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1: Serbo-Croatian These data from Serbo-Croatian have been simplified in two ways, to make the problem more manageable. Vowel length is omitted, and the only accent that is included is the predictable accent. Invariant lexical acent is not marked, and your analysis should explain how accent is assigned in the predictable-accent class, where accent is marked. You cannot write rules which predict accent for those words in the unpredictable accent class, and you cannot (and should not try to) write a rule which somehow predicts whether a word receives a predictable accent. Ignore the accent of words with no accent mark (other parts of the phonology of such words must be accounted for). Past tense verbs all have the same general past tense suffix, and that the difference between masculine, feminine and neuter past tense involves the same suffixes as are used to mark gender in adjectives. Adjectives Masc. mlád túp blág grúb béo veseo debéo mío zelén kradén dalék visók dubók križan sunčan svečan bogat rapav yásan vážan sítan ledan tának krátak blízak úzak dóbar óštar bodar ustao Fem. mladá tupá blagá grubá belá vesela debelá milá zelená kradená daleká visoká duboká križana sunčana svečana bogata rapava yasná važná sitná ledna tanká kratká bliská uská dobrá oštrá bodra ustala Neut. mladó tupó blagó grubó beló veselo debeló miló zelenó kradenó dalekó visokó dubokó križano sunčano svečano bogato rapavo yasnó važnó sitnó ledno tankó kratkó bliskó uskó dobró oštró bodro ustalo Pl. mladí tupí blagí grubí belí veseli debelí milí zelení kradení dalekí visokí dubokí križani sunčani svečani bogati rapavi yasní važní sitní ledni tankí kratkí bliskí uskí dobrí oštrí bodri ustali young blunt mild coarse white gay fat dear green stolen far high deep cross sunny formal rich rough clear important tiny frozen slim short close narrow kind sharp alert tired múkao óbao pódao muklá oblá podlá mukló obló podló muklí oblí podlí hoarse plump base Verbs 1sg pres tepém skubém tresém vezém masc. past tépao skúbao trésao vézao fem. past teplá skublá treslá vezlá neut. past tepló skubló tresló vezló wander tear shake lead 2: Standard Ukrainian Standard Ukrainian has palatalized and non-palatalized consonants, but only nonpalatalized consonants before e. Consonants are generally palatalized before i, with some apparent exceptions such as bily ‘ache’, which need not be seen as exceptions, given the right analysis. Give ordered rules to account for the alternations of the following nouns. The alternation between o and e is limited to suffixes. Also for masculine nouns referring to persons, ov/ev is inserted between the root and the case suffix in the locative singular (see ‘son-in-law’, ‘grandfather’). The data are initially ambiguous as to whether or not the alternations between o and i and between e and i are to be implemented by the same rule. Consider both possibilities; give an argument for selecting one of these solutions. Masculine nouns Nom. sg. Dat. pl. zub zubam y sv it svyitam zyaty zyatyam košyily košelyam y zlod iy zlodyiyam myisyatsy myisyatsyam korovay korovayam kamyiny kamenyam myidy myidyam y xl iw xlyivam holub holubam syin syinam lebyidy lebedyam y sus id susyidam čolovyik čolovyikam lyid ledam y bil bolyam riw rovam stiw stolam dyid dyidam lyit lyotam mist mostam Dat. sg. zubovyi svyitovyi zyatevyi košelevyi zlodyiyevyi myisyatsevyi korovayevyi kamenevyi myidevyi xlyivovyi holubovyi syinovyi lebedevyi susyidovyi čolovyikovyi ledovyi bolevyi rovovyi stolovyi dyidovyi lyotovyi mostovyi Loc. sg. zubyi svyityi zyatevyi košelyi zlodyiyevyi myisyatsyi korovayi kamenyi myidyi xlyivyi holubyi syinyi lebedyi susyidovyi čolovyikovyi ledyi bolyi rovyi