Spring 2016 Biology Semester 2
Term project: 6 paragraph essay on Wetlands: Correct and polish the Six paragraph essay
on Wetlands: their function in the water cycle and importance of wetlands as an ecosystem.
3rd quarter. Focus is to be on writing a good 6 paragraph essay with citations.
Unit 3 – Genetics
Major Activities:
 I am a Ribosome lab
 Karyotype who did it lab
 Geneman
Unit Outline:
1) DNA (Banana DNA Extraction Lab)
 Structure (Build a paper model)
 Replication
2) Cell Cycle
 Phases (G1, S, G2, M, Cytokinesis)
 Controls (passage of a cell through the cell cycle is controlled by proteins in the
cytoplasm. Cyclins, and Cyclin-dependent kinases)
3) Asexual/Sexual Reproduction
 Mitosis
o Process (flip book)
o Purpose (asexual reproduction – exact copies)
 Meiosis
o Process (compare/contrast with mitosis)
o Purpose (sexual reproduction – male/female gamete production)
o Crossing Over
o Non-disjunction
Assessment (Cell Cycle/Reproduction Quiz)
4) Protein Synthesis (SAY IT WITH DNA )
 Transcription
 Translation
 Proteins
o I am a ribosome- Protein creation Lab
o Say it with DNA lab
On-Line Resources:
http://vector.cshl.org/dnaftb/1/concept/index.html This is a large site contains animatins and
introduces the concept of DNA and details the genetic code. The section entitled the Molecules of
Genetics is useful for exploring DNA.
Genetic Science Learning Center Genetic Science Learning Center: This interactive site from the
University of Utah contains graphics and animations that answer the question, What is DNA? and
What is a protein?
http://library.thinkquest.org/18617/data/types/dna.html DNA: Prelude to the Symphony of Life.
This site from Thinkquest contains text and diagrams about the structure of DNA nucleotides.
http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis/publicat/primer/fig2.html
DNA Structure. This site contains a
diagram of the molecular structure of a DNA molecule.
http://www.thetech.org/hyper/genome/overview.html
information and graphics about DNA.
This site from TheTech.com contains
Assessment (Protein Synthesis Quiz)
5) Genotype/Phenotype
 Genotype/Phenotype Lab
 Should This Dog Be Called Spot
Assessment Geneman Quiz
6) Genetic fingerprinting
 Paper Essay
 Forensic lab paper
Virtual lab Gel electrophoresis virtual Lab http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/gel/
7) Probability
 Probability Lab (penny flipping)
 Punnett Squares
o Monohybrid Cross (Westonia genetics, Sponge Bob genetics)
o Dihybrid Cross (Snake Genetics)
8) Special Case Genetics (Practice Packet)
 Co-Dominance
 Incomplete Dominance
 Sex-Linked Characteristics
9) Pedigrees
 Reading
 Building
 Personal pedigree
Genetics Common Unit Exam
Unit 3 Genetics
Part 1: DNA replication, Cell Cycle, Protein Synthesis
Biology Textbook: Chapters 10, 12, 13
Standard 1: Students apply the processes of scientific investigation and design, conduct,
communicate about, and evaluate such investigations.
Standard 3: Students know and understand the characteristics and structure of living things,
the processes of life, and how living things interact with each other and their environment.
1. The pattern/process of reproduction and development is specific to different organisms
3. There is a purpose of synthesis and breakdown of macromolecules in an organism
10. Cell reproduction/division has various processes and purposes (mitosis, meiosis, binary
fission)
11. DNA has a general structure and function and a role in heredity and protein synthesis (for
example: replication of DNA and the role of RNA in protein synthesis)
Standard 5: Students understand that the nature of science involves a particular way of
building knowledge and making meaning of the natural world.
Key Concepts:
DNA Discovery & Structure DNA Replication Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Cancer & the Cell Cycle Karyotyping Cell Differentiation
Essential Questions:
1. What is the structure of DNA and how does it function in genetic inheritance?
2. How does DNA structure relate to its function?
3. How did scientists determine that DNA is responsible for storing, copying and transmitting
genetic information?
