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Physicists mentioned in ‘Copenhagen’
Max Born
(December 11, 1882 – January 5, 1970) He was a German physicist and
mathematician who was instrumental in the development of quantum mechanics. He
also made contributions to solid-state physics and optics and supervised the work of a
number of notable physicists in the 1920s and 30s. Born won the 1954 Nobel Prize in
Physics.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Born
Pascual Jordan
(October 18, 1902; July 31, 1980) He was a theoretical and mathematical physicist
who made significant contributions to quantum mechanics and quantum field theory.
Aside from heavily influencing the mathematical form of matrix mechanics, he
developed canonical anticommutation relations for fermions and Jordan algebra for
observables. Jordan joined the Nazi party and became a brownshirt, a political
affiliation which largely isolated him within the physics community.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascual_Jordan
http://www.desy.de/fortbildung/vortraege/ehlers.htm
Julius Robert Oppenheimer
(April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) He was an American theoretical physicist and
professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. He is known for his
role as the scientific director of the Manhattan Project: the World War II effort to
develop the first nuclear weapons at the secret Los Alamos National Laboratory in
New Mexico. For this reason he is remembered as "the father of the atomic bomb".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer
Carl Friedrich Freiherr von Weizsäcker
(June 28, 1912 – 28 April 2007) was a German physicist and philosopher. He was the
longest-living member of the research team which performed nuclear research in
Germany during the Second World War, under Werner Heisenberg's leadership.
There is ongoing debate as to whether he, and the other members of the team, actually
willingly pursued the development of a nuclear bomb for Germany during this time.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker
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Victor Frederick Weisskopf
(September 19, 1908 – April 22, 2002) He was an Austrian American theoretical
physicist. During World War II he worked at Los Alamos on the Manhattan Project to
develop the atomic bomb, and later campaigned against the proliferation of nuclear
weapons. Weisskopf was a co-founder and board member of the Union of Concerned
Scientists. He served as director-general of CERN from 1961-1966.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Frederick_Weisskopf
Niels Henrik David Bohr
(October 7, 1885 – November 18, 1962) He was a Danish physicist who made
fundamental contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics,
for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr mentored and
collaborated with many of the top physicists of the century at his institute in
Copenhagen. He was also part of the team of physicists working on the Manhattan
Project. Bohr married Margrethe Nørlund in 1912, and one of their sons, Aage Niels
Bohr, grew up to be an important physicist who, like his father, received the Nobel
Prize, in 1975. Bohr has been described as one of the most influential physicists of the
20th century.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr
Werner Karl Heisenberg
(December 5, 1901 – February 1, 1976) He was a celebrated German physicist and
Nobel laureate, one of the founders of quantum mechanics and acknowledged to be
one of the most important physicists of the twentieth century. Heisenberg was the
head of the German nuclear energy project under the Nazi regime, though the nature
of this project, and his work in this capacity, has been heavily debated. He is bestknown for discovering one of the central principles of modern physics, the
Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and for the development of quantum mechanics, for
which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1932. In addition to the
development of quantum mechanics, Heisenberg made many other notable
contributions to physics. He discovered isospin, co-discovered and heavily developed
the Kolmogorov theory of turbulent scaling, and introduced S-matrix theory.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg
Wolfgang Ernst Pauli
(April 25, 1900 – December 15, 1958) He was an Austrian theoretical physicist noted
for his work on spin theory, and for the discovery of the exclusion principle
underpinning the structure of matter and the whole of chemistry.
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Pauli made many important contributions in his career as a physicist, primarily in the
field of quantum mechanics. He seldom published papers, preferring lengthy
correspondences with colleagues (such as Bohr and Heisenberg, with whom he had
close friendships.) Many of his ideas and results were never published and appeared
only in his letters, which were often copied and circulated by their recipients. Pauli
was apparently unconcerned that much of his work thus went unaccredited.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli
Stefan Rozental
(Born 1903, died 1994) He was a nuclear physicist, specializing in quantum
mechanics. Trapped outside Poland when World War I started, he and his parents
ended up in Denmark and spent four years from 1915 there before they returned to
their native Poland in 1919 after the war. He received his PhD from the University of
Kraków in 1928. He later held an assistant position with Werner Heisenberg in
Leipzig between 1929 and 1934 and lectured in Kraków between 1934 and 1938. Due
to the raising Anti-Semitism in Poland he immigrated to Denmark and arrived in
Copenhagen in March 1938 where Niels Bohr admitted him to his institute. From
1940, after Hendrik Anthony Kramers (from 1916) and Léon Rosenfeld (from 1934),
he was Niels Bohr's personal assistant for almost fifteen years, whom he assisted even
into the early sixties after both returned to Copenhagen in 1945.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Rozental
Albert Einstein
(March 14, 1879 – April 18, 1955)He was a German-born theoretical physicist. He is
best known for his theory of relativity and specifically mass–energy equivalence, E =
mc2. Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to
Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric
effect."
