Environmental Research. Vol 4. No 7. Spring and Summer 2013
197
Vegetation and Climate Change During the
Late- Glacial- Holocene in Iran A Case Study From
Lake Neor in NW Iran
1
Azizi, G. h.; 2*Akbari, T.; 3Hashemi, H.
1 Associate Prof., Department of physical Geography, Faculty of Geography, university of Tehran
2 PhD. Student, Department of physical Geography, Faculty of Geography,university of Tehran
3 Associate Prof., Department of Geology, Faculty of sciences, university of Tarbiat Moallem
(Received: 23/Jan/2012; Accepted: 17/June/2013)
Abstract
In this study we used pollen analysis for reconstruction of the past vegetation and paleoclimate of
Lake Neor area located in the northwest of Iran. We detected the Late glacial,Younger Dryas and
early Holocene by interpretation of pollen diagram of Neor Lake. As a result, the pollen analysis as
well as dating results revealed some climatic events in Lake Neor area in the north-west of Iran. We
also used some pollen ratios for detecting the wet and dry phases during early Holocene. The
interpretation of pollen diagram of Lake Neor suggested that the forest- steppe vegetation cover
with Artemisia dominated in the Neor region during early Holocene. There are also some evidences
that show the usefulness of palynology method as an appropriate paleoclimatic technique in Lake
Neor area for understanding the vegetation change in the context of the global climate change
during late-glacial to mid-Holocene.
Key Words: Climate change, Paleoclimate, Palynology, Late- glacial, Early Holocene, Iran.
*Corresponding author:
Email: Tayebakbari@gmail.com
Abstracts
198
Wolf Subspecies Classifications Based on
Mitochondrial Markers
1*
Asadi Aghbolaghi, M.; 2Rezaei, H. R.; 3Zamani, V.
1 Master of Natural Resources– Environmental, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj
2 Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences,
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
3 PhD student, Genetic Conservation at Université Joseph Fourier, France
(Received: 13/May/2012; Accepted: 17/June/2013)
Abstract
Population genetic structure of the population of wolves in the world and population fluctuations is
dependent on glacial periods. The dispersal of wolves in Iran and the need to identify the exact
species in conservation programs, in this study, relation of supspecies probable wolf in Iran, Canis
lupus pallipes, (Canis lupus cubanensis and Canis lupus lupus) with other subspecies in the world
genes based on full sequence of cytochrome b, control region genes of mtDNA, ND1 and CO1 gene
in gene banks worldwide were recorded. Classification based on the sequences analysis of each
gene was performed. And common haplotypet of the four genes mentioned above were determined
and the haplotype network was drawn. Results showed that the subspecies Canis lupus lupus of the
old haplotype with high dispersion in the Middle East and Europe has complex relationships with
other subspecies in the world and also in ranking of wolf subspecies, control region and cytochrome
b gene to CO1 and ND1 gene haplotype differentiate between them than superficially appear.
Key words: Canis lupus lupus, MtDNA, Cytochrome b, Control region, ND1 gene, CO1 gene
*Corresponding author:
Email: marzyhasadi@yahoo.com
Environmental Research. Vol 4. No 7. Spring and Summer 2013
199
Investigation of Effectiveness of EMS Establishment in
Improvement of Environmental Performance of
Industrial Units in Iran
1
Jamalzad Fallah, F.; 2 *Abedinzadeh, N.; 3Ravanbakhsh, M.
1 Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research ,Member of Educational Board of
Environmental Research Institute of Jihad Daneshgahi
2 Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, member of Educational Board of
Environmental Research Institute of Jihad Daneshgahi
Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Member of Educational Board of
Environmental Research Institute of Jihad Daneshgahi
(Received: 22/Apr/2012; Accepted: 17/June/2013)
Abstract
The set of ISO 14000 standards as an effective factor has improved the environmental performance
of organizations, standardize them and integrate the environmental management system. ISO14031
as a precise, quantitative and measurable tool has provided to senior manager of organization helped
the management to present better environmental performance according to with measurable criteria
and indicators. In this study ISO 14031 were applied in order to assess the effectiveness of
environmental management system standard to evaluate the improvement in of environmental
management system performance of industrial units. For doing research at first the selected
statistical population, units that adopted ISO 14001 standards certification, was grouped .Survey
data were collected using a questionnaire containing questions about the effectiveness indicators of
ISO 14001 establishment. Data analysis was performed by using descriptive and inferential
statistics, cross tab tables and K-square analysis. The results showed that despite the many benefits
that ISO14001 standard establishment has for organizations, its maintenance is one of the main
elements of its success. The evaluation of studied units has shown that their performance in
maintaining this management system is poor and organization after adopting certification involved,
its maintenance declines in quality management level.
