Unit 9 Student Guided Notes
Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation
Types of Blood Vessels
Arteries: Function: ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________.
Structure: ______________________
______________________________.
Location: Usually found deep along
bones
Veins: Function: _________________________
______________________________________.
Structure: ______________________
______________________________.
Location: Often on the surface
surrounded by skeletal muscle.
Capillaries: Function: _____________________
_______________________________________.
Structure: Very thin walls
(____________________).
Location: ______________________; within a few cells of each other.
Capillaries have __________________________ that can ______________ and
___________________ the vessel. If all capillary beds were open at one time, it
would ___________________ the blood pressure. If all the capillary beds were
__________________, it would increase blood pressure.
Arterioles and Venules: All the features of arteries and veins apply to __________________
____________________, but on a __________________ scale.
Arterioles leading into a particular organ or region, are often equipped with sphincter muscles.
When triggered, they can dilate or constrict to regulate ________________________,
increasing or decreasing blood flow to that particular ____________________________.
The term afferent arteriole means the ___________________ arteriole where efferent arteriole
is the ______________________ arteriole
Major Blood Vessels of the Body
1. Aorta:
This is the major blood vessel carrying
____________________ blood _________ of the heart. It
leaves the ______________________, loops over top of the
heart creating the structure known as the
_______________ and descends along the inside of the
backbone.
Function: Branches from this blood vessel _____________
__________________________.
2. Coronary Arteries and Veins:
The very first branches off the Aorta are the Coronary
arteries. These relatively small blood vessels can be seen on the surface of the heart.
Function: Feeds the ___________________________.
(The heart does not receive its nutrients from the blood
that travels through it. The muscle is too dense and
thick and the blood is traveling through it too hard and
fast.)
Coronary Vein takes the "______________________"
back to the ______________.
**Note that "spent blood" is the terminology used to
describe blood that has delivered oxygen to the cells
and picked up carbon dioxide. Therefore "spent blood"
is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide**
3. Carotid Arteries:
These branches off the aortic arch and take the blood to
the ______________ including the ___________.
Function: They are highly specialized in that they
contain a number of different types of _____________
_________________: Chemoreceptors that ________
______________, and Pressure Receptors that
_____________________________________. These
chemoreceptors help to maintain homeostasis.
4. Jugular Veins:
The match for the Carotid Artery. They do not contain valves. Blood flow is through
gravity.
Function: They conduct blood out of the ______________________________________.
5. Subclavian Arteries and Veins:
Also branch from the ______________. Travels under
the ____________________.
Function: Branch to feed the _____________ (brachial
artery). Veins collect blood from the arms.
6. Mesenteric Arteries:
These arteries branch off from the aorta as it travels
_________________. They go to the intestines where
they branch into capillaries that can be identified as
villi. For the purpose of this course there is no
corresponding _______________________.
Function: Feeding the organs of the
___________________________ and picks up newly
digested nutrients in the body.
7. Hepatic Portal Vein:
Instead of a _______________________, it is called a
______________. Hepatic means liver; portal indicates
that there is a capillary bed on both ends of it.
Function: Brings ________________________________________________.
8. Hepatic Vein:
Once the liver has done its thing to the blood, the blood must _____________________
________________________.
Function: Carries blood from the liver to the ________________________________.
9. Renal Arteries and Veins:
The ______________________ branch off the
dorsal aorta as it passes through the lumbar
region of the body.
Function: the _____________ take blood to
the __________________________________
_____________________________________
_________________________ Vena Cava.
10. Iliac Arteries and Veins:
When the __________________________ gets to the pelvic area. It branches into two
Iliac Arteries, one goes down each leg. Off the ______________________ is another
branch that feeds the upper leg. This is called the ___________________________.
Function: To supply the legs with ______________________ and return ____________
_________________ to the ____________________________________.
11. Anterior (Superior) and Posterior (Inferior) Vena
Cava:
______________________________________.
Function: Large vein that collects all the "_________"
__________ from smaller veins and carries it to the
heart (right atrium). The _______________________
___________ collects blood from the ____________
______________, while the Posterior Vena Cava
collects blood from the lower body.
The Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
12. Pulmonary Veins and Arteries:
The Pulmonary Circuit is comprised of the ___________________________ and arteries
that deal strictly with _______________________________. It is the only artery in the
body that ____________________________________ and the only vein in the body that
carries ____________________ blood. (remember the function of arteries is to carry
blood away from the heart and the function of veins is to carry blood to the heart)
Function: The arteries bring _______________________ blood from the right side of the
heart to the lungs to get oxygen for the body, while the veins return _________________
blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
Plumonary Circuit:
 Path that goes _____________________________.
 From right ventricle through the pulmonary trunk-->pulmonary arteries-->lung
capillaries-->pulmonary veins-->left artium.
 Carries ___________________________ filled blood to lungs for cleaning.
 Returns ________________________________________________.
Systemic Circuit:
 Path from ________________________________________________________ of
heart.
 Carries _______________________ blood to the body tissues.
 Returns ___________________________________________________________.
Summary of Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation
Click on the Flash Video to enlarge Animation
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/journey/circulation.swf
Cross Sectional Area
Cross sectional area of the blood vessels (sum of the cross
sectional area
of all blood vessels of one type) has a major effect on blood flow.
____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________. Velocity
of the blood decreases from aorta to arteries to capillaries and
increases in venules and veins. __________________________
_____________________________________________. Once
the blood pressure is lost in the capillaries it can not be regained
even though CSA of venules and veins increases.
Can you answer these 3 questions?
1.____________________________________________
______________________________________________
2.____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3.____________________________________________
______________________________________________
Now You Try
Trace the path of blood around the body for the
following:
1. From the head to the toe
2. From the arm to the liver
3. From the heart muscle to the kidney
Fetal Circulation:
Fetal systems have FOUR features not present in
adult systems:
1. OVAL OPENING




