PS 1700
Selected General References for Art, Culture and the Law
Fall 2015
Students are expected to explore the range of these cases and secondary sources as assistance in the formulation of their
research ideas and designs. This list is not complete but representative and illustrative, and includes sources used by recent
students in this course – it is designed to give students ideas and directions, particularly at the earlier stages of their research
projects. Most of these references deal with aspects discussed in Michael Kammen’s Visual Shock, and his endnotes also
provide direction for further reading. Virtually all articles and cases listed here are available on-line through the University
of Pittsburgh's University Library System (ULS) e-journals or JSTOR, and books and other sources are available in the
University core collection or through interlibrary loan.
Representative cases related to the arts:
Bellospirito v. Manhasset Public Library, 1994 No. 93-CV-4484 (EDNY) – display policy against nudity.
Bery v. City of New York, 97 F. 3d 689 (1996) – sale of art by street vendors (the Bery injunction).
Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing, 188 U.S. 239 (1903) – judicial discrimination over what is artistic.
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences v. City of New York, 64 F. Supp. 2d 184 (1999) – the ‘Sensations’ exhibit.
Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association, 132 S. Ct. 81 (2011) – violence in video games.
Burstyn v. Wilson, 343 U.S. 495 (1952) – sacrilegious film content.
Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, 510 U.S. 569 (1994) – parody of ‘Oh Pretty Woman’ as expression.
Carter v. Helmsley-Spear Inc., 71 F. 3d 77 (1995) – sanctity of wall mural as a ‘work of visual art.’
Celli v. City of St. Augustine, 214 F. 2d 1255 (2000) – sidewalk sale of art as public expression.
City of Cincinnati v. Contemporary Arts Center, 735 F. Supp. 743 (1990) – the Mapplethorpe ‘Perfect Moment’ exhibition.
Close v. Lederle, 424 F. 2d 988 (1970) – art exhibition in a public corridor.
Crimi v. Rutgers Presbyterian Church, 89 NYS 813 (1949) – mural fresco on church wall.
Cuban Museum of Arts and Culture v. City of Miami, 766 F. Supp. 1121 (1991) – display of politically objectionable art.
Dunn v. Maryland State Board of Censors, 240 Md. 249 (1965) – Russ Meyer’s Lorna
Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville, 422 U.S. 205 (1975) – nudity not offensive per se.
Esperanza Peace & Justice Center v. City of San Antonio, 2001 WL 685795 – viewpoint discrimination in arts funding.
Foster v. Svenson, 2015 NY Slip Op 03068 (April 9, 2015) – privacy and photographing everyday life.
Freedman v. Maryland, 380 U.S. 51 (1965) – film licensing.
Free Speech Coalition v. Holder, 787 F. 3d 149 (2015) – artistic renditions of children v. child pornography laws.
Henderson v. Murfreesboro, 960 F. Supp. 1292 (1997) – paintings of partially nude women considered sexual harassment.
Hopper and Rupp v. City of Pasco, 241 F. 3d 1067 (2001) – offensive art in City Hall.
Illinois v. Lenny Bruce, 31 Ill. 2d 459 (1964) – offensive material in stand-up comedy performance.
Kaplan v. California, 413 U.S. 115 (1973) – material ‘beyond the customary limits of candor.’
Kelly v. Chicago Park Dist., 635 F. 3d 290 (7 th cir. 2011) – wildflower display as art or landscaping?
Kingsley International Pictures v. Board of Regents, 360 U.S. 684 (1959) – film as expression.
Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures, 137 F.3d 109 (1998) – bad taste versus art iconography.
Lucasfilm Ltd. V. Ainsworth, U.K. Supreme Court 39 (2011) – Imperial Stormtrooper uniforms as sculptural art?
Mastrovincenzo and Santos v. City of New York, 313 F. Supp. 2d 280 (2004) – graffiti art.
Mattel v. Walking Mountain, 353 F. 3d 792 (2003) – expression ‘in bad taste.’
NEA v. Finley, 524 U.S. 569 (1998) – performance art.
Nelson v. Streeter, 16 F. 3d 145 (1994) – outrage precipitated by student art exhibition.
Nitke v. Gonzales, 413 F. Supp. 2d 262 (SDNY 2005) affirmed 126 S. Ct. 1566 (2006) – internet publishing under CDA.
People v. Lenny Bruce (unpubl. opinion), N.Y. Crim. Court 1964.
Pope v. Illinois, 481 U.S. 497 (1987) – whether a reasonable person might find serious (artistic) value in a work.
Serra v. GSA, 847 F. 2d 1045 (2d Cir. 1988) – sculpture as tax or duty exempt art (Serra’s ‘Titled Arc’)
Shields v. Gross, 58 NY 2d 338 (1983) – the Brooke Shields Pretty Baby photo portfolio.
Smith v. Goguen, 415 U.S. 566 (1974) – ‘contemptuous to one may be a work of art to another.’
Times Film v. Chicago, 365 U.S. 43 (1961) – sympathetic treatment of immorality considered having a ‘capacity for harm.’
Trans-Lux v. Maryland State Board of Censors, 240 Md. 98 (1965) – ‘When a Stranger Knocks.’
Tunick v. Safir, 228 F. 3d 135 (2000) – nude photo shoot as a ‘public showing.’
United States v. 113 Prints, 128 F. Supp. 280 (DC Md 1955) – sepia cards of Greek and Roman erotic statues.
United States v. American Library Association, 539 U.S. 194 (2003) – restrictions on use of public internet access.
United States v. Ehrich, 22 CCPA 1 (1934) – ornamental glassware are not art under tariff laws.
United States v. One Book Called “Ulysses,” 5 F. Supp 182 (SDNY 1933) – literary creativity.
United States ex rel Radich v. Criminal Court of the City of New York, 385 F. Supp. 165 (1974) – flag desecration.
United States v. Stagliano, 693 F. Supp. 2d 25 (2010) – obscenity claim against Evil Angel producer of X-rated films.
United States v. Stevens, 130 S.Ct. 1577 (2010) – criminalization of dog fight (‘crush’) videos.
United States v. Various Articles of Merchandise, 230 F. 3d 649 (3d Cir 2000) – artistic nude photographs.
United States v. Williams, 553 U.S. 285 (2008) – upholding federal laws against pandering child pornography.
Whistler v. Ruskin, QBD 1877 – what is art and can we tell it when we see it?
Wojnarowicz v. American Family Association, 745 F. Supp. 130 (1990) – NEA funding of provocative AIDS exhibition.
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Adler, A. “Girls! Girls! Girls! The Supreme Court Confronts the G-String,” 80 NYU L Rev 101 (2005).
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Adler, A. “The Perverse Law of Child Pornography,” 101 Columbia L Rev 209 (2001).
Adler, A. “Post-Modern Art and the Death of Obscenity Law,” 99 Yale L. J. 1359 (1990).
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