Slide #1 CAREER DEVELOPMENT MODELS (continued)
Joe Ray Underwood
COE 8203
Slide #2 Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)Assumptions
Career Choice: result from interaction of cognitive & information processes
Making career choices is problem solving activity
Career problem solver’s capability: cognitive operations & knowledge
High memory load task
Motivation
Career identity depends on self-knowledge
Career dev: continual growth & change in knowledge structure
Career maturity depends on ability to solve career problems
Goal: facilitate growth of information-processing skills
Aim: enhance capability as career problem solver & decision maker
Slide #3 CIP Links
(CIP) theory was developed through the joint efforts of a group of researchers at the FSU
Career Center's Center for the Study of Technology in Counseling and Career
Development (Tech Center).
http://www.career.fsu.edu/professional/cip.html
University of Indiana Professor’s lecture about CIP
http://education.indiana.edu/~p540/webcourse/cip.html
Slide #4 Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)
Combination of learning theory and self-efficacy theory
Personal goals sustain behavior
“Personal Agency” interacts with
Self-efficacy
Outcome expectations
Personal goals
Slide #5 SCCT (continued)
Interacting influences among
individuals
their behaviors
their environment
Help individuals understand how (a) behavior, (b) surrounding environment, and ( c)
personal factors shape thoughts and behaviors
Slide #6 Choice Model
Establishing a goal
Taking action to implement a choice
Attaining a level of performance that determines direction of future career behavior
Slide #7 SSCT
Pathways to Career Choice
Self-efficacy & outcome expectations promote career-related interests
Interests influence goals
Goal-related actions lead to performance expectations
Outcome determines future paths
Establish career direction or redirect goals
Slide #8 SSCT Applications
Educational programs to promote developing interests, values, & talents
Present array of occupations that correspond with abilities and values
Occupational sort cards
Overcome barriers to success
Design skill programs that provide self-efficacy enhancement, realistic outcome
expectations, and goal-setting skills
Slide #9 Brown’s Values-Based, Holistic Model of Career and Life-Role Choices and
Satisfaction
Values are developed through interaction in inherited characteristics and experience
Value-laden messages may contain contradiction while some developed values may
conflict with others
Values are prioritized and crystallized at any given time in their development but
processing of values may be greatly affected by an individual’s cognitive clarity
Slide #10 Brown . . . (continued)
Interests play minor role
Crystallized (cemented) value:
I want to do this because . . .
Individuals prioritize only small number of values
Life satisfaction depends on life roles that satisfy all essential values
Slide #11 Brown . . . (continued)
Highly prioritized values most important in life role choices if:
One option available to satisfy life-role value
Options to implement life-role values clearly delineated
Same difficulty level of implementing each option
Role’s salience directly related to degree of satisfaction of essential values
Slide #12 Brown . . . (continued)
Values acquired through learning from value-laden information in environment
Cognitively processed while interacting with inherited characteristics
Cultural background, gender, and socioeconomic levels influence social interactions
Success in life-role combination of learned skills and aptitudes (physical, affective,
cognitive)
Slide #13 Questions for Career Counselors
(according to Brown)
Are there mood problems that will interfere with decision making?
(Anxiety, depression, concerns)
Are the relationships between career and life roles clear (to the client)?
Is there evidence that values have been crystallized and prioritized?
(Why do you believe that?)
Slide #14 A Contextual Explanation of Career
Constructivism
Individuals construct their own way of organizing information
Truth or reality is a matter of perception
As people and environments interact, development may proceed in many pathways
Interactions provide a foundation for individuals to form their own development
Slide #15 Application of Contextual Theory
Be aware of client’s conceptualizations, concepts, & constructs during counseling
Help clients become aware of their constructs by offering support
Assist clients to construct a narrative
Frequently mentioned topics
Discussion of narrative to discover “context” of life
Through joint activity, develop goals
Slide #16 Self-Efficacy Theory
Individual’s belief in her/his ability to perform certain tasks determines whether the
individual will attempt those tasks and how well she/he will perform
Self-efficacy determines the intensity of an individual’s effort
Slide #17 Self-Efficacy Versus Contextual Explanation
Self-efficacy concepts include:
Inefficacious thinking weakens motivation & undermines performance
Viewed as a set of beliefs about a performance domain
Individuals limit career choice because of low self-efficacy
Contextual explanation concepts include:
Actions manifest behavior, are internal processes, and have social meaning
Environmental actions to be observed from “wholeness” of events
Events take shape as people engage in them: actions & events influence
participation
Slide #18 Convergence of Career Theory
(support)
Isolate vocational psychology from other psychological disciplines
Different theories provide limited beneficial results for clients
Avoid different operational definitions of the the same terminology
Unification would promote better research
Slide #19 Convergence of Career Theory
(against)
Discourage formation of new theory (creativity)
Empirical base currently lacking
Should be empirical question not literary
Could lead to ambiguous constructs (many theories)
Constructive, piecemeal theory is better
Might force political agendas on theory
Committees cannot construct theories
Unification in terminology possible, not likely with philosophy or theory
Modern approaches support pluralism not unity
Research may overlook interesting aspects of individual theory