1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Explain why smaller cells have a more favorable surface area-to-volume ratio for exchange of materials with the environment. Be able to calculate surface area and volume.
Discuss the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
What are the evolutionary relationships between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Describe the function of the major organelles/structures within a eukaryotic cell.
Contrast the structures found in animal and plant cells.
Explain the structure and function similarities and differences between chloroplasts and 6.
mitochondria.
7.
8.
How does the structure of membranes provide for transport and recognition?
Describe the various mechanisms by which substances can cross the membrane.
9.
10.
How do cells react to different osmolarity conditions?
What is water potential and how is it involved in transpiration?
11.
How does compartmentalization organize a cell’s functions?
12.
How and where does mitosis and meiosis differ?
13.
What would happen if chromatids failed to separate during meiosis? Discuss disorders.
14.
How does cell division differ in plants vs. animal cells vs. prokaryotes?
15.
Explain the functions that mitosis serves in unicellular organisms, and in multicellular organisms.
16.
What are the similarities and differences between gametogenesis in animals and plants?
17.
How does mitosis allow for the even distribution of genetic information to new cells?
18.
How is the cell cycle regulated?
19.
How can aberrations in the cell cycle lead to tumor formation?
20.
Explain how signal transduction pathways coordinate the activities within individual cells that support the function of the organism as a whole in multi-cellular organisms.
21.
Describe methods of cellular communication by bacteria, neurotransmitters and hormones.
22.
How are second messengers often essential to the function of a signaling cascade?
23.
Describe how a hydrophobic or hydrophilic hormone triggers the response of a target cell.
24.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have some non-membrane-bound components in common. Describe the function of TWO of the following and discuss how each differs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: DNA, cell wall, and ribosomes
25.
Explain how the processes of meiosis increase genetic variation in a population and be able to mathematically modify the effects of those processes.
26.
Explain how membranes participate in the following biological processes. muscle contraction fertilization of an egg chemiosmotic production of ATP intercellular signaling

FRQ Practice….
The following experiment was designed to test whether different concentration gradients affect the rate of diffusion. In this experiment, four solutions (0% NaCl, 1% NaCl, 5% NaCl, and 10% NaCl) were tested under identical conditions. Fifteen milliliters (mL) of 5% NaCl were put into a bag formed of dialysis tubing that is permeable to Na+, Cl–, and water. The same was done for each NaCl solution. Each bag was submerged in a separate beaker containing 300 mL of distilled water. The concentration of NaCl in mg/L in the water outside the bag was measured at 40-second intervals. The results from the 5% bag are shown I the table below. a. On the axes provided, graph the data for the 5% NaCl solution b. Using the same set of axes, draw and label three additional lines representing the results that you would predict for the 0% NaCl, 1% NaCl, and 10% NaCl solutions. Explain your predictions. c. Farmlands located near coastal regions are being threatened by encroaching seawater seeping into the soil. In terms of water movement into or out of plant cells, explain why seawater could decrease crop production. Include a discussion of water potential in your answer.