Keywords: Effectiveness, Environmental management system, Environmental performance,
Industrial units
*Corresponding author:
Email: n.abedinzadeh@gmail.com
Abstracts
200
Predicting the Spatial Distribution of Cd, As, Cr and Cu
in Topsoil of Golestan Province
1*
4
Mirzaei, R.; 2Esmaili Sari, A.; 3Ghorbani, H.;
Hafezi Moghaddas, N.; 5Hemami, M. R.; 6Rezaei, H. R.
1 Assistant Professor, Natural Resources and earth sciences Faculty,University of Kashan
2 Professor, Natural Resources and marine sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modarres University
3 Assistant Professor, Agriculture Faculty, Shahrood University of Technology
4 Associate Professor, Earth Science Faculty, Shahrood University of Technology
5 Associate Professor, Natural Resources Faculty, Isfahan University of Technology
6 Assistant Professor, Gorgan University of Agricultural and Natural Resources,
(Received: 4/Feb/2012; Accepted: 17/June/2013)
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination has been and continues to be a worldwide phenomenon that heavy
metals in the soil have an effect on environment and food quality, and may threaten human health.
No information is currently available on the distribution pattern of heavy metals concentration in
soils of Golestan province. The objective of this research was to determine the spatial distribution of
Cd, As, Cr and Cu in Golestan. During a field survey 216 surface soil samples (0-30 cm) were
collected randomly from the whole of Golestan Province and total concentration of heavy metals
was measured by ICP. Ordinary Kriging interpolation was used to determine the spatial distribution
of heavy metals. To evaluate the ordinary kriging interpolation models (inverse circular, spherical,
exponential and gussian) cross validation technique was applied by error estimation. The results
showed that the average concentrations of Cd, As, Cr and Cu in soil of Golestan province were up
to 0.12, 9.1, 59.6 and 24.42mg/kg, respectively. I shows that heavy metals are not a serious problem
at the moment in Golestan province. The results of geostatistical analysis showed that exponential,
Circular, exponential and gussian models were the best model for describing the spatial variability
of Cd, As, Cr and Cu respectively. Results showed that generally, the Golestan soils are free of
pollution according to the various standards.
Key words: Heavy metals, Topsoil, Ordinary kriging, Spatial distribution, Golestan province
*Corresponding author:
Email: rmirzaei@kashanu.ac.ir
Environmental Research. Vol 4. No 7. Spring and Summer 2013
201
Comparing Sustainable Development Evaluation
Methods Using Composite Indicators
(Case Study of Iran's Provinces)
1*
Pourasghar Sangachin ,F.; 2 Salehi,E.; 3Dinarvandi,M
1 PhD Student, Faculty of Environment,University of Tehran.
2 Assoc. Professor, Faculty of Environment,University of Tehran
3 PhD Student, Faculty of Environment,University of Tehran
(Received: 1/Feb/2011; Accepted: 17/June/2013)
Abstract
One of the main necessities of the national sustainable development process is attention to b paid to
regional characteristics by utilizing a collection of economic, social, and environmental indicators
in order to optimally designate resources to various regions while identifying these differences. On
one hand, identifying the indicators and methods in order to show these differences is very
important. On this basis, two issues have been studied in order to reach this overall aim. Initially, 13
indicators from economic, social and environmental precincts have been identified and their related
data have been gathered for 28 provinces of the Iran. In order to provide a composite indicator, the
5 methods of Z- Score, Morris, MacGranahan, Factor analysis and principal component analysis
have been utilized and composite indicators for the provinces have been computed and categorized.
