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FINAL EXAM REVIEW
Academic Bio
Chapter 1 – What is Science?
1. Describe the basic steps of the scientific method
A. Begins with - observation
B. Leads to a statement of the problem
C. Hypothesis –
possible explanation to the problem
which is written as an
If then Statement
D. Experimentation –
controlled experiment includes control
group/experimental group, and constants
E. Results are data and analysis
F. Conclusion – answers or revises the
hypothesis
2. If a hypothesis cannot be proven wrong after repeated experiments, a
theory is
developed
3. Differentiate between the 2 types of observations & give examples
a. Qualitative - descriptive – smooth, round, yellow, soft
b. Quantitative - include numbers – 6 feet long, 22 ounces, etc.
4. Identify the parts of a controlled experiment:
a. Control Group – contains all the same constants as the experimental group, just
lacks the variable, used for comparison to experimental
b. Experimental Group – Just like control group except it contains the variable
i. Independent/Manipulated Variable what the scientists actually
changes (temp, amount of salt, amount of light, etc)
ii. Dependent/Responding Variable - what the scientist measures (growth,
number of leaves, symptoms, etc.)
iii. Constants are kept the same in both the control and experimental
groups
5. Define Biology study of living organisms
6. Identify the characteristics and needs of living organisms:
a. Characteristics – Reproduce, respond to stimuli, grow/develop, evolve, die, made
of cells, contain DNA, have metabolisms, homeostasis
b. Needs - constant supply of energy
7. Define homeostasis and give some examples- ability to maintain constant internal
environment with an organism (heart rate, temperature, respiration rate, amount of
electrolytes within cell, pH of different organs) all organisms maintain homesostasis in
order to survive
8. Define and name the processes involved in metabolism - cell respiration, photosynthesis,
digestion
9. What types of graphs do you use with which set of data?
a. % pie
b. Change over time line
c. Discrete information bar
Chapter 3 – Chemistry
10. Define Atom basic unit of matter consisting of subatomic particles (proton,
neutron, electron
11. Using a periodic table to identify atomic # and atomic mass - atomic number for
carbon is 6, atomic mass is 12, for example
12. Name the parts of an atom, what type of charge each has, and where they are located in
an atom. - center of atom called nucleus, it contains protons (+) and neutrons (o),
electrons (-) orbit the nucleus
13. What parts of atom are involved in forming bonds?
Valence electrons
14. Compare the types of bonds: ionic, covalent, hydrogen
ionic bonds form ions, which are
charged atoms, because electrons are donated or accepted
Covalent bonds share electrons, and hydrogen bonds are formed between two molecules,
not between atoms. Covalent is the strongest, then ionic, then hydrogen
15. What is a molecule and give an example.
A molecule is made of multiple atoms bonded
together covalently, like water, glucose, or ammonia
16. Describe the structure of water. What does it mean that water is a polar molecule? How
does this lead to its unique properties?
Water is made of two hydrogen atoms
that are bonded to one oxygen atom. The electrons spend more time around oxygen,
making it slightly negative, and the hydrogen atoms slightly positive. This makes one end
of a water molecule negative, and the other end positive, making it polar. The polar
property of water allows it to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules, giving it
unique properties.
17. Describe the properties of water & relate to its polarity:
a. Cohesion water can attach to water molecules, from positive end to
negative end, forming a network of water molecules with hydrogen bonds
b. Adhesion a water molecule’s negative and positive ends are attracted to
other charged surfaces, creating adhesion of water to other substances
c. Universal Solvent Can dissolve polar and ionic compounds, allowing important
chemicals in cell to mix and react
d. Capillary action
Adhesion and cohesion cause water to move against
gravity, plants/trees use this to move water from bottom to top
e. Liquid Range - exists as a liquid on our planet, which allows it to have these
properties
Surface tension
18. Describe the 4 types of organic compounds and what each provides.
a. Carbohydrate major energy source for all living organisms, can he
structural as well, cell recognition carbs on outside of cells monosaccharides are
the monomer
b. Lipid insoluble in water, makes up cell membranes, source of long term
energy no monomer/polymer unit
c. Protein - made of amino acid monomers, proteins have a wide array of functions,
from enzymes, antibodies, structure, movement, and communication
d. Nucleic Acid - Nucleotide monomers for DNA and RNA
19. What occurs in a chemical reaction? Atoms get rearranged, and energy is released, or
absorbed
20. What are enzymes? What is their function? Are special proteins that can perform one
specific chemical reaction many times over
21. Identify each of the following terms:
a. Active site – pocket, or spot on enzyme that grabs onto (binds) the substrate
b. Substrate - the chemical that is being worked on by the enzyme
c. Enzyme-substrate complex When the enzyme binds the
substrate, like a lock and key
d. Activation Energy The amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to
occur. An enzymes lowers the activation energy of a reaction.