stolyi dyidovyi lyotyi mostyi Gloss tooth light son-in-law basket thief month round loaf stone copper stable dove son swan neighbor man ice ache ditch table grandfather flight bridge večir večoram Neuter nouns Nom. sg. Gen. sg. tyilo tyila koleso kolesa ozero ozera selo sela pole polya slovo slova more morya večorovyi Dat. sg. tyilu kolesu ozeru selu polyu slovu moryu večoryi Loc. sg. tyilyi kolesyi ozeryi selyi polyi slovyi moryi evening Gen. pl. tyiw kolyis ozyir syiw pily sliw miry Gloss body wheel lake village field word sea 3: Somali In the following Somali data, [ḍ] is a voiced retroflex stop and [ṛ] is a voiced retroflex spirant. Account for all phonological alternations in these data. In your discussion of these forms, be sure to make it clear what you assume the underlying representations of relevant morphemes are. Your discussion should also make it clear what motivates your underlying representations and rules. For instance if you could analyse some alternation by assuming underlying X and rule Y, say why (or whether) that choice is preferable to the alternative of assuming underlying P and rule Q. Singular daar gees laf lug naag tib sab bad š̌id feeḍ ʕiir ʔul bil meel kaliil nayl sun laan sin dan daan saan nirig Sing. Definite daarta geesta lafta lugta naagta tibta sabta bada š̌ida feeḍa ʕiirta ʔuša biša meeša kaliiša nayša sunta laanta sinta danta daanta saanta nirigta Plural daaro geeso lafo luɣo naaɣo tiβo saβo baðo š̌iðo feeṛo ʕiiro ʔulo bilo meelo kaliilo naylo sumo laamo simo dano daano saano nirgo Gloss house side bone leg woman pestle outcast sea person rib buttermilk stick month place summer female lamb poison branch hip affair river bank hide baby female camel gaβaḍ hoɣol baɣal gaβaḍa hoɣoša baɣaša gabḍo hoglo baglo girl downpour mule wah̵ar irbad kefed š̌ilin bohol jirid ʔaayad gaʕan ʔinan wah̵arta irbada kefeda š̌ilinta bohoša jirida ʔaayada gaʕanta ʔinanta wah̵aro irbaðo kefeðo š̌ilino boholo jirdo ʔaayaðo gaʕmo ʔinano female kid needle pan female dwarf hole trunk miracle hand daughter 3sg msc. pst suɣay kaβay siðay dilay ganay tumay argay gudbay qoslay hadlay 3sg fem. past sugtay kabtay siday dišay gantay tuntay aragtay guðubtay qosošay haðašay 1pl past sugnay kabnay sidnay dillay gannay tunnay aragnay guðubnay qosollay haðallay Gloss wait fix carry kill aim hammer see cross a river laugh talk 4: Latin Provide a complete account of the following phonological alternations in Latin, including underlying forms for nouns stems. Nominative arks duks daps re:ks falanks filiks lapis li:s fraws noks frons frons inku:s sors fu:r Genitive arkis dukis dapis re:gis falangis filikis lapidis li:tis frawdis noktis frontis frondis inku:dis sortis fu:ris Gloss fortress leader feast king phalanx fern stone strife deceit night brow leaf anvil lot thief murmur augur arbor pugil sal adeps apeks pri:nkeps ekwes miles no:men karmen lu:men wenter pater kada:wer tu:ber piper karker murmuris auguris arboris pugilis salis adipis apikis pri:nkipis ekwitis militis no:minis karminis lu:minis wentris patris kada:weris tu:beris piperis karkeris murmur augur tree boxer salt fat top chief horseman soldier name song light belly father corpse swelling pepper prison The following 6 nouns and adjectives select a different genitive suffix, -i: as opposed to is. You cannot predict on phonological grounds what nouns take this suffix, but otherwise these words follow the rules motivated in the language. die:s li:ber miser ager sinister liber die:i: li:beri: miseri: agri: sinistri: libri: day free wretched field left book What other phonological rule or rules are needed to account for the following data? as os far mel o:s flo:s mu:s cru:s kinis pulvis assis ossis farris mellis o:ris flo:ris