4. How was the basic structure of DNA discovered?
5. How do cells copy their DNA?
6. How does a cell produce a new cell?
7. Why and how do cells divide?
8. How does a cell control the process of cell division?
9. What is the role of the cell cycle in organisms?
10. How does a single undifferentiated cell lead to a complex multicellular organism?
Inquiry Questions:
1. How does DNA structure relate to its function?
2. How does a cell produce a new cell?
3. What is the role of the cell cycle in organisms?
4. Why is it possible to clone a whole organism from an undifferentiated cell?
5. Why are stem cells sought by researchers as potential cures to medical problems?
What I Need to Know/Be able to do:
Describe the history of the DNA molecule and the scientists involved in its discovery.
Diagram the structure of a DNA molecule and describe the parts.
Use the base pairing rule to replicate a DNA molecule.
Describe the function of DNA in heredity.
Summarize the relationship among DNA, chromosomes and a genome.
Identify the enzymes involved in DNA replication.
Explain the basic process of DNA replication which allows for genetic continuity.
Compare and contrast DNA and RNA in terms of structure, nucleotides, and base pairs.
Diagram the stages of mitosis and describe the significance of each stage.
Analyze the events that occur at each phase of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2, M)
Estimate and graph the number of cells in each stage of mitosis.
Evaluate the significance of mitosis and meiosis in the human body.
Define cancer and types of tumors and the causes of cancer.
Describe how DNA is passed from parent to offspring during sexual and asexual
reproduction.
Compare and contrast the purposes and processes of mitosis, meiosis, and binary fission.
Describe the meiotic processes of independent assortment of chromosomes, crossing
over, and mutations in creating genetic diversity.
Quizzet flash cards https://quizlet.com/102151078/miller-and-levine-biology-chapter-10-celldivision-and-growth-vocab-and-content-flash-cards/
Quizzets
https://quizlet.com/19294498/miller-and-levine-biology-chapter-11-vocabulary-flash-cards/
Quizzets
http://sgcbiology.weebly.com/quizlets.html
Videos
Bioethic debate https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8a1Bw-0jBo
Stages of mitosis https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=VGV3fvuZYI
DNA Animation: DNA Transcription & Protein Assembly
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHM4UUVHPQM
DNA replication http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAreplication.html
Protein sysnthesis
18 Things You Should Know about Genetics!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVk0twJYL6Y
Activities
Secrete of photo 51 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0tmNf6ec2kU&feature=youtu.be
DNA interactive timeline http://www.dnai.org/timeline/index.html
Cracking the code of life video http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/cracking-the-code-of-life.html
Crack the Code Game http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/gene-code/index.html
DNA double helix game http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/dna_double_helix/index.html
DNA Basic Tour Genome http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/basics/
Build a DNA Molecule http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molecules/builddna/
What is cloning click and clone http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/
Human genome project
http://web.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/posters/chromosome/index.shtml
DNA Interactive genome http://www.dnai.org/c/index.html
What is a chromosome? Tour http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/chromosomes/intro/
DNA workshop pbs try it
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/dna/
genetics DNA simulation
https://www.dnalc.org/
protein synthesis modeling
http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/connections/genetics/prot.synth.mod.html
human mendelian genetics on line http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim
Gel electrophoresis tutorial http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/
Gel electrophoresis virtual Lab http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/gel/
Make a karyotype http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/chromosomes/karyotype/
DNA Extraction Virtual lab http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/extraction/
Stem cells http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/stemcells/
Cell to DNA interactive http://sciencenetlinks.com/interactives/dna.html
Cells Alive! Mitosis http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm
Centre of the cell- mitosis https://www.centreofthecell.org/learn-play/games/mitosis/
Cells Alive- Meiosis http://www.cellsalive.com/meiosis.htm
Control of the cell cycle game http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/2001/
Meiosis tutorial http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/meiosis.html
How cells divide interactive http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/how-cells-divide.html#
Vocabulary online Glencoe dictionary http://glencoe.com/sec/science/mlg/mlg.php?site=19
Or http://glencoe.com/sec/science/mlg/mlg.php?site=20
Week 1
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid a type of essential biological compound found in the nuclei of
cells that codes and stores genetic information and controls the production of RNA
2. Nitrogenous base function of a nitrogenous base is to bond nucleic acids together
3. Nucleotide
subunits of nucleic acid formed from a simple sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
4. Hydrogen bond
weak chemical bond formed by the attraction of positively charged hydrogen atoms to
other negatively charged atoms.
