English Second Term Final Exam Handout
I. Vocabulary
II. Grammar
Conjunctions
• They link words, phrases and clauses.
Correlative Conjunctions – always in pairs
both – and
not only – but also
either – or
whether – or
neither – nor
as – as
Coordinating Conjunctions – FANBOYS
For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So
Subordinating Conjunctions
after
although
as
as soon as
because
before
by the time
even if
even though
every time
if
in case
in the event that
once
only if
since
the first time
though
unless
until
when
whenever
whereas
while
now that
just in case
Conjunctive Adverbs – they link independent clauses together
after all
indeed
next
as a result
incidentally
besides
nonetheless
in fact
on the contrary
on the other hand
in addition
consequently
also
in other words
otherwise
furthermore
likewise
meanwhile
finally
hence
instead
thus
still
nevertheless
for example
therefore
then
moreover
however
Word Modifiers
Adjectives
• Usually describes, identifies, or quantifies a noun or a pronoun.
• It usually precedes the noun or pronoun it modifies.
Examples:
1.
2.
It was impossible to find the peculiar woman you were looking for.
While having a stroll around the park, I saw an eight-year-old boy crash against a lamp post.
Kinds of Adjectives
1. Possessive Adjectives
⎻ Answers the question “whose?”
⎻ my, your, his, her, its, our, and their
2.
Demonstrative Adjectives
⎻ Answers the question “which?”
⎻ this, these, that, those, and what
3.
Interrogative Adjectives
⎻ They are used to modify nouns to ask questions.
⎻ what, which, and whose
4.
Indefinite Adjectives
⎻ Answers the question “how much?”
⎻ Common: all, any, each, every, few, many, and some
Adjective Clause
• Is a dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun.
• Because it is a dependent clause, it does not have a complete thought.
• The adjective clause is usually headed by a subordinating conjunction, particularly:
• relative pronouns (who, whom, which, that, whose)
• relative adverbs (when, where, why).
Examples:
1.
2.
3.
Roda, whom Rona rolled out of the window, was able to escape unhurt.
Manila Mayor Alfredo Lim, who felt pity for the girl, made a difference in Rona’s life.
It was the meddlesome cat that started the blazing fire.
Adjective Phrase
• A group of words that contains an adjective.
• It collectively modifies a noun or a pronoun.
• Some adjective phrases also function as participial phrases.
Sentences According to Form
Participial Phrases
• A participial phrase is a group of words that includes a participle and functions as an adjective.
• The participle may be in its present form (playing, writing, etc.) or past form (played, written, etc.)
• If you see a participial phrase, ignore it!
Examples
• Based on the data provided, it seems that the Philippine economy is slowly building its way up.
• Making his way past the crowd, Tony tried his best to look for Little Ana inside the mall.
• The students, talking in hushed tones, reacted towards the rumor about classes being suspended for
a month.
Identifying Independent and Dependent
Just remember this:
Structure
Independent
Dependent
Simple
1
0
Compound
2
0
Complex
1
1 or more
Compound-Complex
2
1 or more
Example #1
The plaza had a lot of shops and restaurants.
How many independent? 1
How many dependent? 0
Simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex? SIMPLE
Example #2
Grab the opportunity so you won’t have any regrets in the future!
How many independent? 2
How many dependent? 0
Simple, compound, complex or compound-complex? COMPOUND
Example #3
Madonna was such an international hit that took the music industry by storm.
How many independent? 1
How many dependent? 1
Simple, compound, complex or compound-complex? COMPLEX
Example #4
The teachers agree that students were being too aggressive, but they were still given permission.
How many independent? 2
How many dependent? 1
Simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex? COMPOUND-COMPLEX
III. Literature
Figures of Speech
According to Similarities