mu:ris cru:ris kineris pulveris whole bone spell honey mouth flower mouse leg ash dust 5: Turkish Provide a phonological analysis of the following data from Turkish. nom oda dere ütü balo arɨ la: bina: imla: be: kep at ek ok güč ahmet kurt türk genč halk üst sarp harp alt renk his hür mahal hak zam af arap koyun pilot kitap domuz davul bayɨ r somun fikir isim boyun čevir poss odasɨ deresi ütüsü balosu arɨ sɨ la:sɨ bina:sɨ imla:sɨ be:si kepi atɨ eki oku güǰü ahmedi kurdu türkü genči halkɨ üstü sarpɨ harbɨ altɨ rengi hissi hürrü mahallɨ hakkɨ zammɨ affɨ arabɨ koyunu pilotu kitabɨ domuzu davulu bayɨ rɨ somunu fikri ismi boynu čevri dat odaya dereye ütüye baloya arɨ ya la:ya bina:ya imla:ya be:ye kepe ata eke oka güǰe ahmede kurda türke genče halka üste sarpa harba alta renge hisse hürre mahalla hakka zamma affa araba koyuna pilota kitaba domuza davula bayɨ ra somuna fikre isme boyna čevre abl odadan dereden ütüden balodan arɨ dan la:dan bina:dan imla:dan be:den kepten attan ekten oktan güčten ahmetten kurttan türkten genčten halktan üstten sarptan harptan alttan renkten histen hürden mahaldan haktan zamdan aftan araptan koyundan pilottan kitaptan domuzdan davuldan bayɨ rdan somundan fikirden isimden boyundan čevirden nom. pl odalar dereler ütüler balolar arɨ lar la:lar bina:lar imla:lar be:ler kepler atlar ekler oklar güčler ahmetler kurtlar türkler genčler halklar üstler sarplar harplar altlar renkler hisler hürler mahallar haklar zamlar aflar araplar koyunlar pilotlar kitaplar domuzlar davullar bayɨ rlar somunlar fikirler isimler boyunlar čevirler room river iron ball bee la (note) building spelling B (letter) cap horse affix arrow power Ahmed worm Turk young folk upper plane steep war bottom color feeling free place right inflation excuse Arab sheep pilot book pig drum slope loaf idea name neck injustice devir koyun karɨ n burun akɨ l šehir namaz zaman harap i:kaz hayat ispat inek mantɨ k ayak čabuk dakik merak tebrik hukuk devri koynu karnɨ burnu aklɨ šehri namazɨ zama:nɨ hara:bɨ i:ka:zɨ haya:tɨ ispa:tɨ inei mantɨ ɨ ayaɨ čabuu dakii mera:kɨ tebri:ki huku:ku devre koyna karna burna akla šehre namaza zama:na hara:ba i:ka:za haya:ta ispa:ta inee mantɨ a ayaa čabua dakie mera:ka tebri:ke huku:ka devirden koyundan karɨ ndan burundan akɨ ldan šehirden namazdan zamandan haraptan i:kazdan hayattan ispattan inekten mantɨ ktan ayaktan čabuktan dakikten meraktan tebrikten hukuktan devirler koyunlar karɨ nlar burunlar akɨ llar šehirler namazlar zamanlar haraplar i:kazlar hayatlar ispatlar inekler mantɨ klar ayaklar čabuklar dakikler meraklar tebrikler hukuklar transfer bosom thorax nose intelligence city worship time ruined warning life proof cow logic foot quick punctual curiosity greetings law 6: Kera Propose rules to account for the following alternations. It will prove useful to think about Kera vowels in terms of high versus non-high vowels. Also, in this language it would be convenient to assume that [h] and [ʔ] are specified as [+low]. Pay attention to both verbs like bɨ lan ‘want me’, balnan ‘wanted me’ and balla ‘you must want!’, i.e. there are present, past and imperative forms involved, certain tenses being marked by suffixes. Finally, pay attention to what might look like a coincidence in the distribution of vowels in the underlying forms of verb roots: there are no coincidences. haman hamam hɨ mi hɨ mu hama hamaŋ ‘eat me’ ‘eat you m.’ ‘eat you f.’ ‘eat him’ ‘eat her’ ‘eat you pl.’ se:nen se:nem si:ni si:nu se:na se:neŋ ‘my brother’ ‘your masc. brother’ ‘your fem. brother’ ‘his brother’ ‘her brother’ ‘your pl. brother’ kolon kolom kuli kulu kola koloŋ ‘change me’ ‘change you masc.’ ‘change you fem.’ ‘change him’ ‘change her’ ‘change you pl.’ gi:din gi:dim gi:di gi:du gi:dɨ gi:diŋ ‘my belly’ ‘your masc. belly’ ‘your fem. belly’ ‘his belly’ ‘her belly’ ‘your pl. belly’ cɨ :rɨ n ‘my head’ gunun ‘wake me’ cɨ :rɨ m ci:ri cu:ru cɨ :rɨ cɨ :rɨ ŋ ‘your masc. head’ ‘your fem. head’ ‘his head’ ‘her head’ ‘your pl. head’ gunum guni gunu gunɨ gunuŋ ‘wake you masc.’ ‘wake you fem.’ ‘wake him’ ‘wake her’ ‘wake you pl.’ bɨ lan bɨ lam bɨ li bɨ lu bɨ la bɨ laŋ ‘want me’ ‘want you masc.’ ‘want you fem.’ ‘want him’ ‘want her’ ‘want you pl.’ ŋɨ fan ŋɨ fam ŋɨ fi ŋɨ fu ŋɨ fa ŋɨ faŋ ‘meet me’ ‘meet you masc.’ ‘meet you fem.’ ‘meet him’ ‘meet her’ ‘meet you pl.’ ʔasan ʔasam ʔɨ si ʔɨ su ʔasa ʔasaŋ ‘know me’ ‘know you masc.’ ‘know you fem.’ ‘know him’ ‘know her’ ‘know you pl.’ ʔapan ʔapam ʔɨ pi ʔɨ pu ʔapa ʔapaŋ ‘find me’ ‘find you masc.’ ‘find you fem.’ ‘find him’ ‘find her’ ‘find you pl.’ haran haram hɨ ri hɨ ru hara haraŋ ‘give me back’ ‘give you masc. back’ ‘give you fem. back’ ‘give him back’ ‘give her back’ ‘give you pl. back’ balnan balnam bɨ lni bɨ lnu balna balnaŋ balla ‘wanted me’ ‘wanted you masc.’ ‘wanted you fem.’ ‘wanted him’ ‘wanted her’ ‘wanted you pl.’ ‘you must want!’ ŋafnan ŋafnam ŋɨ fni ŋɨ fnu ŋafna ŋafnaŋ ŋafla ‘met me’ ‘met you masc.’ ‘met you fem.’ ‘met him’ ‘met her’ ‘met you pl.’ ‘you must meet!’ ba ‘not’ pa ‘again’ bɨ pa ‘no more’ 7: Keley-i Account for the alternations in the following verbs. The different forms relate to whether the action is in the past or future, and which element in the sentence is emphasised (subject, object, instrument). Roots underlyingly have the shape CVC(C)VC, and certain forms such as the subject focus future require changes in the stem that result in a CVCCVC shape. This may be accomplished by reduplicating the initial CV- for stems whose first vowel is [e] (ʔum-bebhat – behat) or doubling the middle consonant (ʔum-buŋŋet – buŋet). The contrastive identification imperfective form conditions lengthening of the consonant in the middle of the stem, when the first vowel is not [e] (memayyuʔ – bayuʔ). These changes are part of the morphology, so do not attempt to write phonological rules to double consonants or reduplicate syllables. Be sure to explicitly state the underlying form of each root and affix. Understanding the status of [s] and [h] in this language is important in solving this problem. It is also important to consider exactly what underlying nasal consonant is present in these various prefixes and infixes – there is evidence in the data which shows that the underlying nature of the nasal explains certain observed differences in phonological behavior. subject focus future ʔumduntuk ʔumbayyuʔ ʔumdillag ʔumgubbat ʔumhullat ʔumbuŋŋet ʔumgalgal ʔumʔagtuʔ ʔumʔehneŋ ʔumbebhat ʔumdedʔek ʔumtuggun ʔumtetpen ʔumpeptut ʔumhehpuŋ ʔumtetkuk ʔumkekbet ʔumbebdad ʔumdedgeh direct object focus past dinuntuk binayuʔ dinilag ginubat hinulat binuŋet ginalgal ʔinagtuʔ ʔinehneŋ binhat dinʔek sinugun simpen pintut himpuŋ siŋkuk kimbet bindad diŋgeh instrumental focus past ʔinduntuk punch ʔimbayuʔ pound rice ʔindilag light lamp ʔiŋgubat fight ʔinhulat cover ʔimbuŋet scold ʔiŋgalgal chew ʔinʔagtuʔ carry on head ʔinʔehneŋ stand ʔimbehat cut rattan ʔindeʔek accuse ʔintugun advise ʔintepen measure ʔimpetut dam ʔinhepuŋ break a stick ʔintekuk shout ʔiŋkebet scratch ʔimbedad untie ʔindegeh sick instrumental past focus ʔinduntuk ʔimbayuʔ ʔindilag ʔiŋgubat ʔinhulat ʔintanem ʔimpedug ʔimbedad ʔiŋkebet ʔimbekaʔ ʔintepen contrastive id. imperfective menuntuk memayyuʔ menillag meŋubbat menullat menannem memdug memdad meŋbet memkaʔ mempen contrastive id. perfective nenuntuk nemayuʔ nenilag neŋubat nenulat nenanem nemdug nemdad neŋbet nemkaʔ nempen punch pound rice light lamp fight cover plant chase untie scratch dig measure ʔintebaʔ ʔintekuk ʔindegeh