According to this categorization, Tehran, Kohkiluye and Buyerahmad, and Semnan provinces have
been mainly ranked first to third, while Sistan and Baluchestan and Kordestan provinces are ranked
among the last. After categorizing and providing composite indicators for the provinces, the
correlation of the five methods with which their categorization was carried out using composite
indicators was needed. For this aim, the Spearman correlation coefficient of the province,s ranking
was calculated. These coefficients show that all methods have a meaningful relation with each
other, but this relation is greater between some methods such as MacGranahan and the principal
component analysis.
Keywords: Sustainable development, Composite indicators, Morris method, Component analysis
method, Mac Granahan method
*Corresponding author:
Email: fpourasghar@yahoo.com
Abstracts
202
Environmental Risk Assessment on
South Pars Phases 15 and 16 Utility by Using
EFMEA Method
1Jozi,
S. A.; 2*Farbod, Sh.; 3Arjmandi, R.; 4Nouri, J.
1 Associate Professor, Faculty of Environment and
Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University
2 M.Sc. in Environmental Management, Faculty of Environment and
Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University
3 Assist. Professor, Faculty of Environment and Energy,
Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University
4 Professor, Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Environment and
Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University
(Received: 21/Jan/2012; Accepted: 17/June/2013)
Abstract
This research has been performed in order to identify and assess environmental risks in the
construction of Utility Phases 15 and 16 South Pars. After identifying the activities and the process
in construction Utility Unit, the amount of gas pollutants CO, NOX, SO2, H2S, and suspended
particles in the exit of the chimney of sampled diesel generator and the amount of noise in the
sampling stations were measured. The result shows that the amount of air pollution like CO and
NOX in some of the sampled stations is higher in comparison with standard amounts. Measuring the
amount of noise in the sampled stations also showed that the severity of noise in these stations is
higher than the standard. Environmental aspects were identified and assessed by Environmental
Failure Mode and Effect Analysis(EFMEA) method, and risk priority number was calculated by
multiplying the three parameters severity, occurrence, and detection. 147 environmental risks were
identified in Utility construction. 20% of the aspects were low risk, 62% of medium risk, and 18%
of them were high risk. The highest RPN is 210 and is related to storage of H2S in Phases 9 and 10
and after that the emergency is of RPN 160. Among the suggested modifying action is using the
alarm system when H2S density increases and performing experimenting maneuvers in the storage
H2S. Among other suggested modifying actions is to avoid wasting the resources in continuous
mitigation of all of the equipment and identifying wasting spots of energy and materials.
Key words:Risk assessment,Utility unit, Risk priority number, South pars phases 15 and 16,
Environmental failure mode and effect analysis
*Corresponding author:
Email: shokooh_farbod@yahoo.com
Environmental Research. Vol 4. No 7. Spring and Summer 2013
203
Predicting Potential Distribution of Leopard
(Panthera Pardus Saxicolor) Using Presence- Only Data
Case Study: (Golestan National Park)
1*
Erfanian, B.; 2Mirkarimi, S. H.;
Salman Mahiny, A.; 4Rezae, H. R
3
1 MS of Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of
Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences,
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources.
3 Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences,
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources.
(Received: 30/Des/2011; Accepted: 17/June/2013)
Abstract
Top predators such as leopard are often associated with high biodiversity, so the protection of their
habitat can be regarded as one of the most effective ways of conserving ecosystems and biodiversity
globally. The purpose of this study is predicting potential distribution of Persian leopard and its
habitat suitability in Golestan National Park using Ecological Niche Factors Analysis (ENFA).
Persian leopard is an endangered species in the IUCN Red List. The data used in the analysis fall
into two categories of independent environmental factors and dependent ones. We recorded 120
presences as dependent factor and also analyzed 14 environmental variables as independent based
on behavioral and biological characteristics of leopard and the dominant park features. The
marginality and specialization scores show the Persian leopard live in a narrow range of conditions
in this area and therefore, it requires a specific habitat protection and management. The results
provide a means of concentrating on the most important features of the leopard habitat and its
efficient management.
Keywords: Ecological niche factors analysis, Habitat suitability, Persian leopard, Golestan national
park
*Corresponding author:
Email: b_erfaniyan@yahoo.com
Abstracts
204
The Environmental and Strategic Assessment of the
Largest Landfill in Northern Iran (Saravan) by
Using SWOT Method
1*
Ganjali, S.; 2Shayesteh, K.