Einstein's many contributions to physics include his special theory of relativity, which
reconciled mechanics with electromagnetism, and his general theory of relativity,
which extended the principle of relativity to non-uniform motion, creating a new
theory of gravitation. His other contributions include relativistic cosmology, capillary
action, critical opalescence, classical problems of statistical mechanics and their
application to quantum theory, an explanation of the Brownian movement of
molecules, atomic transition probabilities, the quantum theory of a monatomic gas,
thermal properties of light with low radiation density (which laid the foundation for
the photon theory), a theory of radiation including stimulated emission, the
conception of a unified field theory, and the geometrization of physics. Einstein
published over 300 scientific works and over 150 non-scientific works. Einstein is
revered by the physics community and in 1999 Time magazine named him the
"Person of the Century". In wider culture the name "Einstein" has become
synonymous with genius.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein
CHRISTIAN MØLLER
(1904 - 1981) Born in Denmark in 1904, Christian Møller spent almost his entire
working life as Professor of Mathematical Physics in Copenhagen, where he had been
educated before continuing his studies in Rome and at Cambridge. He headed the
theory group at the European Centre for Nuclear Research, CERN, from 1954 to 1957.
Although he also contributed to atomic and nuclear theory, he is best known for his
work in relativity, which resulted in 1952 in the publication of the much used book
The Theory of Relativity.
www.ashp.cuny.edu/nml/copenhagen
Otto Robert Frisch
(1 October 1904–22 September 1979) He was Austrian-British physicist. With his
collaborator Rudolf Peierls he designed the first theoretical mechanism for the
detonation of an atomic bomb in 1940.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Robert_Frisch
Lise Meitner
(November 7 or 17 1878 – October 27, 1968) was an Austrian-born, later Swedish
physicist who studied radioactivity and nuclear physics. Lise Meitner was part of the
team that discovered nuclear fission, an achievement for which her colleague Otto
Hahn was awarded the Nobel Prize. Meitner is often mentioned as one of the most
glaring examples of scientific achievement that was ostensibly overlooked by the
Nobel committee. A 1997 Physics Today study concluded that Meitner's omission
was "a rare instance in which personal negative opinions apparently led to the
exclusion of a deserving scientist" from the Nobel.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lise_Meitner
Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld
(December 5, 1868 – April 26, 1951) was a German theoretical physicist who
pioneered developments in atomic and quantum physics, and also educated and
groomed a large number of students for the new era of theoretical physics. He
introduced the fine-structure constant into quantum mechanics.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld
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Max Theodor Felix von Laue
(October 9, 1879 – April 24, 1960) was a German physicist who won the Nobel Prize
in Physics in 1914 for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals. He was
strongly opposed to National Socialism. In addition to his scientific endeavours with
contributions in optics, crystallography, quantum theory, superconductivity, and the
theory of relativity, he had a number of administrative positions which advanced and
guided German scientific research and development during four decades. He was
instrumental in re-establishing and organizing German science after World War II.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue
Sir Charles Hambro
(1897-1963) Charles Hambro was born into a British banking family of Danish
descent, and he served with distinction in WWI. Between the wars, he worked in New
York for Guaranty Trust and in London for C. J. Hambro and Sons. He also sat on the
board of directors for the Bank of England. When WWII began, he joined the
Ministry of Economic Warfare and later became a colonel on the general staff. After
the fall of France in 1941, he entered Special Operations Executive and became head
of the Scandinavian section. In this capacity, he aided the resistance in Denmark. He
went to Washington in 1943 as a member of the Combined Raw Materials Board.
Among his duties was the exchange of information with the US on the atom bomb.