5. Double helix
shape of a DNA molecule formed when two twisted DNA strands are coiled into a spring like
structure and held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases
6. Base pairing Rule bserved pairings of bases when strands of DNA, RNA, or both, pair
with each other. Bases follow these rules during DNA replication, transcription,
translation (pairing between messenger RNA and transfer RNA), and when primers and
probes are activity.
7. RNA
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
a nucleic acid that forms a copy of DNA for use in making proteins
8. Genome all the known genes of a species and the chromosomes they are on
9. Chromosome
cell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation
to generation of cells.
10. DNA Replication (S phase) part of the cell cycle where DNA and the cell organelles are
duplicated for cell division in Mitosis,
process in which chromosomal DNA is copied before mitosis or meiosis.
Week 2
11. Semi-conservative Replication in mitosis each sister cell receives one original DNA strain
and one new copy of the other DNA strain.
12. Mitosis
period of nuclear cell division in which two daughter cells are formed, each containing a
complete set of chromosomes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
13. Binary fission
asexual reproductive process in which one cell divides into two separate genetically
identical cells
14. Interphase
cell growth phase where a cell increases in size, carries on metabolism, and duplicates
chromosomes prior to division phases G1, S and G2
15. Prophase
first and longest phase of mitosis where chromatin coils into visible chromosomes and the
nuclear membrane breaks down.
16. Metaphase
short second phase of mitosis where doubled chromosomes move to the equator of the
spindle and chromatids are attached by centromeres to a separate spindle fiber
17. Anaphase
third phase of mitosis and the shortest phase, in which the centromeres split and the
chromatid pairs of each chromosome are pulled apart by microtubules.
18. Telophase final phase of mitosis during which new cells prepare for their own independent
existence- new cell membranes form down the middle of the cell
19. Cell Cycle
continuous sequence of growth (interphase) and division (mitosis) in a cell.
Week 3
20. Homologous chromosomes one of a pair of chromosomes
21. Cytokinesis division of the cell’s contents other than DNA. cell process following
meiosis or mitosis in which the cell’s cytoplasm divides and separates into new cells
22. Sister Chromatid Two identical strands joined by a common centromere as a result of a
chromosome that duplicated during the S phase of the cell cycle.
23. Chromatin
long strands of unwound DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus; DNA at work. They
condense to form chromosomes during cell division.
24. Spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis the chromosomes attach to these in metaphase to
be equally divided
25. Centriole
in animal cells, a pair of small cylindrical structures composed of microtubules that duplicate
during interphase and move to opposite ends of the cell during prophase
26. Centromere
cell structure that joins two sister chromatids of a chromosome : The constricted region joining
the two sister chromatids that make up an X-shaped chromosome
2827.Equatorial plate the area midway between the poles of the spindle of a dividing cell,
where chromosomes are aligned
28. Cancer uncontrolled cell division that can be caused by environmental factores or changes in
enzyme production during the cell cycle.
Week 4
29. Benign Something that does not metastasise (spread to other areas of the body) and
treatment or removal is curative
30. Malignant cells that will metastasis and spread to other areas of the body not always curable
31. Karyotype photomicrographs wherein chromosomes are arranged in homologous
pairs, and in descending order of size and relative position of the centromere.
32. Diploid cell whose similar chromosomes occur in pairs.
cell with two of each kind of chromosome; is said to contain a diploid, or 2n, number of
chromosomes.
33. Haploid cell with one of each kind of chromosome, is said to contain a haploid or n number
of chromosomes.
