STM 2-3 Subject B
United Nations Military Observers - Tasks and Responsibilities
Subject B:
UNMO Tasks and Responsibilities
Target Audience:
Military Officers to serve as United Nations Military Observers (UNMOs)
Aim:
To provide guidance to UNMOs on all duties or routine, to provide an understanding of employment within
the time site, in order to maintain operational capability.
Learning Outcomes: To enable the target audience to understand official duties and responsibilities as UNMO Team member.
14
STM 2-3 Subject B
United Nations Military Observers - Tasks and Responsibilities
Topic
1. Observation
procedures
Brief description
1) Static Observation
a) Observation 7/24
i) Know your AOR
ii) To observe movements, Collect
comments, opinions
iii) Static observation
iv) Search, see & confirm
v) Accurate, facts only
vi) Unclear observation must be
cross-checked
vii) Clear & concise – no guessing
viii) Identify and count: planes,
vehicles, ships, troops, weapons,
ammo,
ix) Time: Mark the time on the log
sheet
i) Position on the field (Grid, GPS,
referred to your position or
another, Clock method, etc.)
b) Correct use of the observation
equipment
i) Binos
ii) NVGs
iii) Cameras
iv) Other means
Training
Method
Lecture/Present
ation
Practical Role
Demonstration
(It is suggested
that the training
include a pre
course reading
package)
Lecture/Present
ation
Practical Role
Demonstration
15
Suggested
Time
2 Periods
Practical part
in the
Demonstratio
n/Exercise
Assessment Criteria
Detailed Knowledge
Officers will be able to describe and explain
how to conduct static observation in all his
relevant points. They will also be able to solve
given cases and present a solution.
Skills
Execution of the static observation under
different situations, contingencies and events
presented during the case studies / exercise /
practical case.
Detailed Knowledge
Officers will be able to identify all the different
components of the equipments available at the
team site and the operational controls and
procedures during the operation.
Skills
Officers will be able to set up all the
equipments available at the team site, to
operate them and to conduct authorized level
of maintenance according to the Mission SOP
STM 2-3 Subject B
United Nations Military Observers - Tasks and Responsibilities
c) Recognition
i) Planes,
ii) Vehicles
iii) Ships
iv) Troops
v) Weapons
vi) MIL & CIV activities
vii) Patterns
Lecture/Present
ation
Demonstration
Skills
Officer will be able to recognize troops and
equipments, identity, formations and alert level
d) Analysis /assessment (Depends of the
Mission SOPs)
i) Relate to your directives, tasks and
mandate
ii) Significance
iii) Environment
iv) Identify Gaps to be confirmed by
other sources
v) Accurate Records
Lecture/Present
ation
Detailed Knowledge
Officers will be able to conduct analysis /
assessment of identified events resulted form
observation activities and the situation in their
area of responsibility.
Skills
Officers will be able to conduct analysis /
assessment based on the observation and
some other factors without making
assumptions
e) Reporting
a. Reporting Method (face to face,
Radio, fax, phone, electronic mail,
crypto system, etc.),
Lecture/Present
ation
Practical Role
Practical Role
Demonstration
Practical Role
Demonstration
16
Detailed Knowledge
Officers will be able to recognize
characteristics related to the troops and
equipments, formations and alert level.
Detailed Knowledge
Officers will be able to send a report in a
timely, accurate and concise fashion.
Skills
Officers will be able to report the activities
using the proper UN forms available, according
to the situation / event.
STM 2-3 Subject B
United Nations Military Observers - Tasks and Responsibilities
2) Observation during mobile activities
a) Observation procedure
i) Know your AOR
ii) To observe Movements, Collect
Comments, opinions
iii) Observation during mobile
activities and temporary
observation posts,
iv) Search, see & confirm
v) Accurate, facts only
vi) Unclear observation must be
cross-checked
vii) Clear & concise – no guessing
viii) Identify and Count: Planes,
vehicles, ships, troops, weapons,
ammo, installations
ix) Time: Mark the time on the log
sheet
x) Position on the field (Grid,
GPS,referred to your position or
another (Clock method, etc)
b) Correct use of the observation
equipments
i) Binos
ii) NVGs
iii) Cameras
iv) Other means
Lecture/Present
ation
Practical Role
Demonstration
2 Periods
Practical part
in the
Demonstratio
n/Exercise
Detailed Knowledge
Officers will be able to describe and explain
how to conduct static observation in all his
relevant points. They will also be able to solve
given cases and present a solution.