1 Young Researchers Club, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan,
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Malayer
(Received: 25/Dec/2011; Accepted: 17/June/2013)
Abstract
In this research, the compilation of the Check List method of Environmental Impact Assessment
and the SWOT Analysis for environmental and Strategic Assessment of Saravan landfill are
preformed. At first, by extensive field studies (involving direct observation, interviews and using
existing statistics and reports in related organizations), based on indicators of effectiveness,
leading, the effects of short-term and long-term, reversible and irreversible effects, Check List
Method was used to identify the environmental effects in the study area, in Physical biological,
economic, social, cultural and political environment. And then Compilation of check list method of
environmental impact assessment and SWOT analysis resulted in IFE and EFE matrix.
Based on the results, the final score of 2.90 in the internal matrix indicates poor system of internal
factors and not using the strengths of the system, therefore planning and organizational management
practices against these factors is required. While the final score of 3.28 in the external matrix
reflects the good condition of the external factors. In rest of the research, strategies, patterns of
optimizing and models for the environmental problem effects in this study area has been proposed.
Keywords: Strategic Planning, Environmental Impact Assessment, SWOT Analysis, Saravan
*Corresponding author:
Email: Said.ganjali@iauh.ac.ir
Environmental Research. Vol 4. No 7. Spring and Summer 2013
205
A Comparison of Planning Units Based on the Integration of
Vegetation Type With Land Type and
Elevation Classes for Selection of New Protected Ares
1*
Jafari, A.; 2Yavari, A. R.; 3Yarali, N.
1, 3 Asst. Prof.Dept. Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Science, Shahre Kord University
2 Assoc. Prof. Dept. Environ. Plan. Faculty of Environment University of Tehran
(Received: 20/June/2011; Accepted: 17/June/2013)
Abstract
Designing a representative protected areas network has been introduced as an effective strategy for
biodiversity conservation around the world. Efficiency of protected areas network, usually
measured not only in terms of representativeness for all biodiversity features, but also in terms of
minimum area or least increment area. In this paper assuming vegetation types as an appropriate
surrogate for overall biodiversity in Kohgiluye & Boir- Ahmad province and applying systematic
biodiversity conservation planning, the efficiency of two types of planning units in selection of best
protected areas network in terms of representativeness and minimum area have been assessed.
Results show that the first kind of planning units which composed of vegetation types and land units
integration, include less increment areas (9.59% of the network area taking into account and 7.26%
not taking into account existing protected areas) to the network in comparison to other kind of
planning units which composed of vegetation types and elevation belts integration (12.50% of the
network area taking into account and 7.96% not taking into account existing protected areas).
Key words: Protected areas network, Efficiency, Planning units, Land types, Elevation belts
*Corresponding author:
Email: jafari.ali@nres.sku.ac.ir
Abstracts
206
Impact of Information and Communication
Technology on Environment
1
Moradhassel N.; 2*Mozayani A. H.
1 PhD in Economics, Assistant Professor of Cyber Space Research Institute
2 Ph.D in Economics, Assistant Professor of Tarbiat Modares University
(Received: 19/Apr/2011; Accepted: 17/June/2013)
Abstract
In the past few years, the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) applications have
been widely transformed human life. Based on theoretical principles, it seems that ICT through
digitalizing of economic activities can improve environmental quality. This hypnosis is not
verifiable simply and needs case studies researches. This article shed light on this point in a macro
level, through cross-country approach.
To do that we selected two separated groups of countries, which are: OECD countries as highly
developed ones and some of the developing counties (including Iran) and developed a generic
model and estimated it through Panel Data technique for 1990-2005.
The results imply a significant but light observable impact of Information and Communication
Technology on environment in developed countries. However, in developing countries it doesn't
make sense significantly. It seems that developed countries would be able to achieve the maturity
threshold of ICT application and consequently benefit from its capabilities to preserve the
environment which developing countries have long way to achieve this.
Key words: Information and communication technology, Environment, Pollution, Panel data
*Corresponding author:
Email: mozayani@modares.ac.ir
Environmental Research. Vol 4. No 7. Spring and Summer 2013
207
Environmental Impact Assessment of
Forest Harvesting to Residual Stand
(Case Study: in Kheyrud Forest)
1*
Jourgholami, M.; 2Rizvandi, V.; 3Majnounian, B.