22. What is denaturing? What happens to an enzyme when it denatures? Why?
Denaturation is the process by which an enzyme loses its shape, which changes its
active site, and makes it not able to perform its job. Enzymes have a range of conditions
they can withstand, and going outside those conditions will cause denaturation (heat, acid,
base, extreme chemical conditions, etc)
Chapters7, 8 & 9 – Cells, Homeostasis & Metabolism
23. Discuss how to properly use & handle the microscope.
Parts of microscope, hold by
base and arm, compound light microscope contains two lenses, the image is flipped upside
down and backwards as it passes through the microscopes.
24. Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and give an example of each pro do not contain
nuclei, or membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes do. Bacteria are pro, all other
organisms are Eukary
25. What are the functions of the parts of a cell which we have discussed:
a. Nucleus – Houses DNA, site of protein synthesis, controls cell activity
b. Mitochondria - site where cell respiration occurs
c. Cell membrane – made of phospholipids, regulates what enters and exits cell,
maintains homeostasis within cell
d. Cell wall – made of cellulose, it provides rigid barrier around plant and bacterial
cells for support
e. Ribosome millions in each cell, where translation occurs
f. Chloroplast found mainly in plants and algae, it is where photosynthesis
occurs
g. Chromosome - piece of DNA found in nucleus, contains many genes
26. What is the difference between plant and animal cells? Why are they different?
Plant cells – photosynthetic, chloroplast, cell wall, central vacuole
animal cells – none of the above
27. Name the levels of organization in order from simplest to most complex
cell, tissue,
organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
28. Compare uni- and multicellular organisms including make-up, specialization, and division of
labor uni-cellular organisms must be able to do all required life processes
within one cell, where multicellular have tissues, which specialize in different tasks
29. Identify the role of each of the following organs and systems:
a. Circulatory system/Heart circulate nutrients and waste in body
b. Stomach churn food to make soupy liquid for intestines
c. Small intestine - where nutrients is absorbed from food we eat
d. Liver detoxifies the body, makes bile for fat breakdown
e. Urinary System filters blood for impurities, and excretes through
urination
f. Lungs exchange gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide
g. Pancreas - makes insulin to regulate blood sugar
h. Reproductive System - to make gametes in order for fertilization to create a
new generation of our species
30. Describe the structure of the cell membrane
made of phopholipid bilayer, with
hydrophilic heads facing toward water (on outside and inside of cell), and hydrophobic
tails facing each other. It contains proteins embedded within it for certain materials to
be passed into and out of cell
31. Compare diffusion & osmosis
diffusion is the movement of a substance from a higher
to lower concentration, while osmosis is the diffusion of water.
32. Know comparison words – hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic when talking about osmosis.
Hypertonic – the side that contains more solutes (dissolved substances)
Hypotonic - side contains less solutes
isotonic - when both sides of the membrane contain the same
concentration of solutes
33. How do cells in a multicellular organism communicate with each other? Relate this to the
structure of the cell membrane.
They send messages, in the form of chemicals,
that are relayed from the outside of the cell to the inside of the cell
34. What is ATP? What is its function in a cell? Adenosine triphosphate is a molecule that
stores a large amount of energy in the bonds of its phosphates
35. Photosynthesis is the process by which
autotrophs/producers
make
glucose
as the main product. A useful by-product of this process is
oxygen. In order for photosynthesis to occur, organisms need sunlight
,
water
and carbon dioxide
.
36. Cellular respiration is a process where
ALL organisms produce
ATP as
the main product and
carbon dioxide and water
as byproducts. To do this, organisms need glucose
and oxygen
to produce the maximum amount of energy.
