LEARNING OUTCOMES FOR BIOLOGY 12
A. Cell Biology (Cell Structure) p. 44-53, Ch. 3 and 10
A1. Describe the following cell structures and their functions:
cell membrane
mitochondria
smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes
Golgi bodies
vesicles
vacuoles
lysosomes
nuclear envelope
nucleus
nucleolus
chromosomes
A2. Identify the functional interrelationships of cell structures p. 51
A3. Define the four main tissue types of the body and give their functions p. 156-162
A4. Differentiate between tissue, organ and organ systems p. 156-164
A5. Define homeostasis and describe at least four examples p. 165-166
A6. Diagram positive and negative homeostatic control mechanisms in human systems. p.166-168
(stimulus-receptor-monitor-response-effect)
B. Cell Processes and Applications (Transport across a Cell Membrane) Chapter 4, p. 60 – 70
B1. Apply knowledge of organic molecules to explain the structure and function of the fluid-mosaic
membrane model
B2. Explain why the cell membrane is described as "selectively permeable"
B3. Compare and contrast the following: diffusion, facilitated transport, osmosis, active transport
B4. Explain factors that affect the rate of diffusion across a cell membrane
B5. Describe endocytosis, including phagocytosis and pinocytosis, and contrast it with exocytosis
B6. Predict the effects of hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic environments on animal cells
B7. Demonstrate an understanding of the relationship and significance of surface area to volume, with reference to cell
size
C. Cell Biology (Cell Compounds) Chapter 2, p. 23-27
C1. Describe how the polarity of the water molecule results in hydrogen bonding
C2. Describe the role of water as a solvent, temperature regulator, and lubricant
C3. Distinguish among acids, bases, and buffers, and indicate the importance of pH to biological
systems
D. Cell Biology (Biological Molecules) Chapter 2, p. 28-36
D1. Demonstrate a knowledge of synthesis and hydrolysis as applied to organic polymers. p.28
D2. Distinguish among carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids with respect to chemical
structure p. 28
D3. Recognize the empirical formula of a carbohydrate and draw the structure of glucose. p. 30 -31
D4. Differentiate among monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides p.32
D5. Differentiate among starch, cellulose, and glycogen p. 32 -33
D6. List the main functions of carbohydrates p. 33-36
D7. Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated fats in terms of molecular structure p.34-35
D8. Describe the location and explain the importance of the following in the human body: neutral fats,
steroids, phospholipids p. 34-36
D9. Draw a generalized amino acid and identify the amine, acid (carboxyl), and R-groups p.28
D10. Differentiate among the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of proteins p.29
D11. List the major functions of proteins p. 46, 62, 72
D12. Relate the general structure of the ATP molecule to its role as the "energy currency" of cells p.37
E. Cell Biology (DNA) Chapter 24 and 25 p. 463- 483
E1. Name the four bases in DNA and describe the structure of DNA using the following terms:
p. 464 -468
nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, base)
complementary base pairing
double helix
hydrogen bonding
E2. Describe DNA replication: p. 467 - 468
E3. Compare and contrast the general structural composition of DNA and RNA
E4. Define recombinant DNA, plasmids, restriction enzymes, ligase, sticky ends p. 487.