an opening between the _______________.
it is covered by a _________________________
that acts like a valve.
blood flows directly from the right atrium to the
______________________.
________________________________________
_________________, which do not work yet.
2. ARTERIAL DUCT


a ______________________ between the Pulmonary Artery and the Aorta.
Blood flows from the ____________________________
___________________, again allowing blood to
bypassing the lungs.
3. UMBILICAL ARTERY AND VEIN


Umbilical ____________________________ (Carbon
Dioxide and Urea) to the Placenta from the fetus.
Umbilical Vein takes nutrients (Oxygen and Glucose and
Amino Acids) to the ______________ from the
____________.
4. VENOUS DUCT


a connection between the Umbilical Vein and the Vena
Cava.
blood coming from the ___________________________
_________________________________ through the
venosus duct allowing ___________________________
______________________________.
http://www.indiana.edu/~anat550/cvanim/fetcirc/fetcirc.html
Components of Blood
A. Plasma: _______________________________
B. Formed Elements: 45%
o
o
o
FEATURE
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
___________________________ (White Blood Cells)
___________________________ (Platelets)
RED BLOOD CELLS
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
SHAPE
PLATLETS
Variable, Amoeboid
FUNCTION
Blood Clotting
ORIGIN
Bone Marrow and Lymphoid
Tissue
ALSO CALLED
Thrombocytes
NAME
A. Water (90%)
B. Plasma Proteins
Albumen, Fibrinogen, Globulins
FUNCTION
Blood Volume Transport of Cells
and Materials
Helps maintain Osmotic pressure
in blood.
Transports, Blood
Clotting, Infection Fighting
C. Gases
Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide
For respiration, Waste
D. Nutrients
A.A. Clucose, Fatty Acids, Glycerol
E. Salts
F. Wastes
Energy Souce - raw materials for
the body


Osmotic Pressure

Waste production of
Cellular Reaction
Helps in Metabolism
Blood Cells
Shape, Function and Origin of Blood Cells
1. Red Blood Cells - Erythrocytes



Live about _____________ days.
Produced in _______________ Bone Marrow (In skull, ribs, vertebrae, and long bones.)
Myeloid stem cells form RBC. These stem cells are called Erythroblasts.
_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________.
 Produces about _______________________________________________________.
 RBC contains a protein called _______________________________________.







Hemoglobin contains iron (gives blood its ______________________________).
Picks up _______________________ in the lungs (cooler blood)
It combines with oxygen in the lungs and releases it in the _______________________
tissues.
Approximately ________________________________________ hemoglobin
molecules in one RBC.
If hemoglobin was not packaged up in RBC, ___________________would leak out of
circulatory system.
RBC allow the blood to remain liquid so the heart does not have to work as hard.
Destroyed in the ________________________________________________________.
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP14604
LUNGS
BODY
Cooler less acidic
Warmer more acidic
Causes Hemoglobin
Causes Hemoglobin
(HG) to pick up oxygen
(HG) to drop off oxygen
2. White Blood Cells - Leukocytes





Larger than ___________
They have ______________________ (RBC do not)
less numerous than RBC (700:1)
Do not have a definite shape.
Function: Fights against ______________________________
 __________________________
 __________________________________________________
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP14704
3. Platelets - (Thrombocytes)



Produce _______________________________________.
Broken fragments of larger cells.
Very important role in ________________________.
o Blood Clotting - Need three things in blood
1. __________________________
2. __________________________
3. __________________________
 Platelets clump at the site of the "____________" and __________________________.
 The platelets and the injured tissue together release an ___________________ called
_____________________.

Thrombolplastin converts a blood protein (prothrombin) (produced by the liver) to a new
substance called _________________. Calcium is needed for this to occur.
Prothrombin (activator protein) is made up of Potassium. If potassium is missing from
the diet, it can cause
_________________________
to occur.

Thrombin acts as an
___________ and breaks the
ends off another blood protein
called _____________. (also
produced by the liver)

Fibrinogen is then converted into
__________________.

Fibrin has sticky ends and forms a _________ or network over the leak. Blood cells get
_____________________________________.

