit area and
verify arrival upon reaching destination.
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All equipment properly dispatched.
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PMCS correctly performed daily on equipment that is moved, and every 72 hours
when not moved.
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Vehicle radios must be chained and locked.
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Generators properly grounded and fuel stored at proper distance away from
generators and other sources of flame.
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Fire extinguishers in all vehicles, and beside all generators and stoves.

Minimize the number of garrison runs.
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Tent stoves properly erected.
25
SAVE PLAN OPERATIONS
Pre execution:
BN CDR approves alt site
S-3 process alt site, publish in OPORD
Evacuation priority is normally as follows:
Patients (using ground and air evac assets)
Class III (B)
Class V
Class IX or ASL vans and uploaded MAS
Patients in all non-standard evac platforms
Medical supplies
CPOG’s
Class III (P)
Class II
Class IV
Class I
Bulk water
SPO proposes changes in evacuation priority.
Execution:

BN CDR initiates save plan based on input from S-2/current situation

S-3 initiates save plan with FM call, “guidons, guidons, ...execute save plan”

BSA has ---- hours to move (up to 1.5 hours will be given)

Main body will depart 0/0
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If full 1.5 hours are available for movement:

15 MIN AFTER ORDER IS GIVEN, QUARTERING PARTY MEETS BSA TOC
(LED BY S-4).
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30 min after save plan is given ADVON departs old BSA.
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At a designated time, main body departs under control of S-3.

Demo teams prepare equipment for destruction under control of BMO.

BMO approves and supervises the destruction then escorts demo team to
alternate site.
26
PRIORITY OF DESTRUCTION AS FOLLOWS:

Any classified documents

Class III

Class V

Class VII

Class II (uniforms)

Class XI

Class I
CLASS VIII SUPPLIES AND EQUIPMENT WILL NOT BE
DESTROYED!
27
DEFENSIVE ACTIONS/STANDARDS
1. OP/LPS detect and report enemy element to company CP via landline. Company CP
will alert TOC by radio, BN TOC increases level of defensive status.
2. Soldiers move to and from occupying fighting positions.
3. If a mounted attack by fire, Company CDR or 1SG touch off appropriate flares or
signals as required.
4. OP’s call for supporting indirect fire against the attacking elements with supporting
fires, IAW the target list and call for fire procedures.
5. All weapons engage enemy elements on control fires.
6. Increase the intensity of defensive fires as elements come closer in range.
7. Soldiers engage exposed armored vehicle crewmen and vehicle optics with rifle and
machine gun fire
8. Soldiers engage assaulting vehicles with AT4, M203 and fire from behind frontal
cover; fires are directed to the flanks of the vehicles, and alternating.
9. If the enemy conducts a dismounted assault, the following actions occur:

Initiate direct and supporting FPL, machine guns fire on designated FPL's
10. If enemy vehicle penetrate the perimeter, take the following actions:

Engage the rear of assaulting vehicles

Soldiers continue to engage following vehicles to protect soldiers who are
engaging the initial assaulting vehicles

Dismounting infantry are engaged as soon as rear door ramps open
28
BSA DEFENSE TRAINING
Support personnel, particularly officers and NCO's may require refresher training in BSA
defense principles and techniques. This includes the use of organic weapons,
communications procedures, placement, and monitoring of ground sensors, preparation of
defensive positions, fire support coordination, and NBC defense measures.
UNIT TRAINING
Unit and BSA defense training focuses on rehearsal of BSA defense plans,
continuation of the supp9rt mission under limited attack, and complete defensive posture
without conducting the support mission.
INDIVIDUAL TRAINING
 All individuals will take part in BSA defense operations. They may require
refresher training in the following areas as applicable to their roles in the base
defense effort:
 Preparation of individual fighting positions.
 Camouflage, cover, and concealment.
 Patrol and operation of roadblocks and checkpoints.
 Limited visibility operations to include the use of night observation devices and
sensors and special challenge, sign and countersign techniques.
 Cross-training on individual and crew served weapons and supporting equipment
available within the unit.
 Marksmanship, especially night firing and the preparation of range cards.
 Listening posts and observation post operations with emphasis on security, sound
and light discipline, and reporting procedures emplacement, operation, and
maintenance of special observation and detection devices such as sensors, flares,
platoon early warning system (pews), and remotely employed sensors (REMS).
 Cross-training in all commo equipment available within the unit and in
communication techniques.
 Obstacle construction and mines and booby-trap emplacement.
 Counterattack, use of rally points internal and external.
 Use of individual and non-air defense crew served weapons in an air defense role.
 Nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) protective measures.
 Operations security (OPSEC).
 Identification of threat vehicles and equipment.
 Spot reports using salute format.
 Fire support requests, coordination, and adjustment.
29
NUCLEAR, BIOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL (NBC) TRAINING

The debilitating and lethal effects of NBC weapons pose a great threat to all
personnel on the battlefield. The enemy’s priority targets include nuclear delivery
means (aircraft, artillery, missiles, and rocket sites).