Skills
Execution of the static observation under
different situations, contingencies and events
presented during the case studies / exercise /
practical case.
Lecture/Present
ation
Practical Role
Demonstration
17
Detailed Knowledge
Officers will be able to identify all the different
components of the equipments available at the
team site and the operational controls and
procedures during the operation.
Skills
Officers will be able to set up all the
equipments available at the team site, to
operate them and to conduct authorized level
of maintenance according to the Mission SOP
STM 2-3 Subject B
United Nations Military Observers - Tasks and Responsibilities
c) Recognition
i) Planes,
ii) Vehicles
iii) Ships
iv) Troops
v) Weapons
vi) MIL & CIV Activities
vii) Change of usual patterns
Lecture/Present
ation
Demonstration
Skills
Officer will be able to recognize troops and
equipments, identity, formations and alert level
d) Analysis/ Assessments (Depends of
the Mission SOPs)
i) Relate to your directives, tasks and
mandate
ii) Significance
iii) Environment
iv) Identify Gaps to be confirmed by
other sources
v) Accurate Records
Lecture/Present
ation
Detailed Knowledge
Officers will be able to conduct analysis /
assessment of identified events resulted form
observation activities and the situation in their
area of responsibility.
Skills
Officers will be able to conduct analysis /
assessment based on the observation and
some other factors without making
assumptions
e) Reporting
i) Reporting Method (face to face,
Radio, phone, etc.),
ii) Use Mission Formats (as per
Mission SOP)
Lecture/Present
ation
Practical Role
Practical Role
Demonstration
Practical Role
Demonstration
18
Detailed Knowledge
Officers will be able to recognize
characteristics related to the troops and
equipments, formations and alert level.
Detailed Knowledge
Officers will be able to send a report in a
timely, accurate and concise fashion.
Skills
Officers will be able to report the activities
using the proper UN forms available, according
to the situation / event.
STM 2-3 Subject B
United Nations Military Observers - Tasks and Responsibilities
2. Patrolling
1. Military Observers patrolling types
a) By Vehicle
i) Soft skin or non armored vehicles
ii) Hard skin or armored vehicles
iii) Use of escort during patrols
iv) As part of a convoy
v) By day and by night (ref. SOP)
vi) Demonstration/show of presence
patrol
Lecture/Present
ation
Practical Role
Demonstration
Practical part
in the
Demonstratio
n/Exercise
Detailed Knowledge
Officers will be able to describe and explain
different types of patrolling and how to conduct
them following the established safety
instructions. They will also be able to solve
given cases and present a solution.
Skills
Execution of the different patrolling types for
different purposes under different situations,
contingencies and events presented during the
case studies / exercise / practical case safely.
b) On Foot
i) Short patrol
ii) Overnight patrol
iii) Ski/camel/etc. other patrols
c)
1 Period
By Air
i) Fixed wings
ii) Rotary wing/helicopter
iii) Drones/UAV
d) Boats
i) Riverine patrol/inland waterways
ii) Coastal waters
iii) Offshore patrol in designated areas
19
STM 2-3 Subject B
United Nations Military Observers - Tasks and Responsibilities
2. Military Observers patrol planning
a) Purposes of patrolling
i) Information gathering
ii) Verification
iii) Inspection
iv) Investigation
v) Show of presence
2 Periods
Lecture/Present
ation
Practical part
in the
Demonstratio
n/Exercise
Detailed Knowledge
Officers will be able to describe and explain
the purposes of patrolling.
Practical Role
Demonstration
b) Assessment
i) Mission and tasks
ii) Threats and risks
iii) Mines and UXO situation
iv) Available assets
v) Weather period of year
vi) Terrain/landscape/road/track
conditions/etc.
vii) AOR/Location of other actors
viii) Time and radio frequencies
Lecture/Present
ation
Practical Role
Demonstration
20
Detailed Knowledge
Officers will be able to describe and explain
how to plan and conduct any patrol task.
During the patrol Officers will be able to
identify threats and to conduct the patrol under
different circumstances and situations. They
will also be able to describe how to conduct
the vehicle preparation according to the UN
regulations.
Skills
Execution of the different patrolling types for
different purposes under different situations,
contingencies and events presented during the
case studies / exercise / practical case
including vehicle preparation.