ʔinhepaw ʔinteled ʔindeʔek ʔinʔebaʔ ʔinʔinum ʔinʔagtuʔ ʔinʔalaʔ ʔinʔawit membaʔ meŋkuk meŋgeh mempaw menled menʔek meŋbaʔ meŋinnum meŋagtuʔ meŋallaʔ meŋawwit nembaʔ neŋkuk neŋgeh nempaw nenled nenʔek neŋbaʔ neŋinum neŋagtuʔ neŋalaʔ neŋawit kill a pig shout sick possess sting accuse carry on back drink carry on head get get The following past subject clausal focus forms involve a different prefix, using some of the roots found above. A number of roots require reduplication of the first root syllable. nandunduntuk naŋkekebet nantetekuk nanʔeʔebaʔ nantanem ‘punch’ ‘scratch’ ‘shout’ ‘carry on back’ ‘plant’ nampepedug nambebekaʔ nandedeʔek nanʔiʔinum ‘chase’ ‘dig’ ‘accuse ‘drink’ 8: Kikuria In some (but not all) of the examples below, morphemes boundaries have been been introduced to assist in the analysis. Every noun is assigned to a grammatical class conventionally given a number (1-20), which is indicated by a particular prefix on the nouns (e.g. omo- for cl. 1); there are also pronoun prefixes on verbs marking subject and object for each class. Tones may be disregarded (however, it is predictable in the infinitive). It is important to pay attention to interaction between processes in this problem. ogo-táángá oko-rɔ́ga oko-hóórá ugu-súraangá ugu-túúhá ‘to begin’ ‘to witch’ ‘to thresh’ ‘to sing praise’ ‘to be blunt’ oko-gɛ́sa oko-réma ugu-sííká uku-gííngá ‘to harvest’ ‘to plow’ ‘to close a door’ ‘to shave’ ogo-kó-bárǎ oko-mó-bárǎ ogo-tó-bárǎ oko-gé-bárǎ oko-ré-bárǎ uku-bí-bárǎ uku-chí-bárǎ ‘to count you (sg)’ ‘to count him’ ‘to count us’ ‘to count them (4)’ ‘to count it (5)’ ‘to count it (8)’ ‘to count it (10)’ uku-gú-súraánga uku-mú-súraánga ugu-tú-súraánga uku-gí-súraánga uku-rí-súraánga uku-bí-súraánga ugu-chí-súraánga ‘to praise you (sg)’ ‘to praise him’ ‘to praise us’ ‘to praise it (4)’ ‘to praise it (5)’ ‘to praise it (8)’ ‘to praise it (10)’ oko-mó-gó-gɛsɛ́ra uku-mú-gú-siíkya uku-mú-gú-siíndya oko-bá-súraánga oko-mó-bá-suráángéra oko-bá-mú-suráángéra ‘to harvest it (3) for him’ ‘to make him close it (3)’ ‘to make him win it (3)’ ‘to praise them’ ‘to praise them for him’ ‘to praise him for them’ to V okoréma okoróma okohóórá okohéétóká okogéémbá ogosóóká ogotégétǎ okorɔ́ga okogɔ́ɔ́gá okogɔ́ɔ́tá ogosɔ́ka ogotɛ́rɛ́kǎ okogɛ́sa ogosɛ́ɛ́nsá to make to V ukurímyá ukurúmyá ukuhúúryá ukuhíítúkyá ukugíímbyá ugusúúkyá ugutígítyǎ okorógyá okogóógyá okogóótyá ogosókyá ogotérékyá okogésyá ogoséénsyá to V for okorémérǎ okorómérǎ okohóórérá okohéétókerá okogéémbérá ogosóókérá ogotégéterá okorɔ́gɛ́rǎ okogɔ́ɔ́gɛ́rá okogɔ́ɔ́tɛ́rá ogosɔ́kɛ́rǎ ogotɛ́rɛ́kɛrá okogɛ́sɛ́rǎ ogosɛ́ɛ́nsɛ́rá to make V for ukurímíryá ukurúmíryá ukuhúúríryá ukuhíítúkiryá ukugíímbíryá ugusúúkíryá ugutígítiryá okorógéryá okogóógéryá okogóótéryá ogosókéryá ogotérékeryá okogéséryá ogoséénséryá ‘weed’ ‘bite’ ‘thresh’ ‘remember’ ‘make rain’ ‘respect’ ‘be late’ ‘bewitch’ ‘slaughter’ ‘hold’ ‘poke’ ‘brew’ ‘harvest’ ‘winnow’ to V ugusííká ukurúga ugusúka ukurííngá ugusííndá to make to V ugusííkyá ukurúgyá ugusúkyá ukurííngyá ugusííndyá to V for ogoséékérá okorógérǎ ogosókérǎ okorééngérá ogosééndérá to make V for ugusííkíryá ukurúgíryá ugusúkíryá ukurííngíryá ugusííndíryá ‘to close’ ‘to cook’ ‘to plait’ ‘to fold’ ‘to win’ imperative remǎ barǎ atǎ ahǎ agǎ aangá andeká infinitive okoréma okobára ogɔɔ́ta okɔɔ́ha okɔɔ́ga okɔɔ́nga okɔɔ́ndɛ́kǎ they will V mbareréma mbarebára mbarɛɛ́ta mbarɛɛ́ha mbarɛɛ́ga mbarɛɛ́nga mbarɛɛ́ndɛ́ka then will V for mbareréméra ‘cultivate’ mbarebáréra ‘count’ mbarɛɛ́tɛ́ra ‘be split’ mbarɛɛ́hɛ́ra ‘pick greens’ mbarɛɛ́gɛ́ra ‘weed’ mbarɛɛ́ngɛ́ra ‘refuse’ mbarɛɛ́ndɛ́kɛra ‘write’ imperative remǎ tɛrɛká ebǎ 3s subjunctive aremɛ̌ aremerɛ́ atɛrɛkɛ́ atɛrɛkɛ́rɛ ɛɛbɛ̌ ɛɛbɛrɛ́ 3s subjunctive for ‘cultivate’ ‘brew’ ‘forget’ egǎ ogǎ ɛyǎ ɔrɔká ɛɛgɛ̌ ɔɔgɛ̌ ɛɛyɛ̌ ɔɔrɔkɛ́ ɛɛgɛrɛ́ ɔɔgɛrɛ́ ɛɛyɛrɛ́ ɔɔrɔkɛ́rɛ ‘learn’ ‘be sharp’ ‘sweep’ ‘come out’ 9: Lardil Account for the phonological alternations seen in the data below. Bare N kentapal ket̪ar miyaṛ yupur taŋur yaraman maaṇ pirŋen mela t̪awa wanka kuŋka tarŋka ŋuka ŋuṛa kaṭa muṇa ŋawa keṇṭe tyimpe ŋiṇe pape tyempe wiṭe waŋal menyel makar yalul mayar t̪alkur wiwal karikar yiliyil yukar Accusative kentapalin ket̪arin miyaṛin yupurin taŋurin yaramanin maaṇin pirŋenin melan t̪awan wankan kuŋkan tarŋkan ŋukun ŋuṛun kaṭun muṇun ŋawun keṇṭin tyimpin ŋiṇin papin tyempen wiṭen waŋalkin menyelkin makarkin yalulun mayaran t̪alkuran wiwalan karikarin yiliyilin yukarpan Nonfuture kentapalŋar ket̪arŋar miyaṛŋar yupurŋar taŋurŋar yaramanar maaṇar pirŋenar melaŋar t̪awaŋar wankaŋar kuŋkaŋar tarŋkaŋar ŋukuŋar ŋuṛuŋar kaṭuŋar muṇuŋar ŋawuŋar keṇṭiŋar tyimpiŋar ŋiṇiŋar papiŋar tyempeŋar wiṭeŋar waŋalkar menyelkar makarkar yaluluŋar mayaraŋar t̪alkuraŋar wiwalaŋar karikariŋar yiliyiliŋar yukarpaŋar Future kentapaluṛ ket̪aruṛ miyaṛuṛ yupuruṛ taŋuruṛ yaramankuṛ maaṇkuṛ pirŋenkuṛ melaṛ t̪awaṛ wankaṛ kuŋkaṛ tarŋkaṛ ŋukuṛ ŋuṛuṛ kaṭuṛ muṇuṛ ŋawuṛ keṇṭiwuṛ tyimpiwuṛ ŋiṇiwuṛ papiwuṛ tyempeṛ wiṭeṛ waŋalkuṛ menyelkuṛ makarkuṛ yaluluṛ mayaraṛ t̪alkuraṛ wiwalaṛ karikariwuṛ yiliyiliwuṛ yukarpaṛ Gloss dugong river spear red rock cod crab sp. horse spear woman sea rat arm groin barracuda water forehead child elbow wife wife tail skin father’s mother mother’s father interior boomerang dogfish sp. anthill flame rainbow kookaburra bush mango butter-fish oyster sp husband pulŋar pulŋarpan wulun wulunkan wuṭal wuṭaltyin kantukan kantukantun karwakar karwakarwan t̪urara t̪uraraŋin ŋalu ŋalukin kurka kurkaŋin taŋku taŋkuŋin kurpuṛu kurpuṛuŋin putu putukan maali maaliyan y t iṇtirpu tyiṇtirpuwan pukatyi pukatyiyan murkuni murkuniman ŋawuŋa ŋawuŋawun tipiti tipitipin t̪apu t̪aputyin muŋkumu muŋkumuŋkun tyumputyu tyumputyumpun pulŋarpaŋar pulŋarpaṛ wulunkaŋar wulunkaṛ y wuṭalt iŋar wuṭaltyiwur kantukantuŋar kantukantuṛ karwakarwaŋar karwakarwaṛ t̪uraraŋar t̪uraraŋkuṛ ŋalukar ŋalukuṛ kurkaŋar kurkaŋkuṛ taŋkuŋar taŋkuŋkuṛ kurpuṛuŋar kurpuṛuŋkuṛ putukaŋar putukaṛ maaliyaŋar maaliyaṛ y t iṇtirpuwaŋar tyiṇtirpuwaṛ pukatyiyaŋar pukatyiyaṛ murkunimaŋar murkunimaṛ ŋawuŋawuŋar ŋawuŋawuṛ tipitipiŋar tipitipiwuṛ t̪aputyiŋar t̪aputyiwuṛ muŋkumuŋkuŋar muŋkumuŋkuṛ tyumputyumpuŋar tyumputyumpuṛ huge fruit sp. meat red wattle sp. shark story pandja oyster sp. lancewood short swamp turtle willie wagtail hawk sp. nullah termite rock-cod sp. older brother wooden axe dragonfly 10: Sakha (Yakut) Give a phonological analysis to the following case-marking paradigms of nouns in Sakha. noun aɣa paarta tɨ a kinige š̌ie iye kini bie oɣo χopto börö tɨ al ɨ al kuul at balɨ k ɨ skaap oɣus kus plural aɣalar paartalar tɨ alar kinigeler š̌ieler iyeler kiniler bieler oɣolor χoptolor börölör tɨ allar ɨ allar kuullar attar balɨ ktar ɨ skaaptar oɣustar kustar associative aɣalɨ ɨ n paartalɨ ɨ n tɨ alɨ ɨ n kinigeliin š̌ieliin iyeliin kiniliin bieliin oɣoluun χoptoluun börölüün tɨ allɨ ɨ n ɨ allɨ ɨ n kuulluun attɨ ɨ n balɨ ktɨ ɨ n ɨ skaaptɨ ɨ n oɣustuun kustuun gloss father school desk forest book house mother 3rd person mare child gull wolf wind neighbor sack horse fish cabinet bull duck tünnük sep et örüs tiis soroχ oχ oloppos ötöχ ubay saray tɨ y atɨ ɨ r oyuur üčügey eš̌iiy tomtor moɣotoy kötör bölköy χatɨ ŋ aan tiiŋ sordoŋ olom oron bödöŋ noun aɣa paarta tɨ a kinige š̌ie iye kini bie oɣo χopto börö tɨ al ɨ al kuul moχsoɣol tünnükter septer etter örüster tiister soroχtor oχtor oloppostor ötöχtör ubaydar saraydar tɨ ydar atɨ ɨ rdar oyuurdar üčügeyder eš̌iiyder tomtordor moɣotoydor kötördör bölköydör χatɨ ŋnar aannar tiiŋner