They are rhetorical devices that make use of words in a different way to achieve a specific effect.
It is often associated with Literature because of the creative and artistic play of words.
It also helps develop personal literary style.
They seldom follow the norms of sentence construction because their main purpose is to present the
readers with an interesting way of describing persons or objects.
Kinds of Figures of Speech According to Similarities
1. Simile
⎻ You use this to create explicit comparisons that show how to unlike things demonstrate similarity.
⎻ You use the words “as”, “than”, or “like”.
⎻ You make use of similes to make things more empathic or vivid.
Examples:
2.
a.
Welcome to Bombay’s bustling trains
Hold on fast as if you are insane!
b.
What happens to a dream deferred?
Does it dry up
like a raisin in the sun?
Metaphor
⎻ This is used to imply comparison between two things that may seem unlike but actually have
something in common.
⎻ It is an advanced form of analogy because you insist to the readers that two unlike things are alike.
⎻ It expresses the familiar with the unfamiliar.
Examples:
3.
a.
Life is a handful of short stories, pretending to be a novel
b.
To be in love
Is to touch with a lighter hand.
c.
But my heart (unfamiliar) is a lonely hunter (familiar) that hunts on a lonely hill
d.
All love is expansion, all selfishness is contraction.
Love is therefore the only law of life.
He who loves lives, he who is selfish is dying.
Therefore love for love's sake, because it is law of life, just as you breathe to live.
Hyperbole
⎻ This is used to make an extravagant statement or exaggeration.
⎻ The main purpose of this figure of speech is to emphasize or to heighten the emotion.
⎻ A person or thing is portrayed better or worse than its actual form.
⎻ Because it is used as a figure of speech, it should not be taken literally.
Examples:
4.
a.
When I sit in the heart of His world
A million suns blaze with light,
A burning blue sea spreads across the sky,
b.
I have wrapped my dreams in a silken cloth,
And laid them away in a box of gold;
Personification
⎻ This is used to provide living attributes to inanimate objects or abstract ideas.
⎻ It is when you represent an abstract idea in the form of a person or animal.
⎻ It enables the reader to relate to the subject and imagine how a lifeless thing would have
behaved, had it been human and able to emote.
Examples:
a.
b.
The clock breaks up the protracted, ponderous silence.
This Sun doesn't want a crown or robe from God's grace.
5.
Synecdoche
⎻ This figure of speech uses a part to represent the whole or the whole to represent a part.
⎻ Is a way in which we construct our understanding of the whole, although we only have access to the
part.
⎻ This is used to provide emphasis on a particular characteristic.
⎻ It would allow readers to understand that that is the character’s important aspect.
Examples:
a.
6.
Oh, to remain on a broad flat rock
And to cast a fishing-line forever!
Euphemism
⎻ You use an inoffensive term to substitute a term that is considered offensive or inappropriate
by the majority.
Examples:
a.
b.
7.
The use of ‘lavatory’ for ‘toilet’
The use of ‘African-American’ for ‘Black’
Understatement
⎻ This is used to make an expression or idea seem less important than it really is.
⎻ It’s a contrast to hyperbole
Examples:
a.
In From Russia With Love by Ian Fleming, a Soviet intelligence general says that if they don't
do something to humiliate British intelligence, "There will be... displeasure. “
Figures of Speech
According to Contrast


Adding contrast to describe a particular type of object, person, or event definitely adds artistic style
and empowers creativity.
Describing an object or person by focusing on its disparities and unique elements enhances its
exclusivity, making it artistic.
Kinds of Figures of Speech According to Contrast
1. Irony
⎻ A figure of speech in which you make use of words to convey the opposite of their meaning.
⎻ “A statement or situation where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation
of the idea.”
3 Kinds of Irony
Irony
Verbal
Meaning
Contrast between what is said
to what is meant (sarcasm)
Dramatic
Contrast between what the
character thinks to be true to
what we (the audience)
know. (soap operas)
Situational
Contrast between what
happens to what was
expected.
Example
(You got hit by a car)
Wow, that doesn’t hurt one bit.
In a stage play of Star Wars: Return of the Jedi,
the audience already knows that Darth Vader
is the true father of Luke Skywalker (because
most people from the audience had already
watched the movie), but Luke himself does not
know.
In the movie Toy Story 3, everyone thought
that Lotso was a good leader because of his
teddy bear appearance. Unfortunately, he was
the villain in the movie.
2.
Litotes
⎻ In using litotes, you usually present negative statements or double negatives.
⎻ Quite dominant in European culture.
Examples:
a.
b.
c.
3.
You say she is not unattractive instead of saying she is attractive.
You say he is not selfish instead of saying he’s a generous person.
It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain. (Instead of saying it’s okay)
Apostrophe
⎻ A figure of speech in which an idea, object, or imaginary entity is addressed.
⎻ Is when you talk to something dead, absent, or doesn’t exist as if it was human and able to reply.
Examples:
4.
a.
Blue Moon, you saw me standing alone
b.
O Lahore! How do you fare without me?
How are you illuminated without your bright sun?
c.
Africa, my Africa
Africa of proud warriors in ancestral savannahs
Africa of whom my grandmother sings
On the banks of the distant river
Oxymoron
⎻ It’s a set of contradictory terms that appear side by side.
⎻ The purpose of oxymoron is to enhance the reader’s confusion, thus heightening the emotion.
⎻ Though it may seem complicated, oxymoron is actually a good way to artistically enhance
imagery.
Examples:
a.
b.
5.
The building was pretty ugly and a little big for its surroundings.
The room was filled with the painless agony of their awkwardness.
Paradox
⎻ Just like oxymoron, paradox is used to attract the reader’s attention and emotion with its use of
contradiction.
⎻ It is an advanced form of delivering the theme of a literary work because you do not present the
ideas to your readers in a silver platter.
Examples:
a.
b.
I'm a liar. How do you know if I'm telling the truth?
"War is peace.
Freedom is slavery.
Ignorance is strength."
Poetry
Poetry is the artistic way of rendering words in such a way as to evoke intense emotions
Types of Poetry
1. Lyric poetry
⎻ Poetry that has the form and musical quality of a song
2. Narrative Poetry
⎻ Poems that tell stories in an entertaining way
3. Dramatic Poetry
⎻ Written in verse and meant to be spoken
⎻ More than one character speaks
Elements of Poetry
1. Persona (the narrator) – The apparent speaker in the poem, not necessarily the author himself or
herself.
2.
Theme – The subject of an artistic expression, such as a poem. The topic being discussed.
3.
Imagery – The images that we visualize when we read the poem
4.
Rhyme – The noticeable similarity in sound of two or more words, especially those at the end of
poem lines.
5.
Meter – The measured arrangement of words in a line, based on the number of syllables
Poetic Devices
1. Rhyme – Words that have the same ending sound
2.
Assonance – Repetition of similar vowel sounds
3.
Consonance – Repetition of final consonant sounds
4.
Alliteration – Repetition of words with the same beginning sounds. To use the same sound over and
over again.
5.
Onomatopoeia – Words that sound like the objects/actions they refer to
Drama
“Noh” Play
• Is a classical Japanese performance from which combines elements of dance, drama, music, and poetry
into one highly aesthetic stage art.
• Noh focuses on imitation, beauty, and silence.
• Because Noh was highly popular in the 14th century in which Japan was a very patriarchal country, Noh
was mainly performed by men.
What is drama?
• The enactment of a script by actors (who portray the characters) before an audience.
• The physical presentation of drama is called a play.
• This enactment is usually done on stage and relies heavily on dialogue.
Drama
• Drama has always been a performance-based form of Literature because of its requirement of an audience.
• A unique aspect of drama is its flexibility to portray reality as it is or to portray it in an extremely theatrical
manner to the point that it provides great emotional emphasis.
Types of Drama
1. Tragedy – Ruin of the leading characters
2.
Comedy – Humorous discourse intended to amuse
3.
Problem Play – Drama of social criticism discusses problems by means of a play
4.
Farce – Highly improbable plot situations and exaggerated characters, are used for humorous effect
(Pays no attention to human values)
5.
Comedy of Manners – Comedy which wittily portrays fashionable life
6.
Fantasy – Free reign to imagination, allowing things to happen without regard to reality.
7.
Melodrama – Exaggerates plot and characters in order to appeal to the emotions of the audience
(Pays no attention to human values)
Terms & Techniques
 Foreshadowing – Clues are provided for the audience to predict what might occur in the story.