Chapter 13 – DNA and RNA
37. Describe the structure of DNA – double stranded helix made of nucleotide monomers
(ATCG), sugar and phosphate sides and nitrogenous bases paired in the middle. The
nitrogen bases are held together by hydrogen bonds
38. Describe the structure of RNA –
Single stranded polymer of nucleotides (AUCG),
uracil instead of thymine, ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose
39. What is a codon? What does it code for?
A codon is a three letter grouping of
nucleotides located on the mRNA transcript that codes for one specific amino acid
40. Identify the steps involved in DNA replication, including the functions of the enzymes
First, helicase opens the DNA double helix. Then, Single-stranded binding proteins
attach to the two strands of DNA, and hold them apart, preventing them from
reattaching to one another
41. Identify what occurs in the processes of protein synthesis and where in the cell each
occurs
a. transcription - mRNA is copied from a DNA gene in the nucleus, by an enzyme
called RNA polymerase. Then, the mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the
cytoplasm
b. translation- Once the mRNA is in the cytoplasm, it attaches to a ribosome,
where its codons are read, by tRNA molecules, which add specific amino acids
to a growing protein chain
42. Define mutations a mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism
43. What is the relationship between a chromosome, a gene and DNA?
A gene is a
segment of DNA found on a chromosome. Genes code for specific proteins.
Chromosomes are pieces of DNA. Each chromosomes contains thousands of genes.
Chapter 10 - Cell Cycle
44. As a cell grows larger volume
.
increases faster than
surface area
45. Why do cells divide instead of growing: 2 reasons two great of a demand placed on DNA
to produce enough proteins for large cells. The required nutrients to move into, and
waste to move out of a large cell cannot happen efficiently in a large cell
46. Explain what occurs in the events of the cell cycle at each stage – general overview! :
a. Interphase (G1, S phase, G2) growth of cell and DNA replication
b. M-phase (Mitosis and Cytokinesis) nucleus) and division of the cytoplasm
Division of replicated chromosomes (in
c. Know what forms between an animal cell and a plant cell during cytokinesis cells form cleavage furrows, while plant cells form cell plates.
animal
47. What is cancer? What are some of the causes of cancer?
Cancer is the
uncontrolled mitotic growth of cells caused by mutations from DNA miscopying, or
external mutagens like UV light, radiation, chemicals
48. What are stem cells? What do scientists hope to use them for?
Stem cells are cell
that are not yet specialized. They give rise, or become, special types of cells, based on
the environment in which they are in. Scientists use them to help treat diseases.
49. Differentiate between chromatin, sister chromatids, and chromosomes. Chromatin is
when DNA is in a large, unorganized state. Chromosomes are when DNA are organized
neatly into pieces, and each copy of the DNA (after replication) is called a chromatid
Chapter 11 - Meiosis
50. Define meiosis. Why does it need to occur? – Meiosis is the process by which haploid
gametes are created. Without it, fertilization would produce zygotes that had too many
chromosomes in them, and the organisms would never develop
51. Define homologous chromosomes.
Chromosomes that contain genes for the same
trait are called homologs
52. What is the difference between diploid vs. haploid? – what does (N) and (2N) mean?
Diploid cells contain two sets of DNA (2N), while haploid contain one set (N).
53. What is formed during gamete production – male & females?
Males produce four
haploid sperm which are genetically unique. Females undergo meiosis to produce only one
functional haploid egg, which is much larger.
54. What is a zygote? What process forms a zygote? A zygote is the first cell of an
organism, it contains all the DNA to produce the entire organism. Fertilization produces
55. Describe the differences between mitosis and meiosis in terms of # of chromosomes
present at each stage and the # of chromosomes in the final cells produced Mitosis and
meiosis begin with same number of chromosomes. Then, in both processes, the number of
chromosomes double. In mitosis, chromatids split and form two identical cells. In
meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate during meiosis 1, and then
chromatids separate during meiosis 2, making four haploid cells.
Chapter 12 - Genetics
56. What is the difference between homo- and heterozygous?
Homozygous means tha
the organism has two copies of the same gene for that trait (ex. BB, bb) , while
heterozygous means that the organism has two genes that are different from each other
for that trait (Bb)
57. Know how to determine genotype and phenotype - genotype refers to the letter (BB, Bb,
bb), and phenotype refers to the trait observed (brown or blue eyes)
58. Differentiate between:
a. Incomplete dominant – when the genes produce a blending effect in the trait
b. Codominant - when both forms of the gene are expressed independently
c. Multiple alleles - when there are more than two forms of the gene for that
trait (blood type, eye color)
59. Know how to work through a punnett square problem (monohybrid and dihybrid crosses)&
answer probability questions.