After the war, he returned to banking and worked in the Marshall Plan. In the 1960's,
he supported retaining the pound as the basic unit of British currency.
http://web.mit.edu/~redingtn/OldFiles/www/netadv/FChambro.html
http://www.vigrid.net/norgeikrig01.htm
John Archibald Wheeler
(July 9, 1911 – April 13, 2008) He was an eminent American theoretical physicist.
One of the later collaborators of Albert Einstein, he tried to achieve Einstein's vision
of a unified field theory. He is also known for having coined the terms black hole and
wormhole and the phrase "it from bit". John Archibald Wheeler was born in
Jacksonville, Florida. He graduated from the Baltimore City College high school in
1926 and received his doctorate from Johns Hopkins University in 1933. His
dissertation, under the supervision of Karl Herzfeld, was on the theory of the
dispersion and absorption of helium.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler
http://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/15/local/me-wheeler15
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Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger
(August 12, 1887 – January 4, 1961) He was an Austrian - Irish physicist who
achieved fame for his contributions to quantum mechanics, especially the Schrödinger
equation, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1933. In 1935, after extensive
correspondence with personal friend Albert Einstein, he proposed the Schrödinger's
cat thought experiment.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger
George Gamow
(March 4, 1904 – August 19, 1968) He was born Georgiy Antonovich Gamov, was a
Russian Empire-born theoretical physicist and cosmologist. He discovered alpha
decay via quantum tunneling and worked on radioactive decay of the atomic nucleus,
star formation, stellar nucleosynthesis, big bang nucleosynthesis, nucleocosmogenesis
and genetics.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gamow
Sir James Chadwick
(20 October 1891 – 24 July 1974)He was an English physicist and Nobel laureate in
physics awarded for his discovery of the neutron. James Chadwick was born in
Bollington, Cheshire, the son of John Joseph Chadwick and Anne Mary Knowles. He
went to Bollington Cross C of E Primary School, attended Manchester High School,
and studied at the Universities of Manchester and Cambridge. In 1913 Chadwick went
and worked with Hans Geiger at the Technical University of Berlin. He also worked
with Ernest Rutherford. He was in Germany at the start of World War I and would be
interned in Ruhleben P.O.W. Camp just outside Berlin. During his internment he had
the freedom to set up a laboratory in the stables. With the help of Charles Ellis he
worked on the ionization of phosphorus and also on the photo-chemical reaction of
carbon monoxide and chlorine. He spent most of the war years in Ruhleben until
Geiger's laboratory interceded for his release.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick
Jean Baptiste Perrin
(September 30, 1870 – April 17, 1942) was a French physicist and Nobel laureate. He
was born in Lille, France where he attended the École Normale Supérieure. He
became an assistant at the school during the period of 1894-97 when he began the
study of cathode rays and X-rays. He was awarded the degree of docteur ès sciences
(PhD) in 1897. In the same year he was appointed as a lecturer in physical chemistry
at the Sorbonne, Paris. He became a professor at the University in 1910, holding this
post until the German occupation of France during World War II.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin
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http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Jean_Baptiste_Perrin.jpg
Felix Christian Klein
(April 25, 1849 – June 22, 1925) was a German mathematician, known for his work in
group theory, function theory, non-Euclidean geometry, and on the connections
between geometry and group theory. His 1872 Erlangen Program, classifying
geometries by their underlying symmetry groups, was a hugely influential synthesis of
much of the mathematics of the day.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Klein
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Felix_Klein.jpeg
Enrico Fermi
(September 29, 1901 – November 28, 1954) was an Italian physicist most noted for
his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, and for his contributions to
the development of quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical
mechanics. Fermi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1938 for his work on
induced radioactivity and is today regarded as one of the top scientists of the 20th
century. He is acknowledged as a unique physicist who was highly accomplished in
both theory and experiment. Fermium, a synthetic element created in 1952 is named
after him.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Fermi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg
Otto Hahn
(March 8, 1879, Frankfurt am Main – July 28, 1968, Göttingen) was a German
chemist who received the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering nuclear
fission. He is considered a pioneer of radioactivity and radiochemistry. Glenn T.