E5. Describe three uses for recombinant DNA –proteins, vaccines, hormones p. 490
F. Cell Processes and Applications (Protein Synthesis) Chapter 24 p. 468-475
F1. Demonstrate a knowledge of the basic steps of protein synthesis, identifying the roles of DNA,
mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes in the processes of transcription and translation
F2. Determine the sequence of amino acids coded for by a specific DNA sequence, given a table of
mRNA codons p. 469
F3. Give examples of two environmental mutagens that can cause mutations in humans p.478. 446
F4. Use examples to explain how mutations in DNA affect protein synthesis and may lead to genetic
disorders 479
F5. Distinguish between frameshift mutations and point mutations
F5. Differentiate between the three types of point mutation: missense, nonsense and silent
H. Cell Processes and Applications (Enzymes) Chapter 4-5, p. 75-79
H1. Demonstrate an understanding of the following terms: metabolism, enzyme, active site, substrate, coenzyme,
activation energy, denaturation, and cell respiration. p 90-95
H2. Identify the source gland for thyroxin and relate the function of thyroxin to metabolism 351-352
H3. Explain the "lock and key" model of enzymatic action
H4. Identify the role of vitamins in biochemical reactions
H5. Differentiate between the roles of enzymes and co-enzymes in biochemical reactions
H6. Apply knowledge of proteins to explain the effects on enzyme activity of pH, temperature,
substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, competitive inhibitors, and heavy metals (non-competitive inhibitors)
allosteric site
H7. Identify (Define) the steps involved in an experiment using the scientific method: hypothesis, procedure, control,
experiment, analysis, and theory
H8. Collect, display, and interpret data: developing and reading graphs, dependent vs. independent variable, using correct
units
I. Cell Processes and Applications (Hormones) Chapter 19
I1. Identify the role of endocrine glands and hormones in the body
I2. Explain the difference in structure and in operation between steroid hormones and protein hormones
I3. Identify the endocrine glands of the body and the hormones they release
I4. Identify the cause of hormone release: insulin, glucagon, ADH, adrenaline, aldosterone, thyroxin, and gastrin
I5. Identify the target site for each hormone and their overall role(s)
I6. Explain how hormones (except oxytocin) are responsible for homeostasis by using negative feedback
J. Human Biology (Digestive System) Chapter 11 p. 172-192
J1. Identify and give a function for each of the following:
mouth
tongue
teeth
pharynx
epiglottis
small intestine
esophagus
cardiac sphincter
stomach
pyloric sphincter
duodenum
liver
gall bladder
rectum
anus
pancreas
salivary glands(exocrine gland)
appendix
large intestine (colon)
J2. Relate the following digestive enzymes to their glandular sources and describe the digestive
reactions they promote: p.183
salivary amylase
pancreatic amylase
pepsin, trypsin, peptidase
lipase
maltase, sucrase, lactase
nuclease, nucleosidase
J3. Describe swallowing and peristalsis p. 174-179
J4. Identify the components and the digestive actions of gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal
Juices. Include their hormonal control p. 179-180
J5. Identify the source gland for and describe the function of insulin and glucagon p. 179
J6. Explain the role of bile in the emulsification of fats p. 180
J7. List six major functions of the liver p. 180-181
J8. Examine the small intestine and describe how it is specialized for digestion and absorption p. 177
J9. Describe the functions of E. coli in the colon p. 178-9
K. Human Biology (Circulatory System--Circulation and Blood) Chapter 12 and 13 p. 197 –217
K1. Describe and differentiate among the five types of blood vessels p. 198-199
K2. Identify and give functions for each of the following: p. 207
subclavian arteries and veins
jugular vein, carotid artery
mesenteric artery
anterior and posterior vena cava
pulmonary veins and arteries
hepatic vein, hepatic portal vein
renal arteries and veins
iliac arteries and veins
coronary arteries and veins
aorta
K3. Distinguish between pulmonary and systemic circulation p. 200
K4. Identify and describe differences in structure and circulation between fetal and adult systems p. 411
K5. Demonstrate a knowledge of the path of a blood cell from the aorta through the body and back
to the left ventricle p. 207
K6. List the major components of plasma (WVHSGWNPPH) p. 208
K7. Identify and give functions of lymph capillaries, veins, and nodes p. 221
K8. Describe the shape, function, and origin of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets p. 208-214
K9. Explain the roles of antigens and antibodies p. 222,225, 229, 233
K10. Describe capillary-tissue fluid exchange p. 223-224
L. Human Biology (Circulatory System--Heart Structure and Function) Chapter 12 p. 98-204
L1. Identify and give functions for each of the following: p. 199-200
left and right atria
left and right ventricles
coronary arteries and veins
anterior and posterior vena cava
aorta
pulmonary arteries and veins
pulmonary trunk
atrioventricular valves
chordae tendinae
semi-lunar valves
septum
L2. Describe the location and functions of the SA node, AV node, and Purkinje fibres p. 201-203
L3. Describe the autonomic regulation of the heartbeat by the nervous system p. 201 -203
L4. Relate factors that affect and regulate blood pressure to hypertension and hypotension
p. 204 -206
L5. Demonstrate the measurement of blood pressure p. 204
