PRACTICE TEST HUMAN HEALTH AND SOLID WASTES (CH. 18,22)
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
1. Risk is expressed as a probability of suffering from
a. disease.
b. economic loss.
c. environmental damage.
d. injury.
e. All of these answers.
2. All of the following are transmissible diseases except
a. diabetes.
b. pneumonia.
c. diarrhea.
d. tuberculosis.
e. AIDS.
3. All of the following are nontransmissible diseases except
a. heart disease.
b. cancer.
c. hepatitis-B.
d. malnutrition.
e. asthma.
4. Which of the following infectious diseases is not among the four most deadly?
a. acute respiratory infections
b. mumps
c. malaria
d. tuberculosis
e. AIDS
5. In which of the following situations would you predict an outbreak of an infectious disease is least likely to
occur?
a. Deforestation is rapid with large loss of biodiversity.
b. The system is stable with little change.
c. It's an El Niño-Southern Oscillation year.
d. Agriculture is spreading to more marginal land.
e. Both c and d.
6. Which of the following choices makes the statement false? Bacteria
a. can develop resistance to antibiotics.
b. are K-strategists.
c. have a high reproductive rate.
d. are highly adaptable species.
e. are r-selected species.
7. The incidence of tuberculosis is increasing because
a. strains of the TB bacterium have developed resistance to antibiotics.
b. increased population size and the advanced age of the population.
c. weakened immune systems from the spread of AIDS.
d. poverty.
e. All of these answers.
8. All of the following are symptoms of malaria except
____
9.
____ 10.
____ 11.
____ 12.
____ 13.
____ 14.
____ 15.
a. general weakness and weakened immune system.
b. chills and fever.
c. enlarged spleen.
d. blindness.
e. anemia.
Incidence of malaria has increased since 1970 because
a. organisms causing malaria developed resistance to drugs.
b. the vectors developed resistance to insecticides.
c. reservoirs from hydropower have increased.
d. All of these answers.
e. None of these answers.
We risk falling behind in our efforts to prevent infectious bacterial diseases because of the astounding
reproductive rate of bacteria some of which can produce ____ million offspring in ____ hours.
a. 8, 12.
b. 8, 24.
c. 16, 12.
d. 16, 24.
e. 16, 48.
Since 1900, and especially since 1950, the incidences of infectious diseases and the death rates from such
diseases have
a. remained at the same levels.
b. increased then leveled off.
c. decreased then increased slightly.
d. been greatly increased.
e. been greatly reduced.
In 1918, the highly potent virus that spread rapidly around the globe and killed between 20-50 million people
within a few months was the
a. Hong Kong flu.
b. Asian flu.
c. Spanish flu.
d. bird flu.
e. common flu.
The Lyme disease bacterium is passed onto humans directly from
a. foxes.
b. deer.
c. white mice.
d. field mice.
e. ticks.
All of the following are expressions of harmful inheritable mutations in humans except
a. hemophilia.
b. cholera.
c. sickle-cell anemia.
d. manic depression.
e. thalasseamia.
Birth defects can be caused by
a. radiation.
b. viruses.
c. chemicals.
d. a and c only.
____ 16.
____ 17.
____ 18.
____ 19.
____ 20.
____ 21.
____ 22.
____ 23.
e. All of these answers.
Carcinogens cause
a. genetic defects.
b. birth defects.
c. cancer.
d. chronic health effects.
e. Allergic reactions.
Carcinogens may be
a. viruses.
b. radiation.
c. chemicals.
d. a and c only.
e. All of these answers.
The system responsible for defense against disease and harmful substances is the
a. circulatory system.
b. endocrine system.
c. immune system.
d. excretory system.
e. skeletal system.
The immune system can be made vulnerable to allergens, bacteria, and viruses through the action of
a. some synthetic chemicals.
b. ionizing radiation.
c. viruses like HIV.
d. All of these answers.
e. None of these answers.
The intake of synthetic mimics can severely disrupt the
a. digestive system.
b. endocrine system.
c. circulatory system.
d. respiratory system.
e. immune system.
You would predict that a hormone disrupter would most effect a(an)
a. producer.
b. primary consumer.
c. secondary consumer.
d. tertiary consumer.
e. secondary producer.
Match the statement with the best term listed. The term that is given to the type and amount of health damage
that occurs from exposure to a chemical or other agent.
a. bioaccumulation.
b. biomagnification.
c. persistence.
d. response.
e. dose.