Dramatic Irony – Audience knows something that the character(s) do(es) not.

Soliloquy – Character relates his thoughts/feelings out loud to himself without addressing any of the
other characters or audience.

Aside – Character relates his thoughts/feelings out loud to himself while addressing the audience.

Poetic Justice – Where virtue is ultimately rewarded/vice punished

Tragic Flaw – Trait that leads one to his/her own downfall or destruction

Catastrophe – Large scale disaster

Comic Relief – Humorous character, scene or dialogue is in a serious work often to relieve tension

Allusion – Brief reference to a person, event, or place, real or fictitious
Elements of Drama
1. Plot – The order of events in the story as opposed to the theme
2. Theme – The main idea within the play
3. Character – Role played by an actor within the play
4. Diction/Language/Dialogue – The word choices made by the playwright and the enunciation of the
actors delivering the lines.
5. Spectacle – The visual elements of a production of a play (these include the scenery, costumes, and
special effects).
6. Music/Rhythm – It is the sound, rhythm, and melody of the speeches.
IV. English Elective
New Yorker in Tondo
 Classic Satire Filipino Play written in the 50's by Marcelino Agana, Jr.
 About a girl named Kikay who goes to New York and falls in love with it.
Characters
a. Kikay
⎻ Tondo girl who goes to New York
⎻ Acquires the style, looks, language
and manners.
c.
Nena
⎻ Tomboyish type of girl
⎻ Gets irritated and even imitates
Kikay's ways.
d.
Totoy
⎻ Tondo "canto boy" is another
childhood friend who is funny
⎻ Has a secret love for Nena
b.
Tony
⎻ Childhood sweetheart of Kikay
⎻ Decides to visit and catch up on
things with Kikay.
e.
Mrs. M
⎻ Mother who has been carried away by Kikay’s ways
⎻ Tries to converse with everyone in broken English
Cast & Crew
a. Director
 Brings together the many complex pieces of a production into a unified whole.
b.
Stage Manager
 Make sure everyone and everything in the production is in the right place, at the right time.
c.
Set Designer
 Design the physical surroundings in which the play will take place.
d.
Props Manager
 Responsible for the wide variety of furnishings, furniture, ornaments and other objects
e.
Actors
 Communicates a character and situation to an audience through speech, body language and
movement.
f.
Costume Designer
 Create the look that reflect the personalities of the characters in the script
g.
Sounds & Lights
 Provides the sound effects and/or music in the play
 Makes the best use of the light, creating effects that can be changed at will to match the mood of
the action
h.
Stage Crew
 Person who works backstage
 Help setting up the scenery, lights, sound, props, rigging, and special effects for a production