1 Assistant professor, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran
2 Ph.D student of forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran
3 Professor, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran
(Received: 15/Jan/2012; Accepted: 17/June/2013)
Abstract
Forest operations aims at delivering plans and operations that is technically feasible, economically
viable, environmentally sound, and institutionally acceptable. Reducing the impact of harvesting on
residual stand and regeneration is very important, considering the use of close-to-nature forestry for
Hyrcanian forest management and the low cutting volume distribution of this method. This research
was carried out in compartment no. 221 in Namkhaneh district of Kheyrud Forest. The Objects of
this study were to evaluate damages to the residual stand. To investigate the effect of damages on
residual trees and regeneration in felling areas, 100% inventory was used. Considering the results of
all felling areas in sample plots showed that 1.2 percent of trees were damaged because of felling
operation. 73% of damaged trees were Beech, 25% Hornbeam and 2% other species like Acer, Oak
and Alder. Most damages were on trees with less than 40 cm (d.b.h) diameter. This study showed
that the most damages to regeneration groups in felling areas were large sapling with 19.7% and
least damages of 10.8% were to seedling. Evaluation of quality of scars on the trunk of tree stand in
felling areas with regards to position of scars showed that most scars were present at 2 m heights
and were mostly superficial scars (no bark removed and damages to cambium). Training of tree
cutting crews is the most important factor for decreasing residual stand damage after harvesting.
The residual stand damage from a cutting operation was studied in an uneven-aged mixed forest to
examine the main factors (i.e. tree species, location, size, and type) affecting stand damages.
Directional tree felling in a forest stand and using some helping instrument could be useful for
decreasing the residual stand damage.
Keywords: Environmental impact assessment, Tree felling, Residual stand damage, Kheyrud
forest.
*Corresponding author:
Email: mjgholami@ut.ac.ir
Abstracts
208
Comparing the Recreational Value of "Sorkheh Hesar" National Park
and "Geno" Protected area by Travel Cost Method
1*
Rahmati Sayeh, M.; 2Baghestani, P.; 3Akhavan Bloorchian, A.
1 PhD. of environmental management, Islamic Azad University,
Science and Reseach Branch, Tehran
2 M.Sc of environmental management, Islamic Azad University,
Science and Reseach Branch, Tehran
3 M.Sc of Environmental Pollution, Islamic Azad University,
Science and Reseach Branch, Tehran
(Received: 22/Apr/2011; Accepted: 17/June/2013)
Abstract
Nowadays, the machinery dependent life makes the people take refuge in natural recreational
places. Therefore, evaluating the recreational value of natural promenades has great importance to
lead to more protection. In this research, economic valuation of Sorkheh Hesar national park, and
protected area of Geno were computed, and socio-economic factors compared in each area.
Geno Protected Area with 44,437 hec & Sorkheh Hesar national park with 9,168 hec are located in
Hormozgan and Tehran provinces. The most important characteristics of these mountainous areas
are respectively. Faunal and floral species richness, and great amounts of visitors.
In order to evaluate recreational value of these places, the travel cost method was used. Then, Geno
Protected area and Sorkheh Hesar national park were assumed as centers, and the concentric circles
with specific radius were drawn.
Results from socio-economical data demonstrate that more than 50% of both recreational areas’
visitors have university degrees, considering to distance element, Geno’s accessible cost is more
than Sorkhe hesar national park. Results also show that Distance and times of visit is related
toaccessible costs meaningfully.
The final recreational value was calculated for Geno protected area 5,698,250,000 Rials and for
Sorkheh Hesar national park about 2,625,249,000 Rials.
Key words: Economic valuation, Geno protection area, Travel cost method, Sorkheh Hesar national
park
*Corresponding author:
Email: Sayeh.m@live.com
Environmental Research. Vol 4. No 7. Spring and Summer 2013
209
Water Quality Assessment/Zonation of
Zarivar Lake Using NSFWQI, OWQI and CWQI Indexes
1*
Ebrahimpoor, S.; 2Mohammadzaheh, H.