Match the statement with the best term listed. Relates to the fact that some molecules are absorbed and stored
in specific organs or tissues at higher than normal levels.
a. bioaccumulation.
b. biomagnification.
c. persistence.
____ 24.
____ 25.
____ 26.
____ 27.
____ 28.
____ 29.
____ 30.
____ 31.
d. response.
e. dose.
A person experiencing dizziness after using a strong household cleaner is showing
a. a chronic effect.
b. a subchronic effect.
c. an acute effect.
d. a subacute effect.
e. a superacute exposure.
Dose and response may be affected by the chemical's
a. solubility characteristics.
b. biomagnification.
c. antagonistic and synergistic interactions with other chemicals.
d. persistence.
e. All of these answers.
Which statement is true?
a. All chemicals are unsafe.
b. Natural chemicals are safe, and synthetic chemicals are deadly.
c. Synthetic chemicals are deadly, and natural chemicals are safe.
d. Some chemicals, whether synthetic or natural, are safe and others are deadly.
e. All chemicals are safe expect those that cause cancer.
Which of the following includes the other four?
a. risk assessment
b. risk management
c. risk analysis
d. risk communication
e. None of these answers.
EPA science advisors consider all of the following to be high-risk ecological problems except
a. global climate change.
b. species extinction and loss of biodiversity.
c. groundwater pollution.
d. stratospheric ozone depletion.
e. wildlife habitat destruction.
Susceptibility to environmental stresses is increased in people already affected by
a. poverty.
b. disease.
c. malnutrition.
d. All of these answers.
e. None of these answers.
The strategy which would contribute least to longer lifespans would be
a. no smoking.
b. regular exercise.
c. safe driving.
d. regular sunbathing.
e. good nutrition.
Technology reliability would be least improved by careful
a. maintenance.
b. monitoring.
c. job rotation.
d. design.
____ 32.
____ 33.
____ 34.
____ 35.
____ 36.
____ 37.
____ 38.
____ 39.
e. None of these answers.
Risk management involves trying to answer all of the following questions except
a. Which of the risks have top priority?
b. How reliable is the risk-benefit analysis or risk assessment?
c. How much risk is acceptable?
d. Is it morally responsible to develop this risk?
e. How much will it cost to reduce each risk to an acceptable level?
Love Canal is located in
a. Ohio.
b. New York.
c. California.
d. Panama.
e. Georgia.
The company responsible for the dumping of toxic and cancer-causing wastes into an old canal excavation
called the Love Canal was
a. DuPont.
b. Monsanto.
c. Hooker Chemicals and Plastics Corporation.
d. the 3M Company
e. Intel.
Which of the following does not fit into one of the types of solid waste?
a. garbage
b. potentially recyclable materials
c. mining waste
d. food grower waste
e. chemically active waste
The recycling/composting rate of U.S. municipal solid waste is about
a. 5%.
b. 10%.
c. 20%.
d. 30%.
e. 40%.
____ percent of the solid waste produced in the United States is burned.
a. Six
b. Sixteen
c. Twenty-six
d. Thirty-six
e. Twenty
U.S. consumers throw away enough aluminum to rebuild the U.S. commercial airline fleet every
a. 3 weeks.
b. 3 months.
c. 6 months.
d. 8 months.
e. 12 months.
Which of the following is not a type of e-waste?
a. discarded TV sets
b. discarded computer printer paper
c. discarded cell pones
d. discarded e-toys
____ 40.
____ 41.
____ 42.
____ 43.
____ 44.
____ 45.
____ 46.
____ 47.
e. discarded computer monitors
Which is not one of the countries that receives a large percentage of the United States' e-waste?
a. Canada
b. China
c. India
d. Pakistan
e. Nigeria
Using a tire to make a swing is an example of ____.
a. Refuse
b. Reduce
c. Reuse
d. Repurpose
e. Recycle
As a form of waste reduction, reuse does all of the following except:
a. decreases the use of matter resources
b. decrease the use of energy resources
c. cuts pollution and waste
d. creates local jobs
e. costs money
How many U.S. states have bottle laws?
a. one
b. six
c. eleven
d. twenty-two
e. fifty
The least desirable final resting place for a used tire is
a. in the foundation of a low-cost passive solar home.
b. asphalt pavement.
c. in an incinerator to produce electricity.
d. in the landfill.
e. None of these answers.