Chemical attacks on the BSA may require personnel to assume progressively
higher mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP) and to work in full protective
clothing for extended periods of time. Additionally, salvage, recovery,
reclassification, and maintenance operations may be hampered by the
contamination of damaged equipment. This may require commanders to either
initiate time-consuming decontamination operations or increase personnel risks to
save time. Contamination may be so acute that equipment may have to be
repaired with it is contaminated, supplies decontaminated before issue, and
medical patients decontaminated before they are treated. Therefore, it is
imperative that unit personnel are trained in the following:
1. Contamination avoidance, which is accomplished through NBC
reconnaissance, detection and warning of NBC hazards, and limiting the
spread of contamination.
2. Protective measures, which include the use of MOPP-both personnel and
vehicles, recognition of NBC alarms and NBC weapon effects, and the ability
to administer appropriate self-aid, first aid, and buddy aid.
30
BSA DEFENSE EXERCISES
BSA defense exercises are the final and most important step in the base defense training
cycle since they provide the means for developing individual and unit proficiency in base
defense operations. These exercises are conducted under various weather conditions
during day and night. BSA defense exercises are used to familiarize BSA defense forces
and tenant units with their roles, in base defense operations. They include, but are not
limited to, rehearsals of BSA defense plans, manning of defensive positions, coordination
of supporting fires.
31
PRIORITY OF WORK IN THE DEFENSE

Establish security within the perimeter

Position LP/OPs

Position crew served weapons.

Assign and clear fields of fire, designate sectors of fire, principal direction of fire,
place aiming stakes, clear only what is absolutely necessary, complete range cards,
draw sector sketch (leaders).

Prepare defensive positions, dig individual or crew served fighting positions, include
grenade sumps and overhead cover.

Camouflage positions, vertical and horizontal camouflage, blend in with your
surrounding (IAW SOP)

Replace camouflage as required.

Establish communications, run ground lines to unit TOC

Construct obstacles such as concertina for TOC.

Select and prepare alternate and supplementary positions

Make preparations for technical operations

Visit supported units

Maintain sensitive items

Maintain personal and unit equipment

Conduct personal hygiene

Eat chow

Rest/sleep
NOTE: The improvement of individual fighting positions is continuous throughout the
priorities of work. Also several elements of these priorities can be done at the same time.
As an example, one soldier provides security for two fighting positions allowing three
other soldiers to prepare positions, lay wire, and camouflage.
32
“STAND TO”
TIME: Daily 30 minutes before EENT/ BMT and until terminated by higher
headquarters (BSA TOC)
LOCATION: Assigned fighting positions
UNIFORM: BDU’s, Kevlar, LCE, Weapon, Mask, MOPP suit carried or worn as
directed by chain of command
APPLICABILITY: All assigned or attached personnel
PURPOSE:
1. Accountability of personnel and sensitive items
2. Defense of unit perimeter
3. Start or the daily routine
DRILL:
1. Individual/crews
a. Soldiers fighting position
b. Defends self
c. Defends sector
d. Augment reaction force on order
2. Leadership
a. Controls fire
b. Maintains noise and light discipline
c. Accounts for personnel and sensitive items, reports status up the chain of
command
d. Directs the defense
33
M16 RIFLE MARKSMANSHIP

The four fundamentals of firing for marksmanship
1.
2.
3.
4.

Steady position
Aiming
Breathing control
Trigger squeeze
Basic firing positions
1. Individual fighting position, supported
2. Prone unsupported

Alternate firing positions
1.
2.
3.
4.

Shot grouping
1.
2.
3.
4.