Seaborg deemed Hahn "the father of nuclear chemistry". Hahn was also called the
"founder of the atomic age" by his contemporaries and, officially, by the senate and
the members of the Max Planck Society.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Hahn
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Otto_Hahn_portrait.jpg
Friedrich Wilhelm "Fritz" Strassman
(February 22, 1902 - April 22, 1980) Strassmann’s expertise in analytical chemistry
was employed by Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner in their investigations of the products
of uranium bombarded by neutrons. In December 1938, Hahn and Strassmann sent a
manuscript to Naturwissenschaften reporting they had detected the element barium
after bombarding uranium with neutrons; simultaneously, they communicated these
results to Meitner, who had escaped out of Germany earlier that year and was then in
Sweden. Meitner, and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch, correctly interpreted these
results as being nuclear fission. Frisch confirmed this experimentally on 13 January
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1939.In 1944, Hahn received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the discovery of
nuclear fission. Some historians have documented the history of the discovery of
nuclear fission and believe Meitner should have been awarded the Nobel Prize with
Hahn. In 1946 he became professor of inorganic chemistry at the University of Mainz
and 1948 director of the newly established Max Planck Institute for Chemistry. On
April 22, 1980, Strassman passed away in Mainz.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Strassmann
http://www.atomicarchive.com/Images/bio/B62.jpg
Karl Eugen Julius Wirtz
(1910 – 1994)He was a German nuclear physicist. He was arrested by the allied
British and American Armed Forces and incarcerated at Farm Hall for six months in
1945 under Operation Epsilon. In 1937, Wirtz became a staff scientist. In 1940, he
worked on the horizontal layer reactor design with Fritz Bopp and Erich Fischer. In
late spring 1945, Wirtz was arrested by the allied British and American Armed Forces
and incarcerated at Farm Hall for six months under Operation Epsilon.
no picture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wirtz
Paul Karl Maria Harteck
(20 July 1902 in Vienna, Austria – 22 January 1985 in Santa Barbara, California) was
a German physical chemist. He was arrested by the allied British and American
Armed Forces and incarcerated at Farm Hall for six months in 1945 under Operation
Epsilon. From 1928 to 1933, Harteck was a staff scientist he worked with Karl
Friedrich Bonhoeffer on experiments on parahydrogen and orthohydrogen. In 1933,
Harteck went to do research with Ernest Rutherford at the University of Cambridge.
From 1940, with Hans Suess, his focus was on the use of heavy water as a neutron
moderator. In 1941, his department constructed a conversion unit for Norsk Hydro for
the catalytic production of heavy water. In 1942, especially with the help of Werner
Heisenberg. In 1951, Harteck became a resident professor at the Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York, where he taught until 1968.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Harteck
http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/images/HarteckLarge.jpg
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Gerlach
Walther Gerlach a German Physicist was born in Biebrich, Hessen-Nassau the 1st
august 1889 and died in Munich the 10th august 1979. In 1921 he was professor at
Frankfurt University and discovered with Otto Stern the space quantization in a
magnetic field, known as the Stern-Gerlach effect. In quantum mechanics, the Stern–
Gerlach experiment on the deflection of particles, often used to illustrate basic
principles of quantum mechanics. It can be used to demonstrate that electrons and
atoms have intrinsically quantum properties, and how measurement in quantum
mechanics affects the system being measured.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gerlach
Georg Ferdinand Duckwitz
Georg Ferdinand Duckwitz (September 29, 1904, in Bremen - February 16, 1973) was
a German attache who warned the Danish Jews about their intended deportation in
1943.
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Ferdinand_Duckwitz
http://www.wlb-stuttgart.de/seekrieg/miszellen/43-10-02.htm
Rudolf Peierls
Sir Rudolf Ernst Peierls, (June 5, 1907, Berlin – September 19, 1995, Oxford), was a
German-born British physicist. Rudolph Peierls had a major role in Britain's nuclear
program, but he also had a role in many modem sciences. His impact on physics can
probably be best described by his obituary in Physics Today: "Rudolph Peierls...a
major player in the drama of the irruption of nuclear physics into world affairs...".
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peierls
http://th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~jr/physlist.html
Francis Perrin
Not to be confused with the actor Francis Perrin.