Source separation differs from high-technology recycling plants in all but which of the following?
a. It is cheaper.
b. It provides greater income for unskilled labor and volunteer organizations.
c. It produces less air and water pollution.
d. It encourages higher throughput of matter.
e. It saves more energy and provides more jobs per unit of material recycled.
Recycling paper
a. saves energy.
b. creates jobs and saves money.
c. conserves water and landfill space.
d. decreases production costs.
e. All of these answers.
Consumers of recycled products are most effective when they maximize the amount of ____ waste in the
products.
a. pre-producer
b. post-producer
c. pre-consumer
d. post-consumer
____ 48.
____ 49.
____ 50.
____ 51.
____ 52.
____ 53.
____ 54.
____ 55.
e. producer
Plastic is desirable because of its
a. reusability.
b. light weight.
c. durability.
d. unbreakability.
e. All of these answers.
Which country burns 90% of its solid waste?
a. Great Britain
b. The U.S.
c. Canada
d. China
e. None of the above.
Components of a modern state-of-the-art landfill include
a. wells to monitor potential contamination of groundwater.
b. collection, storage, and treatment of leachate.
c. a cover to prevent water from seeping in when the landfill is full.
d. methane gas recovery well.
e. All of these answers.
It is generally accepted that enforcement of Superfund could be improved by
a. creating a form of triage in which hazardous-waste sites are classified by severity and the
worst ones get treated first.
b. involving people and local governments where sites are located in the decision-making
process.
c. setting up an Environmental Insurance Resolution Fund.
d. All of these answers.
e. None of these answers.
Deep-well disposal of liquid hazardous wastes is
a. a complex process.
b. less visible than other waste-disposal methods.
c. more carefully regulated than other waste-disposal methods.
d. the most expensive waste-disposal method.
e. All of these answers.
Deep-well injection of hazardous wastes can result in contamination of groundwater by
a. surface wastes leaching down.
b. leaking seals.
c. earthquake fractures.
d. All of these answers.
e. None of these answers.
Of the following methods of reducing hazardous wastes, the most desirable is
a. recycling and reusing hazardous wastes.
b. substitution of safer products that don't produce hazardous wastes.
c. conversion into less hazardous and nonhazardous materials.
d. incineration.
e. perpetual storage.
The most comprehensive and effective hazardous-waste detoxification program is in
a. France.
b. Denmark.
c. Norway.
d. Yugoslavia
e. United States
____ 56. A serious pollutant that accumulates in human bones because it is not excreted is
a. phosphate.
b. nitrate.
c. lead.
d. oxygen-demanding waste.
e. mercury.
True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____ 57. There is no vaccine to prevent HIV and no cure for AIDS.
____ 58. PCBs are used as plasticizers in products made with PVC, and solvents in many consumer products.
____ 59. Although infectious diseases have decreased, human health is still threatened by pesticide-resistant insects
and bacteria which are resistant to antibiotics.
____ 60. The three largest viral diseases are influenza, hepatitis B and SARS.
____ 61. Evaluating relative health risk for an individual involves looking at a populations' environmental conditions,
food resources, and military security.
____ 62. Research has indicated that long-term exposure to some chemicals at low doses may disrupt the body's
immune, nervous, and endocrine systems.
____ 63. After poverty and gender, the greatest risks people face are mainly from lifestyle choices.
____ 64. A transmissible disease is caused by something other than a living organism and can spread from one person
to another.
____ 65. All chemicals in commercial use were screened for toxicity before they were acceptable for use.
____ 66. Under the precautionary principle approach, chemicals would be assumed safe until scientific research could
support otherwise.
____ 67. Malaria cannot be transmitted by blood transfusions or by sharing needles.
____ 68. Malignant tumors may take years to detect if they travel via the blood to various parts of the body.
____ 69. The widespread use of vaccines could improve human health and decrease death rates more than any other
effort.
____ 70. Each day the average American produced about 2.0 kilograms (4.5 pounds) of municipal solid waste--70%
more than in 1960.
____ 71. Both solid waste and hazardous waste disposal today compromise the environment.
____ 72. The ecoindustrial revolution sacrificed ecological concerns for heavy manufacturing operational needs.
____ 73. Waste reduction is the preferred solution to managing solid wastes because it does not try to avoid the issue of
economic growth.