sordoŋnor olomnor oronnor bödöŋnör partitive aɣata paartata tɨ ata kinigete š̌iete iyete kinite biete oɣoto χoptoto börötö tɨ alla ɨ alla kuulla moχsoɣollo tünnüktüün septiin ettiin örüstüün tiistiin soroχtuun oχtuun oloppostuun ötöχtüün ubaydɨ ɨ n saraydɨ ɨ n tɨ ydɨ ɨ n atɨ ɨ rdɨ ɨ n oyuurduun üčügeydiin eš̌iiydiin tomtorduun moɣotoyduun kötördüün bölköydüün χatɨ ŋnɨ ɨ n aannɨ ɨ n tiiŋniin sordoŋnuun olomnuun oronnuun bödöŋnüün comparative ablative aɣataaɣar aɣattan paartataaɣar paartattan tɨ ataaɣar tɨ attan kinigeteeɣer kinigetten š̌ieteeɣer š̌ietten iyeteeɣer iyetten kiniteeɣer kinitten bieteeɣer bietten oɣotooɣor oɣotton χoptotooɣor χoptotton börötööɣör böröttön tɨ allaaɣar tɨ altan ɨ allaaɣar ɨ altan kuullaaɣar kuultan moχsoɣollooɣor moχsoɣolton window tool meat river tooth some person arrow chair abandoned farm elder brother barn foal stallion forest good person elder sister knob chipmunk bird islet birch door squirrel pike ford bed strong one gloss father school desk forest book house mother 3rd person mare child gull wolf wind neighbor sack falcon at balɨ k ɨ skaap oɣus kus tünnük sep et örüs tiis soroχ ötöχ ubay saray tɨ y atɨ ɨ r χirur üčügey tomtor moɣotoy kötör suorɣan χatɨ ŋ aan tiiŋ sordoŋ olom bödöŋ noun aɣa š̌ie iye oɣo börö tɨ al kuul at balɨ k ɨ skaap oɣus kus sep atta balɨ kta ɨ skaapta oɣusta kusta tünnükte septe ette örüste tiiste soroχto ötöχtö ubayda sarayda tɨ yda atɨ ɨ rda χirurda üčügeyde tomtordo moɣotoydo kötördö suorɣanna χatɨ ŋna aanna tiiŋne sordoŋno olomno bödöŋnö dative aɣaɣa š̌ieɣe iyeɣe oɣoɣo böröɣö tɨ alga kuulga akka balɨ kka ɨ skaapka oɣuska kuska sepke attaaɣar balɨ ktaaɣar ɨ skaaptaaɣar oɣustaaɣar kustaaɣar tünnükteeɣer septeeɣer etteeɣer örüsteeɣer tiisteeɣer soroχtooɣor ötöχtööɣör ubaydaaɣar saraydaaɣar tɨ ydaaɣar atɨ ɨ rdaaɣar χirurdaaɣar üčügeydeeɣer tomtordooɣor moɣotoydooɣor kötördööɣör suorɣannaaɣar χatɨ ŋnaaɣar aannaaɣar tiiŋneeɣer sordoŋnooɣor olomnooɣor bödöŋnööɣör accusative aɣanɨ š̌ieni iyeni oɣonu börönü tɨ alɨ kuulu atɨ balɨ gɨ ɨ skaabɨ oɣuhu kuhu sebi attan balɨ ktan ɨ skaaptan oɣustan kustan tünnükten septen etten örüsten tiisten soroχton ötöχtön ubaytan saraytan tɨ ytan atɨ ɨ rtan χirurtan üčügeyten tomtorton moɣotoyton kötörtön suorɣantan χatɨ ŋtan aantan tiiŋten sordoŋton olomton bödöŋtön horse fish cabinet bull duck window tool meat river tooth some person abandoned farm elder brother barn foal stallion surgeon good person knob chipmunk bird blanket birch door squirrel pike ford strong one gloss father house mother child wolf wind sack horse fish cabinet bull duck tool et tiis ot soroχ ötöχ oχ saray tɨ y kötör ekke tiiske okko soroχχo ötöχχö oχχo sarayga tɨ yga kötörgö eti tiihi otu soroɣu ötöɣü oɣu sarayɨ tɨ yɨ kötörü meat tooth grass some person abandoned farm arrow barn foal bird oyuun χatɨ ŋ aan olom oyuuŋŋa χatɨ ŋŋa aaŋŋa olomŋo oyuunu χatɨ ŋɨ aanɨ olomu shaman birch door ford noun aɣa uol kɨ laas kuorat ohoχ aan tiiŋ kün ourN aɣabɨ t uolbut kɨ laaspɨ t kuorappɨ t ohoχput aammɨ t tiiŋmit kümmüt gloss father son classroom town stove door squirrel day noun iye kötör ɨ skaap tiis tünnük kapitan oron our N gloss iyebit mother kötörbüt bird ɨ skaappɨ t cabinet tiispit tooth tünnükpüt window kapitammɨ t capitain orommut bed 11: Sadžava Ukrainian Give a phonological analysis of the following data. Assume that all surface occurrences of ky and gy in this language are derived by rule. Also assume that stress is located on the proper vowel in the underlying representation: the rules for shifting stress are too complex to be considered here. Nouns in declension II depalatalizes a consonant before the locative suffix, and nouns in declension III depalatalize in the genitive. The variation in the genitive and locative sg. suffix