34. Tetrad each replicated chromosome pairs with its homologous chromosome forms a tetrad.
35. Crossing over
exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids from homologous chromosomes
during prophase I of meiosis; results in new allele combinations
36. Meiosis
type of cell division where one body cell produces four gametes, each containing half the
number of chromosomes as a parent’s body cell. Meiosis is me contributing to the continuation
of the species
The base pairing rules for DNA are

A pairs with T
G pairs with C
C pairs with G.
T pairs with A
The base pairing rules for DNA (left) with RNA (right) are:




A pairs with U
G pairs with C
C pairs with G
T pairs with A
When two molecules of RNA pair, the rules are:




A pairs with U
G pairs with C
C pairs with G
U pairs with A
Part 2 of Unit 3
Genetics
Biology Textbook: Chapters 11, 14, 15
Inquiry Questions:
1. Why is it possible to clone a whole organism from an undifferentiated cell?
2. Why are stem cells sought by researchers as potential cures to medical problems?
3. Why is it possible for a cell from one species to express genes from another species as in
genetic modification of organisms?
4. Why are human offspring not genetic clones of their parents or siblings?
5. How is it possible to distinguish learned from instinctual behaviors such as imprinting etiquette,
and suckling by mammals?
Science Standard:
Life Science 2.7- Physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism are influenced to varying
degrees by heritable genes, many of which encode instructions for the production of proteins.
Vocabulary
1. Genetics: scientific study of heredity
2. fertilization: process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to
form a new cell
3. trait: specific characteristic of an individual
4. hybrid offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
5. gene: sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait; factor that is passed
from parent to offspring
6. allele: one of a number of different forms of a gene
7. principle of dominance: Mendel's second conclusion, which states that some alleles are dominant
and others are recessive
8. Law of segregatiion: separation of alleles during gamete formation
9. gamete: sex cell
10. probability: likelihood that a particular even will occur
11. homozygous: having two identical alleles for a particular gene
12. heterozygous: having two different alleles for a particular gene
13. phenotype: physical characteristics of an organism what we see, genotype + environmental
influence
14. genotype: genetic makeup of an organism what you get from your parents
15. Punnet square: diagram that can be used to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations of a
genetic cross
16. Law of independent assortment : One of Mendel's principles that states that genes for different
traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes
17. incomplete dominance: situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another
allele
18. condominance: situation in which the phenotypes produced by both alleles are completely
expressed
19. multiple alleles: a gene that has more than two alleles
20. polygenic trait
: trait that is controlled by two or more genes
21. homologous : term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome
from the opposite-sex parent
22. diploid: term used to refer to a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes
23. haploid
: term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of genes
24. meiosis: process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the
separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
25. tetrad: structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis
26. crossing-over: process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids
during meiosis
27. zygote: fertilized egg
Major Activities:
 Genetic Resolution Essay and Philosophical Chairs
 Karyotype who did it lab
 Geneman
Unit Outline:
5) Genotype/Phenotype
 Genotype/Phenotype Lab
 Should This Dog Be Called Spot (Quiz)
6) Genetic Engineering Resolution Project
 Essay
 Philosophical Chairs
7) Probability
 Probability Lab (penny flipping)
 Punnett Squares
o Monohybrid Cross (Sponge Bob genetics)
o Dihybrid Cross (Snake Genetics)
8) Special Case Genetics (Practice Packet)
 Co-Dominance
 Incomplete Dominance
 Sex-Linked Characteristics
9) Pedigrees
 Reading
 Building
Genetics Common Unit Exam
Websites supports for students
Science spot heredity, DNA and genetics
http://sciencespot.net/Pages/kdzbiogen.html
Onion root tip practice
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/activities/cell_cycle/assignment.html
and http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/activities/cell_cycle/activity_description.html
Onion Root http://bio.rutgers.edu/~gb101/lab2_mitosis/highmagroot1.html
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artnov04macro/jronionroot.html
http://www3.med.unipmn.it/did/will/BiologyProject/cell_cycle.html
DNA Technology and biological processes
Graphics Gallery at http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/index.html