60. Know how to do a blood type Punnett squares
61. Be able to read a pedigree.
62. What is a sex-linked trait? Who is most likely to inherit it? Whom did that individual
inherit it from?
A trait that is the result of genes located on the X-chromosome.
Males are more likely to inherit it. They get the X from their mother. Therefore, they
receive the gene from mom.
Chapters 16 & 17 - Evolution
63. Define evolution Change in genes of a population over generations
64. What is the smallest level that is able to evolve? A population
65. Compare natural selection & artificial selection
natural selection is a natural process
by which the environment selects traits, while artificial selection involves humans
deliberately selecting traits
66. What do we mean by “fitness”? fitness refers to the ability of an organisms to survive
and reproduce
67. Discuss the 4 parts of Darwin’s theory of Evolution by Natural selection
a population
must have genetic variation, more offspring than can survive, and a struggle to survive in
order for some traits to help an organism survive and reproduce better than others,
which defines natural selection
68. What are adaptations? Give some examples. Traits that give organisms an advantage to
survive: like a cheetah’s speed, a moth that can camouflage, a deer standing perfectly
still to avoid being seen, dark skin tone in areas where there is a lot of UV light
69. What is meant by descent with modification? What does this imply? That as organisms
adapt to their changing environment thorugh natural selection over many generations:
Darwin concluded that all organisms arose from common ancestor
70. Describe how each of the following is used to support evolution:
a. Fossils - shows detailed story of anatomical changes of organisms over millions
of years in sedimentary layers
b. Homologous structures similar arrangement of anatomical structures in a
variety of differently adapted organisms show common ancestry
c. Vestigial structures - anatomical structures that are left over from past
ancestors, but do not function in the organism, like wisdom teeth, a whale’s leg
(femur) bone
d. DNA All organisms contain DNA. Those with more similar DNA are more
closely related to one another
e. Embryology - all vertebrates share a very similar embryological development,
showing common ancestry between them
71. Distinguish between micro- and macroevolution.
Microevolution studies how individual
populations evolve, while macroevolution shows large evolutionary changes/relationships,
like how organisms speciate
72. What is speciation? Explain how it occurs. Process by which an organism becomes a new
species commonly occurs by geographical or reproductive isolation
73. Compare convergent and divergent evolution.
Convergent evolution occurs when
NOT closely related organisms look similar due to similar natural selection in similar
environmental conditions. Divergent evolution occurs when closely related organisms look
different from one another because they occupy different environments, so natural
selection chooses different traits for survival
Chapter 18 - Classification
74. Identify the 6 Kingdoms – main characteristics and examples. Plants - photosynthetic,
multicellular eukaryotes: trees, plants, moss
animals – mostly mobile, consumers, multicellular eukaryotes: birds, insects, mammals
Protists: single celled, eukaryotes, some are plant like, animal like , or both; amoeba
Fungi: decomposers, multicellular eukaryotes
bacteria ; single celled prokaryotes strep, e. coli
archaea; single celled prokaryotes: survive in extreme conditions like high heat, salt, or
acid
Chapters 4, 5, & 6 – Ecosystems & Populations
75. Define & compare the following terms:
a. Population group of same species that can interbreed with one another in
the same area: like a group of robins
b. Community all the living organisms in an area, like robins and squirrels and
mice etc
c. Ecosystem living and nonliving “stuff” in an area that interact
76. Compare producers (autotrophs) vs. consumers (heterotrophs) producers support
food chains by producing organic compounds (food) from inorganic compounds, while
heterotrophs obtain food by eating producers or each other
77. In a food chain, energy flows from a producer
to a consumer
_______ as energy is passed from one trophic level to the next.
78. Draw a 5-step food chain and identify the producer, and consumers - grass  beetle 
spider  sparrow  hawk
79. Energy pyramids – why are they always pyramid shaped? show producers at
botoom...there are more producers, and they contain more energy in an ecosystem than
other trophic levels. Each trophic level above producers gets only 10 percent of the
trophic level below them
80. Describe the relationship between photosynthesis & respiration, how they are related to
each other in an ecosystem, and what kinds of organisms do each they are opposing
processes, meaning the products of one process are the reactants to the other.
Photosynthesis requires energy, and respirations releases energy, all organisms do
respiration to get energy from food, while plants, some bacteria, and some protists do
photosynthesis
81. Limiting factors – define and give examples. any component in an acosystem that
limits the size of population: food, disease, predation, competition, space, water, etc.