Prone supported
Kneeling supported
Kneeling unsupported
Standing
Attempt to place a 3 round group within a 4 centimeter circle
Rear sight centered and set on unmarked target 0 to 300 meters
Front sight post set so that base of post is flush with top of post well
Apply fundamentals of firing, no sight adjustment should be made at this time
Zeroing
1. Flip rear sight forward so the letter L can be seen
2. Fire a three round shot group
34
SPOT REPORTS (SALTY)
SIZE: Actual/estimated size of enemy force by vehicle type/count
ACTIVITY: What are the enemies actions
LOCATION: 6 digit grid with grid zone designator
TIME: The time the enemy was sighted by enemy force
YOUR ACTIONS: What can you do deter them or detain them?
35
REACT TO AIR ATTACK

Any soldier may alert the unit of approaching aircraft with BSA sector

Upon sighting of enemy aircraft soldiers immediately notify unit CP

Over FM net, a guidons call will be made as follows: “guidons, dynamite, dynamite

Simultaneously, one long horn blast will be made

Soldier alerts platoon. Sec of approaching aircraft. “example, “aircraft right front”

If fired on by aircraft without order or signal, all soldiers immediately return fire
using appropriate engagement techniques (fast mover by 2 football fields, slow mover
by 1)

If in vehicles, leader orders driver to take evasive action and move vehicles to a
concealed position: if no position is around, disperse vehicles to reduce targets-soldiers dismount except for mounted weapons

Leader identifies aircraft, orders soldiers to fire if aircraft is to be engaged (air attack,
jet inbound, 3 o’clock, prepare to fire)

On order, soldiers fire at the incoming aircraft using appropriate engagement
technique

Start cyclic rate of fire using appropriate engagement technique

Start cyclic rate of fire using appropriate engagement technique

Leader orders members to cease fire

Report enemy aircraft (type, location, and course) to higher
36
RESPOND TO GROUND ATTACK/RED ALERT STATUS

BSA TOC receives warning of a ground threat to the BSA

TOC initiates call to notify all tenant CP’s using code word “bayonet” example:
guidons, guidons, bayonet, bayonet

Green or white star cluster is shot as additional signal

Tenants respond with fixed call signs, and all units monitor BN CMD net

QRF reports to TOC

MP force in BSA assembles and responds per TOC guidance

Field artillery trains commander reports to TOC (as directed by XO) as BSA FSO
during battle ops

Units warn LP/OP’s and prepare to withdraw them

Units man defensive positions at 100% use direct fire weapons and indirect fire
support to repulse attack

TOC warns BDE and DSA of threat to BSA
37
REACT TO INDIRECT FIRE

FM or vocal “incoming”

Fall prone and don protective mask (if NBC threat)

Seek shelter or go to assigned fighting positions

Inform CP (spot report)

Go to MOPP IV (if NBC threat)

Inform battalion TOC

Initiate M256 kit (if NBC threat)

Request to conduct unmasking procedures (if NBC threat)

Request permission to unmask (if NBC threat)

Unmask (if NBC threat)

NBC report

Leave two M256 kits at Platoon Sergeant’s hasty position
38
REACT TO CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION
When you suspect chemical contamination through observations, chemical alarms
warning messages, symptoms, artillery rounds, or other means, do the following:
1. Mask.
2. Warn others by yelling “gas, gas, gas,” arm signals, and 3 long horn blasts.
3. Go to MOPP IV.
4. TOC warns units by “guidons, guidons, gas, gas, gas” and 3 long horn blasts.
5. TOC informs BDE through NBC reports.
6. All personnel and vehicles stop moving, except designated leaders and NBC
teams.
7. Gate access guards stop all incoming and outgoing traffic.
8. NBC teams perform M256 kit testing.
9. Report results to TOC if testing is negative, request initiation of unmasking
procedures only if TOC will give final authority to unmask.
10. TOC records results, identify areas of contamination, including personnel and
equipment by type and quantity.
11. TOC requests decon through BDE.
12. TOC tasks units to conduct operational decon at designated downwind site.
13. TOC directs C Company to prepare PDS as required near downwind deacon site.
14. Personnel and equipment from tenant units go to C Company.
15. Do not allow contaminated vehicles/personnel to move into the BSA-direct to go
to deacon site.
16. Once contaminated, equip/personnel are removed or locally deconed and the site
is deconed--initiate M256 kit testing and unmasking procedures.
17.Conduct ADC operations as required, to include casualty reporting.
BDA: Destroyed or damaged enemy equipment. Enemy personnel killed or captured,
or additional intelligence information pertinent to the spot report.
DAMAGE AFTER ATTACK
 Ammo
 Casualty
 Equipment
39
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