L6. Distinguish between systolic and diastolic pressures p. 204
M. Human Biology (Respiratory System) Chapter 14, p. 238 -252
M1. Identify and give functions for each of the following: p. 242
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
diaphragm and ribs
pleural membranes
thoracic cavity
M2. Explain the roles of cilia and mucus in the respiratory tract p. 241
M3. Explain the relationship between the structure and function of alveoli p. 243
M4. Compare and contrast the mechanics of the processes of inhalation and exhalation p. 244- 247
M5. Describe the interaction of the lungs, pleural membranes, ribs, and diaphragm in the breathing
process p. 244- 247
M6. Explain the roles of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in stimulating the breathing centre in the
medulla oblongata fig 14.6, p. 245
M7. Describe the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen during internal and external respiration p.248-249
M8. Describe the transport of gases in the blood by explaining the roles of oxyhemoglobin, carbaminohemoglobin,
reduced hemoglobin, and bicarbonate ions and the effect of pH and temperature p. 248
M9 Define tidal volume, vital capacity, inspiratory, expiratory volumes, and what can alter them. P. 247-8
M10 Describe the effect of low pO2 in the blood and the role, source and effect of erythropoietin p. 209
N. Human Biology (Nervous System--Neuron, Impulse Generation, and Reflex Arc) Chapter 16 p.278 -281
N1. Identify and give functions for each of the following: dendrite, cell body, and axon p. 279-280
N2. Distinguish among sensory, motor, and interneurons with respect to structure and function p. 280
N3. Explain the transmission of a nerve impulse through a neuron, using the following terms: p. 282 -285
resting and action potential
depolarization and repolarization
sodium and potassium gates
sodium-potassium pump
recovery period
threshold ("all-or-none response")
N4. Relate the structure of a myelinated nerve fibre to the speed of impulse conduction p. 279
N5. Identify the major components of a synapse p. 284 -285
N6. Explain the process by which impulses travel across a synapse or neuromuscular junctions p. 285
N7. Demonstrate knowledge of how neurotransmitters are broken down in the synaptic cleft p. 285
N8. Relate the structure of a reflex arc to how it functions p. 288 - 289
N9 Demonstrate knowledge of summation of nerve impulse p.285
O. Human Biology (Divisions of the Nervous System and the Brain) Chapter 16 p. 286- 295
O1. Contrast the locations and functions of the central and peripheral nervous systems p. 286-287
O2. Differentiate between the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the
autonomic nervous system p. 290
O3. Identify the source gland for adrenalin (epinephrine)and explain its role in the "fight or flight" response 354
O4. Identify and give functions for each of the following: p. 291 -294
medulla oblongata
cerebrum
thalamus
cerebellum
hypothalamus
corpus callosum
O5. Explain how the hypothalamus and pituitary gland interact as the neuroendocrine control centre
p. 346 -348
P. Human Biology (Urinary System) Chapter 15 p. 260 -274
P1. Name the excretory organs and their metabolic wastes p. 260
P2. Identify and give functions for each of the following: p. 260
kidney
ureter
urethra
urinary bladder
renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis
P3. Identify and give functions for each of the following: p. 264 -270
nephron
glomerulus
Bowman's capsule
afferent and efferent arterioles
peritubular capillary network proximal and distal convoluted tubules
collecting duct
loop of Henle
P4. Contrast the blood in the renal artery and the renal vein with respect to urea and glucose content
P5 Identify the sites and functions of each of the following: pressure filtration, selective reabsorption, osmosis, tubular
excretion, regulation of pH, P 268
P6. Explain the RESULT of Counter current exchange. 270
P7. Identify the source glands for ADH, aldosterone. Explain how these hormones maintain the regulation of water, and
sodium (blood volume and pressure) p. 270 -272
P8. Explain how the kidney maintains blood pH p 772
Q. Human Biology (Reproductive System) Chapter 20 and 21. P. 369 -385
Q1. Identify and give functions for each of the following:
testes (seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells)
epididymis
vas deferens
prostate gland
Cowper's glands
seminal vesicles
bulbourethral gland
penis
Q2. Trace the path of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the urethral opening p. 371 -373
Q3. List the functions of seminal fluid p. 372
Q4. Identify the tail, midpiece, head, and acrosome of a mature sperm and state their functions p. p. 371
Q5. Describe the functions of testosterone p. 374
Q6. Demonstrate a knowledge of the control of spermatogenesis and testosterone levels by the endocrine system p. 374
Q7. Identify and give a function for each of the following: p. 375
ovaries (follicles and corpus luteum)
oviducts (fallopian tubes)
uterus
cervix
vagina
clitoris
Q8. Describe the functions of estrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH p. 379, 381-382
Q9. Describe the sequence of events in the ovarian and uterine cycles p. 378-382
Q10. Demonstrate knowledge of the control of the ovarian and uterine cycles by hormones p. 338-382
Q11. Describe the hormonal changes that occur as a result of implantation p. 405
Q12. State the materials that are exchanged between maternal and the fetal blood in the placenta. p 407-410
Q13. Demonstrate knowledge of a positive feedback mechanism involving oxytocin p. 348,382