82. Compare and contrast exponential vs. logistic growth (definition, S-curves vs. J-curves,
presence or absence of limiting factors, etc.)
exponential growth is uncontrolled
growth with no limiting factors to prevent growth, the graph looks like a J. logistic is
controlled growth with limiting factors to restrict the uncontrolled growth of population.
83. Define and identify carrying capacity – carrying capacity is the maximum population that
an environment can support. All exponential growth will eventually reach carrying
capacity
84. What is biological magnification and why does it occur? - when a chemical cannot be
broken down by organisms, it becomes more highly concentrated in the tissues of the
organisms as it goes up the trophic levels
examples: mercury, some pesticides
85. Describe and give examples of the different types of community interactions:
a. Predation – when a predator eats prey: cheetah and gazelle
b. Symbiosis – close associations between two organisms; mutualism,
commensalism, parasitism
c. Herbivory – when a consumer eats a producer
d. Competition - when organisms both use the same resources, they must
compete
86. Describe “niche” - the role that a species plays in its environment (how its eats, how it
affects it’s environment, where it lives. No two species can occupy exact same niche.
87. What is the competitive exclusion principle?
same niche, that one will change, or go extinct
States that if two organisms occupy
88. How does biodiversity affect community stability? The more biodiversity, the more
stable the ecosystem. For example, if one producer was to go extinct in a biodiverse
ecosystem, there would be many other species to take its place.
89. How do water and oxygen/carbon dioxide move through ecosystems?
Practice Questions:
90. Using the atom to the right answer the following questions:
a. What is the atomic number of this atom? ___8___
8
b. What is the atomic mass of this atom? ___16___
O
c. How many protons does this atom have? __8___
15.999.
d. How many neutrons does this atom have? ___8_(16 – 8)_
e. How many electrons does this atom have? __8___
91. Look at the diagram below. Label the following: enzyme, substrate, enzyme-substrate
complex, products, active site.
a. Does this diagram show a synthesis or a hydrolysis reaction? How do you know?
Hydrolysis because the substrate (yellow) is being split by the enzymes
92. Using this original strand of DNA TACTTTCCTGGAACT answer the following:
a. What will the mRNA strand look like:
AUG-AAA-GGA-CCU-UGA
b. How many codons make up this mRNA?
5
c.
What amino acids would make up this protein?
MET – LYS – GLY - PRO
93. Identify the parts of a chromosome:
94. Look at the karyotype below and answer the questions:
a. What disorder does this
individual have?
Down’s Syndrome – extra 21st chromosome
b. Is this person male or
female? How do you know?
Male – has a small, Y chromosome and a large X
Chromosome on bottom right
95. Freckles (H) are dominant to no freckles (h). Draw a Punnett Square showing the cross
between a mother with no freckles and a father who is heterozygous. What is the
probability of them having a child with no freckles?
50% - see me for Punnett Square
96. A mother is heterozygous for type A blood. The father is heterozygous for type B blood.
What is the probability of them having a child with Type A Blood? Type B? Type AB?
Type O?
25% for each of the four blood types – see me for questions
97. A woman who is heterozygous for freckles and heterozygous for dimples marries a man
who is does not have freckles but is heterozygous for dimples. Show the cross between
these 2 individuals and the probabilities of the various combinations in their children.
3/8 with freckles and dimples, 1/8 without either, 3/8 no freckles but with dimples, and 1/8
with freckles and no dimples
98. Examine the pedigree below. Is the trait being studied dominant or recessive? Explain
how you know.
Probably recessive because the parents don’t
have it, but the children do.
99. What kind of structure is shown in the pictures below:
____Vestigial_________
__ structure
___Homologous____________ structures
100.
Identify the step of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection show in the
picture frames below:
1: genetic variation: mice express different color traits
2. Struggle for existence: the environment poses threats to the survival of the offspring
3. Differential survival and reproduction: gray gene becomes more popular over generations
because it better serves the survival of the mice
101.
Use the food web below to answer the questions that follow:
a. Name the producer in the food web.
Evergreen tree
b. Draw a 4-step food chain from the food web given.
Tree  beetle  bird  snake
or
Tree  beetle  salamander  snake
c. If the evergreen tree makes 1,000 calories worth of food energy, how much
energy will the bird get?
10 units
d. If a toxic chemical was sprayed on the tree, which organism would have the
highest concentration of the chemical in its body?
Snake due to biological magnification
e. What process is question “d” referring to?
biological magnification