Francis Perrin (Paris, 1901 - id., 1992) was a French physicist, the son of Jean
Perrin.With Frédéric Joliot and his group, he established in 1939 the possibility of
nuclear chain reactions and nuclear energy production. He was the French highcommissionner for atomic energy from 1951 to 1970.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Perrin
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Siegfried Flügge
Siegfried Flügge (16 March 1912 in Dresden – 15 December 1997 in Hinterzarten)
was a German theoretical physicist and made contributions to nuclear physics. He
worked at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Chemie and worked in the German
Uranverein (Uranium Club). He was editor of the 54-volume, prestigious Handbuch
der Physik.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Fl%C3%BCgge
Kurt Diebner
Kurt Diebner (13 May 1905 – 13 July 1964) was a German nuclear physicist from
Obernessa. During World War II, he was a member of the German nuclear energy
project. He was incarcerated in England after the war and repatriated back to
Germany in early 1946. Shortly after his return, Diebner became director and joint
owner of DURAG-Apparatebau GmbH and he was a member of the supervisory board
of the Gesellschaft zur Kernenergieverwertung in Schiffbau und Schiffahrt m.b.H
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diebner
www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/rivals.htm
Samuel Abraham Goudsmit
Samuel Abraham Goudsmit (born July 11, 1902 Den Haag, The Netherlands, died
December 4, 1978 in Reno, Nevada) was a Dutch-American physicist famous for
jointly proposing the concept of electron spin with George Eugene Uhlenbeck. He
studied physics at the University of Leiden under Paul Ehrenfest, where he obtained
his PhD in 1927. After receiving his PhD, Goudsmit served as a Professor at the
University of Michigan between 1927 and 1946. In 1930 he co-authored a text with
Linus Pauling titled The Structure of Line Spectra.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Abraham_Goudsmit
http://www.tamu-commerce.edu/physics/links/goudsmit.jpg
George Eugene Uhlenbeck
George Eugene Uhlenbeck (December 6, 1900, Batavia, Dutch East Indies – October
31, 1988, Boulder, Colorado) was a Dutch-American theoretical physicist. He
introduced the concept of electron spin, which posits that electrons rotate on an axis,
with Samuel Abraham Goudsmit, for which they were awarded the Max Planck medal
in 1964. Uhlenbeck was also awarded the Lorentz Medal in 1970 and Wolf Prize in
Physics in 1979.
He was a student of Austrian physicist and mathematician Paul Ehrenfest.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eugene_Uhlenbeck
http://www.davebruns.com/uhlenbeck1L.JPG
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Albert Speer
Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer, commonly known as Albert Speer (listen
(help·info); 19 March 1905 – 1 September 1981), was an architect, author and highranking Nazi German government official, sometimes called "the first architect of the
Third Reich".
Speer was Hitler's chief architect before becoming his Minister for Armaments during
the war. He reformed Germany's war production to the extent that it continued to
increase for over a year despite increasingly intensive Allied bombing. After the war,
he was tried at Nuremberg and sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment for his role in the
Third Reich. As "the Nazi who said sorry",he was the only senior Nazi figure to admit
guilt and express remorse. Following his release in 1966, he became an author,
writing two bestselling autobiographical works, and a third about the Third Reich. His
two autobiographical works, Inside the Third Reich and Spandau: the Secret Diaries
detailed his often close personal relationship with German dictator Adolf Hitler, and
have provided readers and historians with an unequalled personal view inside the
workings of the Third Reich. Speer died of natural causes in 1981, in London,
England.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer
http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bild:Albert-Speer-72929.jpg&filetimestamp=20050830115959
Paul Ehrenfest
Paul Ehrenfest (January 18, 1880 – September 25, 1933) was an Austrian physicist
and mathematician, who obtained Dutch citizenship on March 24, 1922. He made
major contributions to the field of statistical mechanics and its relations with quantum
mechanics, including the theory of phase transition and the Ehrenfest theorem.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrenfest
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Paul_Ehrenfest.jpg
Lew Dawidowitsch Landau
Lev Davidovich Landau) (January 22, 1908 – April 1, 1968) was a prominent Soviet
physicist who made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics.
His accomplishments include the co-discovery of the density matrix method in
quantum mechanics, the quantum mechanical theory of diamagnetism, the theory of
superfluidity, the theory of second order phase transitions, the Ginzburg-Landau
theory of superconductivity, the explanation of Landau damping in plasma physics,
the Landau pole in quantum electrodynamics, and the two-component theory of
neutrinos. He received the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physics for his development of a
mathematical theory of superfluidity that accounts for the properties of liquid helium
II at a temperature below 2.17 K (−270.98 °C).