Fibrin clot is only _____________________. As soon as the blood vessel repair is
initiated, and enzyme called _____________________________________________.
Blood Types
Blood Group
Proteins on Red Blood
Cells (Antigen)
A
A
B
B
AB
A AND B
O
NONE
Clumping Chemicals in
Plasma (Antibody)
Can Accept Transfusions
From Group(s)
Identify Blood Types
Find a "bed-side blood type test" (SeraFoil(tm) or similar). If you or someone you know
happens to work in a medical setting, see if you can get your hands on one of these tests.
1. Dispense one drop of your blood to each field on the test card. Use a sterilized needle.
The fields contain antibodies, which will provoke a reaction with antigens on your red
blood cells.
2. Use a new toothpick for each field to mix the blood with the impregnation, creating
about a dime-sized smear.
o
o
o
o
If you have blood type A, clumping will appear in following fields: anti-A
If you have blood type B, clumping will appear in following fields: anti-B
If you have blood type AB, clumping will appear in fields anti-A, anti-B
If you have blood type O, no clumping will appear.
Rhesus Factor
Red Blood cells may have another antigen called antigen D.
This antigen is know as the ___________________. This
distinguishes blood as being RH+ or RH-. Therefore there
are 8 possible blood types. If mother is RH- and father is
RH+ then baby has a chance of being RH+. This could be a
concern.
RH factor plays a role in childbirth. If _________ mother is
carrying a RH+ baby then the situation has to be monitored.
If the baby's blood comes in contact with mom's the antigen
D in the baby's blood would be perceived as foreign and
mother's immune system would try and destroy the baby's
Red blood cell by producing antibody D. This is know as
__________________________________________________.
Mother and child would be fine, but there may be a problem with the next birth. If second baby
is RH+ then _____________________________ (clumping of the blood) would occur and the
baby will be in trouble. This is why doctors would strongly suggest mothers not to have more
children after the first RH+ baby.
It still has to be monitored today, but ____________________ (an enzyme) can be injected
into Mom, which eliminates antibody D.
Lymphatic System
Functions of the Lymphatic Sysytem:
1. Takes excess tissue fluid and sends it to the
_________________________________. The Lymphatic
System joins the _____________________ at the
subclavian veins.
2. Products of fat digestion are ____________________
_______________, which lead to the Lymph Vessels and
________________.
3. Lymph Nodes produce ______________________. (A
type of White Blood Cell)
4. Lymph Nodes act as __________________________
__________________. (helps to purify the body fluids)
Examples:
Spleen:
 Largest lump of Lymphatic Tissue.
 Produces _________________________________________________.
 If your blood pressure is high, it stores blood so that ___________________________
___________________________.
 If your blood pressure is low, it ____________________________________________
_____________________________________________, so that blood pressure rises.
Thymus Gland:
 Bi-lobed structure which is important in the maturing of some Lymphocytes.
 Becomes smaller with age.
Tonsils and Appendix:
 Also contain Lymphoid Tissue.
 Thought to help remove ________________________________________________.
Lymphatic Tissue:
 Produce __________________________________________________________.
Structures in the Lymphatic System
Lymph Vessels:
 Similar to veins, but fluids only travel in one direction. Contain lymph veins and
capillaries, but NO lymph Arteries.
Lymph Nodes:
 Small oval or round tissues which ____________________________ and __________
__________________________.
Lacteals:
 Blind sacs in villi of Digestive System which __________________________________.
http://www.umm.edu/patiented/articles/lymph_nodes_animation_000486.htm
Infection Fighting - Inflammatory Response
1. Attacks foreign substance (_______________________________). Monocytes and
Neutrophils engulf the bacteria or viruses in ______________________ fashion
(Phagocytosis). These WBC are able to __________________ to the site of the
infection through the capillary network. Dead tissue, cells, bacteria, dead and living
neutrophils all together make up _________________.
2. Lymphocytes produce _________________________. Each antibody fights a
specific antigen (foreign protein).
Antigen + Antibody --> Inactive complex.
Antigens are proteins found in the ___________________________________ and it is
the type of protein found that determines the type of blood.
Antibodies are proteins that ___________________ unwanted proteins which results in
agglutination.
Capillary Tissue Fluid Exchange
________________ is oxygenated as it passes through ______________________. Oxygen
(higher in concentration in the inhaled air) ____________________ through the thin walled
tissues of the lung to capillaries and into the blood where it ___________________________
(the iron containing protein that is part of the RBC). A single hemoglobin molecule has
_________________________________ for oxygen and is called ______________________
when transporting oxygen.
The blood reaches ______________
_____________________________
___________ where blood pressure
_________________. Nutrients
(products of digestion) and oxygen
_____________________________
__________________. The larger
particles in blood stay where they are
because they are too big to get out.
Because of these large molecules,
the blood is said to be ___________
to the tissues. As a result, the water
from the tissues is drawn back into
the _______________ of the
capillary bed. When the fluid returns
it carries __________________________________
________________ with it.
Blood pressure on arteriole side of
the capillary bed is
_____________________________
_______________________ and
will try and push substances such as
_____________________________
_____________________________
out of blood into the tissues of the
body.
Blood pressure on the venuole side
of capillary is _________________
___________________________ and therefore wastes such as ________________________
______________________________ are forced from the tissues of the body into the blood.
Click on the Flash Video to enlarge Animation
http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/1135/Links/Animations/Flash/0029-swf_fluid_exchange.swf