____ 74. Most scientists think that waste management should be the last priority for dealing with material use and solid
waste.
____ 75. The natural priorities list identifies hazardous waste sites and clean up these sites based on priority and
severity.
____ 76. Paying a product's full cost would enable recycling to be more feasible in today's market.
Completion
Complete each statement.
77. The construction of a nuclear power plant in a city would increase the inhabitants' concern of
____________________.
78. The majority of Americans are poor at ____________________ because of misleading information and
irrational fears.
79. A(An) ____________________ is a chemical that adversely affects the health of a human or animal by
causing injury, illness, or death.
80. A large-scale outbreak of an infectious disease in an area or country is called a(an) ____________________.
81. In terms of the number of premature deaths per year and reduced life span, the greatest risk by far is
____________________.
82. Although they could be safe if sites are chosen carefully, ____________________ may have leaks from
corrosion or spills as well as fractures.
83. ____________________ occurs when waste is made into new products of the original type.
84. Japan embraces resource exchange and most of the country's municipal solid waste is sent to
____________________ to produce steam.
85. In the United States, ____________________ regulates a small percent of all hazardous waste.
86. ____________________ systems charge consumers for the amount of garbage picked up but do not charge
for the amount of materials separated that can be recycled.
Other
Exhibit 18-1
87. How many more women between 20 and 24 years of age would live, if AIDS could be eradicated?
88. How many more women between 20 and 24 years of age would live, if AIDS could be eradicated?
89. At which age are females more likely to day from AIDS than males?
Exhibit 22-01
90. Explain how recycling reduces energy demand and makes fuel supplies last longer.
PRACTICE TEST HUMAN HEALTH AND SOLID WASTES (CH. 18,22)
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: E
PTS: 1
DIF: M
TOP: Risks and Hazards
2. ANS: A
PTS: 1
DIF: E
TOP: Biological Hazards: Disease in Developed and Developing Countries
3. ANS: C
PTS: 1
DIF: M
TOP: Biological Hazards: Disease in Developed and Developing Countries
4. ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: E
TOP: Biological Hazards: Disease in Developed and Developing Countries
5. ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: M
TOP: Biological Hazards: Disease in Developed and Developing Countries
6. ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: M
TOP: Biological Hazards: Disease in Developed and Developing Countries
7. ANS: E
PTS: 1
DIF: M
TOP: Biological Hazards: Disease in Developed and Developing Countries
8. ANS: D
PTS: 1
DIF: E
TOP: Biological Hazards: Disease in Developed and Developing Countries
9. ANS: D
PTS: 1
DIF: M
TOP: Biological Hazards: Disease in Developed and Developing Countries
10. ANS: D
PTS: 1
DIF: M
TOP: Biological Hazards: Disease in Developed and Developing Countries
11. ANS: E
PTS: 1
DIF: M
TOP: Biological Hazards: Disease in Developed and Developing Countries
12. ANS: C
PTS: 1
DIF: E
TOP: Biological Hazards: Disease in Developed and Developing Countries
13. ANS: E
PTS: 1
DIF: E
TOP: Biological Hazards: Disease in Developed and Developing Countries
14. ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: M
TOP: Chemical Hazards
15. ANS: E
PTS: 1
DIF: M
TOP: Chemical Hazards
16. ANS: C
PTS: 1
DIF: E
TOP: Chemical Hazards
17. ANS: E
PTS: 1
DIF: E
TOP: Chemical Hazards
18. ANS: C
PTS: 1
DIF: E
TOP: Chemical Hazards
19. ANS: D
PTS: 1
DIF: M
TOP: Chemical Hazards
20. ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: E
TOP: Chemical Hazards
21. ANS: D
PTS: 1
DIF: M
TOP: Chemical Hazards
22. ANS: D
PTS: 1
DIF: M
TOP: Toxicology: Assessing Chemical Hazards
23. ANS: A
PTS: 1
DIF: M
TOP: Toxicology: Assessing Chemical Hazards
24. ANS: C
PTS: 1
DIF: E
TOP: Toxicology: Assessing Chemical Hazards
25. ANS: E
PTS: 1
DIF: M
TOP: Toxicology: Assessing Chemical Hazards
26. ANS:
TOP:
27. ANS:
28. ANS:
29. ANS:
30. ANS:
31. ANS:
32. ANS:
33. ANS:
34. ANS:
35. ANS:
36. ANS:
37. ANS:
38. ANS:
39. ANS:
40. ANS:
41. ANS:
42. ANS:
43. ANS:
44. ANS:
45. ANS:
46. ANS:
47. ANS:
48. ANS:
49. ANS:
50. ANS:
51. ANS:
52. ANS:
53. ANS:
54. ANS:
55. ANS:
56. ANS:
D
PTS: 1
DIF:
Toxicology: Assessing Chemical Hazards
C
PTS: 1
DIF:
C
PTS: 1
DIF:
D
PTS: 1
DIF:
D
PTS: 1
DIF:
C
PTS: 1
DIF:
D
PTS: 1
DIF:
B
PTS: 1
DIF:
C
PTS: 1
DIF:
E
PTS: 1
DIF:
D
PTS: 1
DIF:
B
PTS: 1
DIF:
B
PTS: 1
DIF:
B
PTS: 1
DIF:
A
PTS: 1
DIF:
D
PTS: 1
DIF:
E
PTS: 1
DIF:
C
PTS: 1
DIF:
D
PTS: 1
DIF:
D
PTS: 1
DIF:
E
PTS: 1
DIF:
D
PTS: 1
DIF:
E
PTS: 1
DIF:
A
PTS: 1
DIF:
E
PTS: 1
DIF:
D
PTS: 1
DIF:
B
PTS: 1
DIF:
D
PTS: 1
DIF:
B
PTS: 1
DIF:
B
PTS: 1
DIF:
C
PTS: 1
DIF:
D
T
F
T
F
T
T
T
F
F
T
F
E
M
E
E
M
E
E
M
M
M
E
E
M
E
M
E
D
E
E
M
E
E
E
E
M
M
M
H
M
M
M
E
M
M
D
D
D
M
M
E
E
TRUE/FALSE
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
DIF:
DIF:
DIF:
DIF:
DIF:
DIF:
DIF:
DIF:
DIF:
DIF:
DIF:
TOP:
TOP:
TOP:
TOP:
TOP:
TOP:
Risk Analysis
Risk Analysis
Risk Analysis
Risk Analysis
Risk Analysis
Risk Analysis
TOP:
TOP:
TOP:
TOP:
TOP:
TOP:
TOP:
TOP:
TOP:
TOP:
TOP:
TOP:
TOP:
TOP:
TOP:
TOP:
TOP:
TOP:
TOP:
TOP:
TOP:
TOP:
Wasting Resources
Wasting Resources
Wasting Resources
Wasting Resources
Wasting Resources
Wasting Resources
Integrated Waste Management
Reuse
Reuse
Recycling
Recycling
Recycling
Recycling
Recycling
Burning and Burying Solid Waste
Burning and Burying Solid Waste
Hazardous Waste
Dealing with Hazardous Waste
Dealing with Hazardous Waste
Dealing with Hazardous Waste
Dealing with Hazardous Waste
Toxic Lead and Mercury
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
T
F
T
T
T
F
T
F
T
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
DIF:
DIF:
DIF:
DIF:
DIF:
DIF:
DIF:
DIF:
DIF:
E
D
M
E
M
M
M
M
M
COMPLETION
77. ANS: the unfair distribution of risks.
PTS: 1
78. ANS: risk analysis
DIF: D
PTS: 1
79. ANS:
poison
toxin
DIF: M
PTS: 1
80. ANS: epidemic
DIF: E
PTS: 1
81. ANS: poverty
DIF: E
PTS: 1
DIF: M
82. ANS: deep underground wells.
PTS: 1
DIF: M
83. ANS: Primary or closed-loop recycling
PTS: 1
DIF: E
84. ANS: waste-to-energy incinerators
PTS: 1
DIF: D
85. ANS: the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
PTS: 1
DIF: M
86. ANS: Pay-as-you-throw
PTS: 1
OTHER
87. ANS:
DIF: E
About 40,000
PTS: 1
88. ANS:
About 30,000
DIF: M
OBJ: Critical Thinking
PTS: 1
89. ANS:
65-69
DIF: M
OBJ: Critical Thinking
PTS: 1
DIF: E
OBJ: Critical Thinking
90. ANS:
Recycling uses oil products like tires for other applications. Waste generated in manufacturing a product, for
example heat, can be used to warm the manufacturer's water, etc.
PTS: 1
DIF: M
OBJ: Critical Thinking