1 PhD: Water resources and the Environment, Groundwater Research Center (GRC),
Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad
2 Asst. Prof. Groundwater Research Center (GRC), Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
(Received: 16/Jan/2012; Accepted: 17/June/2013)
Abstract
A clean and adequate water supply is essential for drinking and agriculture purposes as well as for
living organisms within ecosystems. Therefore, applying of water quality indexes, is useful methods
for quality assessment and for water resources management. In this study, three different indexes:
National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI) with using 9 quality parameters;
Oregon Water Quality Index (OWQI) with using 8 parameters; and Canadian water Quality Index
(CWQI) with using 22 parameters were applied for water quality assessment of lakes Zarivar
(Zeribar) west of Iran. The NSFWQI and OWQI indexes were computed for the whole lake, 7
stations, and for 8 months sampling period. Whereas, the CWQI index was calculated for 8 months
sampling period. The Zarivar Lake zonation Maps of NSFWQI and OWQI indexes showing
medium and very bad water quality for Zarivar Lake, respectively. However, in respect to CWQI
index, Zarivar lake water quality is in general and for aquatic life. In addition, the lake water is bad
for drinking, but excellent for bad recreation, irrigation and livestock purposes.
Keyword: Water quality index (NSFWQI, OWQI, CWQI), Zarivar lake, GIS
*Corresponding author:
Email: Ebrahimpoor1366@gmail.com
Abstracts
210
A Study on Dust sources and Weather Patterns Associated with
Sever Dust Events in Tehran Area
1*
Ranjbar SaadatAbadi, A.; 2Darvishzadeh, S.
1 Assist. Prof. Atmospheric Science and Meteorological Research (ASMERC), Tehran, Iran
2 MSc. Graduate in Meteorology Science
(Received: 5/Sep/2011; Accepted: 17/June/2013)
Abstract
Iran is located in a dry and semi-dry region. Due to the climatic status of latitudes Iran is located in,
most and the largest deserts exist. The conditions of land use like the kind of soil, plant coverage,
soil moisture, mountain effects, water sources like contamination of surface waters, building dams
and rivers' deviation, are factors directly contributing to the phenomenon of dust. Of main factors of
creating this phenomenon are the winds blowing somehow gale-force in deserts with proper
situation for making dust. These factors along with the vertical motion of the air due to atmospheric
systems transfer the suspended dust particles vertically to higher levels of atmosphere. Based on
their diameter, the floating particles go to different layers from bottom to top and then move with
currents of air in those levels and cover a vast area. In fact, bigger particles roll by the wind in their
movement while smaller ones get up from the ground by the wind's vacillators moves and move in
the air. Very small particles, suspended. There are not any distinct separating lines of particle size
among ways of transfer; therefore atmospheric systems have a major role in the process of creating
and moving the dust.
In this study, the meteorological conditions were investigated to detect the sources for the creation
of dust storms which caused Tehran’s air to have a very unhealthy condition in having a high rate of
suspended particles. To do this , first through the data(PSI values) from the Tehran air quality
control company were determined, then the existing meteorological data like actual maps, the
reanalyzed daily data from the national center of atmosphere research(NCEP/NCAR) and some
detector Satellite images of the dust from 2 days before the occurrence of dust episodes,
meteorological conditions and atmospheric systems were investigated and finally according to the
backward trajectory technique, the approximate locations of dust sources were determined. The
results show that the centers of dust creation for the worse situation happened in Tehran were in
Northern Iraq and Eastern Syria. Also there are modes which show according to the situation of
high persistence on the region and dominant currents of Northeast and South, it is most likely that
the Iranian central deserts and the dust from human sources like construction in Southern suburban
areas and inside the city have also affects, especially in clod season.
Key words: Weather pattern, Dust source, Air quality, Tehran
*Corresponding author:
Email: aranjbar@gmail.com
Environmental Research. Vol 4. No 7. Spring and Summer 2013
211
Density and Diversity of Bird Community in
Hedgerows Surrounding Farmlands
1*
Varasteh Moradi, H.; 2Amini Tehrani, N.