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Landau
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lev_Davidovich_Landau.jpg
Hendrik Anthony Kramers
Hendrik Anthony Kramers (Rotterdam, February 2, 1894 – Oegstgeest, April 24,
1952) was a Dutch physicist, who was generally known by the first name Hans.
After working for almost ten years in Bohr's group and becoming an associate
professor at the university of Copenhagen. He became a full professor in theoretical
physics at the university of Utrecht. In 1934 he left Utrecht and succeeded Ehrenfest
in Leiden. From 1931 until his death he held also a cross appointment at the Delft
University of Technology.
Kramers was one of the founders of the Mathematisch Centrum in Amsterdam. He
won the Lorentz Medal in 1947 and Hughes Medal in 1951.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kramers
http://www.aip.org/history/newsletter/spring2000/kramersphotos.htm
Paul Dirac
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac,(August 8, 1902 – October 20, 1984) was a British
theoretical physicist. Dirac made fundamental contributions to the early development
of both quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. He held the Lucasian
Chair of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge and spent the last ten years of
his life at Florida State University. Among other discoveries, he formulated the socalled Dirac equation, which describes the behavior of fermions and which led to the
prediction of the existence of antimatter. Dirac shared the Nobel Prize in physics for
1933 with Erwin Schrödinger, "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic
theory."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Dirac.gif
Edward Teller
Edward Teller (January 15, 1908 – September 9, 2003) was a Hungarian-born
American theoretical physicist, known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen
bomb," even though he claimed that he did not care for the title.
Teller is best known for his work on the American nuclear program, specifically as a
member of the Manhattan Project during World War II, his role in the development of
the hydrogen bomb.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Teller
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:EdwardTeller1958.jpg
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Hendrik Brugt Gerhard Casimir
(July 15, 1909 in 's-Gravenhage, Netherlands – May 4, 2000 in Heeze) He was a
Dutch physicist best known for his research on the two-fluid model of
superconductors (together with C. J. Gorter) in 1934 and the Casimir effect (together
with D. Polder) in 1946. In 1942, during World War II, Casimir moved to the Philips
Research Laboratories in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. He remained an active scientist
and in 1945 wrote a well-known paper on Lars Onsager's principle of microscopic
reversibility. He became a co-director of Philips Research Laboratories laboratories in
1946 and a member of the board of directors of the company in 1956. He retired from
Philips in 1972.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Casimir
Leó Szilárd
(Hungarian: Szilárd Leó, February 11, 1898 – May 30, 1964) was a HungarianAmerican physicist who conceived the nuclear chain reaction and worked on the
Manhattan Project. He was born in Budapest under the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and
died in La Jolla, California.
Szilárd was directly responsible for the creation of the Manhattan Project. He drafted
a confidential letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt explaining the possibility of nuclear
weapons, warning of Nazi work on such weapons and encouraging the development
of a program which could lead to their creation. In August 1939 he approached his old
friend and collaborator Albert Einstein and convinced him to sign the letter, lending
the weight of his fame to the proposal. The Einstein-Szilárd letter led directly to the
establishment of research into nuclear fission by the U.S. government and ultimately
to the creation of the Manhattan Project.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3_Szil%C3%A1rd
http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/SzilardPhoto.shtml
Friedrich Georg "Fritz" Houtermans
(January 22, 1903 – March 1, 1966) was an atomic and nuclear physicist born in
Zoppot (today Sopot, Poland) near Danzig (today Gdansk, Poland). Houtermans made
important contributions to geochemistry and cosmochemistry. Houtermans was turned
over to the Gestapo in May 1940 and imprisoned in Berlin. In 1944, Houtermans took
a position as a nuclear physicist at the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Houtermans
http://www.marcel-benoist.ch/img/p1990oes.jpg
Johan Ludwig William Valdemar Jensen, “Johan Jensen”
(May 8, 1859 – March 5, 1925) was a Danish mathematician and engineer.
Jensen is mostly renowned for his famous inequality, Jensen's inequality used in
quantum mechanics.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Jensen
http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/BigPictures/Jensen.jpeg
13/13
Tom Steichen & Tom Hermes
2eB du LGL