in declension I (-i or -a versus -u) is lexically governed: do not write rules which select between these suffixes. Concentrate on extablishing the correct underlying representations for the noun stem. Declension I Nom. sg. plást skorúx ɣyryíx pastúx mynyúx plúɣ sytyíɣ Gen. sg. plastá skoruxá ɣyryixá pastuxá mynyúxa plúɣa stóɣa Loc. sg. plasykyí skorusyí ɣyryisyí pastusyí mynyúsyi plúzyi stózyi Gloss layer mountain ash sin herdsman fish sp. plow stack sák bék lést lést pylyít symyryíd fyíst myíst lyíd dyryít myíd vyíl vyíz sér synyíp ɣréb lǽbyid bǽryiɣ pəryíɣ poryíɣ bolyék vóryiɣ kónək pótyik tyík kyíl sáka bəká ləstá lésta plóta smróda fostá mósta lǽdu dróta mǽdu volá vóza séra snopá ɣrəbá lǽbəda bǽrəɣa pəróɣa poróɣa bolyəká vóroɣa kónəka potóka tóka kolá sátsyi bətsyí ləsykyí lésykyi plókyi smrógyi fosykyí mósykyi lədú drókyi mədú volyí vózyi séryi snopyí ɣrəbyí lǽbəgyi bǽrəzyi pərózyi porózyi bolyətsyí vórozyi kónətsyi potótsyi tótsyi kolyí fishnet bull letter leaf wicker fence stench tail bridge ice thick wire honey ox cart cottage cheese sheaf mushroom swan shore dumpling threshhold abcess enemy grasshopper stream current stake Declension II Nom. sg. kovály ǰmyíly kyryíly učétəly grǽbyiny óləny yačymyíny yásyiny zyéky Gen. sg. kovalyé ǰmyilyé kyryilyé učétəlyə grǽbənyə ólənyə yačmǽnyə yásənyə zyékyə Loc. sg. kovalé ǰmyilé kyryilé učétələ grǽbənə ólənə yačmǽnə yásənə zyétə Gloss blacksmith bumblebee rabbit teacher comb deer barley ash tree son-in-law Declension III Nom. sg. Gen. sg. y y más k mástə symyíryky smǽrtə Gloss fat death vyísyky rágyisyky syíly pósy̌ isyky zámyiky skátəryky kyísyky vyístə rádostə sólə póšəstə zámətə skátərtə kóstə news joy salt epidemic snowstorm tablecloth bone 12: Koromfe Koromfe has two kinds of vowels, [-ATR] ɩ ʊɛɔa and [+ATR] iueoʌ. Provide an analysis of the alternations in the following data, which involve singular and plural forms of nouns and different tense-inflections for verbs. Singular gɩ brɛ hubre nɛbrɛ dĩŋgre zoŋgre lɔ̃ŋgrɛ hullre sɛkrɛ tɛfrɛ dabɛɛrɛ dɔɔrɛ gɩ gaarɛ pʊpaarɛ koire dʊmdɛ hulomde tɛmdɛ logomde bɩ ndɛ hɔ̃ndɛ honde geŋde zɛŋdɛ bɛllɛ yɩ llɛ selle pallɛ deŋgele sembele Plural gɩ ba hubʌ nɛba dĩŋgʌ zoŋgʌ lɔ̃ŋga hullʌ sɛka tɛfa dabɛɛya dɔɔya gɩ gaaya pʊpaaya koyʌ dʊma hulomʌ tɛma logomʌ bɩ na hɔ̃na honʌ geŋʌ zɛŋa bɛla yɩ la selʌ pala deŋgelʌ sembelʌ gloss hatchet ditch pea bush type wing shoe gutter half cotton fiber camp long vulture grass type bracelet lion marrow beard camel heart hoe bean pebble upper arm back horn space stretcher open area piece dãɩ̃nɛ hʊ̃ɩ̃nɛ kɔ̃ɩ̃nɛ kɔ̃ɔ̃nɛ sɔ̃ɔ̃nɛ bɛtɛ datɛ gete gote bɩ tɛ dɔtɛ dãỹã hʊ̃ỹã kɔ̃ỹã kɔ̃ɔ̃ỹã sɔ̃ɔ̃ỹã bɛra dara gerʌ gorʌ bɩ ra dɔra neutral ta gɔ kʊ tu li dɩ tã nɛ̃ saɩ yɛɩ sɔɩ ỹɛ̃ɩ̃ dɔ̃ɩ̃ kɛndɩ kɛ̃sɩ kɛtɩ tɛŋgɩ yisi yɩ sɩ birgi pasgɩ mɛntɩ gondu hɔ̃ŋgʊ sʊrgʊ hɔ̃kʊ zullu sɩ bʊ zambʊ wufu past taɛ gɔɛ kɔɛ toe lee dɛ tãɛ̃ nɛ̃ sayɛ yɛyɛ sɔyɛ ỹɛ̃ỹɛ̃ dɔ̃ỹɛ̃ kɛndɛ kɛ̃sɛ kɛtɛ tɛŋgɛ yise yɩ sɛ birge pasgɛ mɛntɛ gonde hɔ̃ŋgɛ sʊrgɛ hɔ̃kɛ zulle sɩ bɛ zambɛ wufe wood caterpillar squirrel old period male animal chest forked stick stream frog cloud progressive taraa gɔraa kʊraa turʌʌ lirʌʌ dɩ raa tãnaa nɛ̃naa saɩ raa yɛɩ raa sɔɩ raa ỹɛ̃ɩ̃naa dɔ̃ɩ̃naa kɛndraa kɛ̃sraa kɛtraa tɛŋgraa yisrʌʌ yɩ sraa birgrʌʌ pasgraa mɛntraa gondrʌʌ hɔ̃ŋgraa sʊrgraa hɔ̃kraa zullrʌʌ sɩ braa zambraa wufrʌʌ gloss shoot go back kill coat forget eat contradict defecate separate waste split catch dream finish surpass open accompany suffice draw water blacken split assemble depart point drop scratch bow die deceive borrow zɩ gamsʊ hɛ̃msʊ leli pɩ lɩ tarɩ fɛrɩ tʊrʊ zɩ gamsɛ hɛ̃msɛ lele pɩ lɛ tarɛ fɛrɛ tʊrɛ zɩ gamsraa hɛ̃msraa lellʌʌ pɩ llaa tataa fɛtaa tʊtaa be dirty meet sing trample flat plaster cultivate introduce