1 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Fishery and Environmental Sciences,
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan
2 Master in Environment, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and
Natural Resources, Gorgan
(Received: 4/Apr/2012; Accepted: 17/June/2013)
Abstract
Hedgerows are the habitat of many wildlife species including avian species. The present study was
conducted to examine the effects of size and structure of hedgerows affecting bird community
densities in Gorgan Township. Density and diversity of birds and their association with
environmental variables were studied using distance sampling method and ordination procedure.
Birds and environmental variables were detected within a 25 m radius of each of 94 sampling
points. In the study period, a total of 630 observations, representing 15 avian species were recorded.
In the summer, House sparrow and Great tit had the highest density while Crested lark and
European roller had the lowest density. The first axis of CCA had successfully separated two groups
of the birds. The first group, including House sparrow, Crested lark, and Swift had positive
correlation with the number of Pomegranate trees, the number of Hackberry trees, and the number
of Dewberry shrubs. The second group, including Magpie, European roller, European bee-eater,
Blackbird, Great tit, Hoopoe, Long-tailed tit, Nightingale and Carrion crow had positive correlation
with the height of hedgerows, the width of hedgerows, the number of Fig trees, the number of
Ailanthus trees, the number of Oak trees, the number of Caucasian elm trees and the number of
Hedgethorn trees. In the winter, House sparrow and Great tit had the highest density while Robin
and Blackbird had the lowest density. The first axis of CCA had successfully separated two groups
of birds. The first group, including House sparrow, Crested lark, Hoopoe, and Carrion crow had
positive correlation with the number of Pomegranate trees, the number of Hackberry trees, and the
number of Dewberry shrubs. The second group, including Blue tit, Robin, Great tit, Long-tailed tit,
Nightingale and Coal tit had positive correlation with the height of hedgerows, the width of the
hedgerows, the number of Fig trees, the number of Oak trees, and the number of Caucasian elm
trees. In the both season (summer and winter), the number of dominant species (N2), Shannon
diversity index, the number of species, and Camargo evenness index had the highest values in
relation to the width of hedgerows, the height of hedgerows, the density of Caucasian elm trees and
Oak trees, while the lowest values of diversity indices was correlated with the density of Hackberry
trees, Pomegranate trees and Dewberry shrubs .The results of this study highlighted the importance
of size and structure of hedgerows for conserving of density and diversity of avian species leading
to conservation of biodiversity.
Keywords: Birds, Gorgan, Hedgerows
*Corresponding author:
Email: hvarasteh2009@yahoo.com
Abstracts
212
A Study of Environmental Attitude of the Citizens of
Tabriz Based on New Environmental Paradigm
1
Banifatemeh, H.; 2Roustaei, Sh.;
Alizadeaghdam, M. B.; 4*Hosseinnejad, F.
3
1 Professor of Social Sciences, University of Tabriz
2 Professor of Geography, University of Tabriz
3 Professor of Social Sciences, University of Tabriz
4 PhD Student of Sociology, University of Tabriz
(Received: 4/March/2012; Accepted: 17/June/2013)
Abstract
The relationship between humans and the environment during human life has had many ups and
downs. Nature, has been considered sometimes as a source of spiritual inspiration and sometimes as
a source of material need and has stimulated many wonders, both hope and fear in human existence.
With the increase of urbanization, the appearance of industry and use of technology, face of nature
was altered and regardless use of nature for the material purposes overtook spiritual inspiration.
With the advent of the first environmental crises this matter was revealed that indiscriminate use of
the environment disrupt the network of life and endanger survival of animals and humans. The
crisis originated in the attitude, the worldview and human behavior towards the environment. This
study based on New Environmental Paradigm and NEP scale has been used to observe
environmental attitude of the citizens of Tabriz. Results show that the average of attitude of the
citizens in protecting the environment is moderate. Also average of environmental attitudes of
citizens based on gender and value orientation include the material and post-material is different.
Women and post materialists have more supportive attitude. Between cultural and economic capital
and environmental attitudes there is a significant relationship. This means that with the increasing
of economic and cultural capital, attitude becomes more supportive. Regression analysis shows that
the cultural capital explains approximately eleven percent of the variance of environmental attitude.
Keywords: Environment, Attitude, New environmental paradigm, Value orientation, Cultural
capital, Economic capital.
*Corresponding author:
Email: hosseinnejad64@gmail.com