STM 2-3 Subject B
United Nations Military Observers - Tasks and Responsibilities
c) Preparation
i) Based on types of patrol
ii) Routes selection and planning
iii) Logistic support
iv) Communications support
v) Contingency plan
Lecture/Present
ation
d) Before departure
i) Tasking and issue of orders
ii) Briefing and tasking (in the Team
Site and additional personnel, e.g.:
Helos., extra drivers, interpreters
,LOs, guests, etc)
iii) Check operational status of vehicle
and equipments
iv) Carry out radio check and verify
frequencies
v) Skill check/rehearsal
Lecture/Present
ation
Practical Role
Detailed Knowledge
Officers will be able to describe and explain
how to prepare and plan any patrol task.
Skills
Execution of the patrol preparation.
Demonstration
Practical Role
Demonstration
21
Detailed Knowledge
Officers will be able to describe and explain
how the before departure steps in order to
have the patrol ready to be sent for the
mission.
Skills
Execution of briefing, tasking and equipment
and vehicle preparation.
STM 2-3 Subject B
United Nations Military Observers - Tasks and Responsibilities
e) During the patrol
i) Execution according to patrols
SOPs
ii) Map reading, GPS navigation,
communication skills
iii) Actions on (ambush, stops.
Restriction of movement, civilian
casualties, driving incidents,
hijacking, etc.)
iv) Execution of radio procedures
(Reporting Points)
v) Off Road Driving (4x4, critical road
conditions, snow, ice, fog, sand,
water)
vi) Self recovery
vii) Continuous assessment of
situation
Lecture/Present
ation
f)
Lecture/Present
ation
Post Patrol activities
i) Patrol team debriefing
ii) Task debriefing and Reporting
iii) Administrative and logistic
activities
iv) Maintenance of readiness
Practical Role
Demonstration
Practical Role
Demonstration
22
Detailed Knowledge
Officers will be able to describe and explain
the execution of the patrol under different
circumstances and events.
Skills
Execution of the patrol under different
circumstances and events.
Detailed Knowledge
Officers will be able to describe and explain
how to debrief the patrol team, to report, to
administrate equipment and how to conduct
the necessary basic maintenance after the
patrol activities.
STM 2-3 Subject B
United Nations Military Observers - Tasks and Responsibilities
3. Information
Gathering
1) Definitions and information cycle
a) Definitions
i) Information/ Intelligence
(1) Information vs. Intelligence
(2) Open source information
ii) HUMINT
(1) Main source of information for
UNMOs
(2) Liaison
iii) SIGINT
(1) If available in the Mission area
(2) Information from
Partners/Coalition forces
Lecture/Present
ation
Practical Role
Demonstration
1 Period
Practical part
in the
Demonstratio
n/Exercise
General Knowledge
Officers will be able to describe and explain
the main concepts of Information /Intelligence
and different open sources of information and
how to find them in the mission area,
demonstrating a good knowledge and
understanding on the topics.
Discussion
Detailed Knowledge
Officers will be able to describe and explain
the main concepts and phases of Information
the Cycle inside any decision making process,
demonstrating a good knowledge and
understanding on the topics.
b) Information Cycle
i) Direction and Planning
(1) Without clear direction (usually
from the decision-maker) the
information process effort will
be unlikely to produce results
that are relevant to operations.
Direction normally takes the
form of a Statement of the
Information Problem and the
Priority Needs.
23
STM 2-3 Subject B
United Nations Military Observers - Tasks and Responsibilities
(2) Briefing about the last
information activity in the Area.
(3) Enable you to coordinate and
synchronize the gathering of
information
(4) Information requirements
(5) Information architecture
(6) Information collection Plan with
priorities
(7) Tasks
ii) Collection
(1) Method of Information
Collection (Observation and
Patrolling, Deliberate and
planned activities)
(2) Meetings
(3) Investigations, Verification
(4) Liaison (Belligerents, PKF,
NGOs, Other UN agencies,
International agencies, local
authorities and population…)
(5) Media
(6) Record, by topics, time, areas,
OPs etc.,
(7) Report and debrief
iii) Processing
(1) Collate
(2) Evaluate and validation
(3) Analyze
(4) This step is usually done on
HQ Level (Info Cell, or Joint
Mission Analysis Center)
24
STM 2-3 Subject B
United Nations Military Observers - Tasks and Responsibilities
iv) Production
(1) This stage of the cycle involves
packaging the value
information you have produced
into its best form for the enduser. The key is to make it
easily and quickly
understandable.
v) Dissemination
(1) Sources of information are
exploited, and information is
delivered to the appropriate
users – utilization of
information.
(2) Once the product has been
delivered, the whole process is
started again as new questions
are raised. In fact, at any time
you may find different
permutations of the cycle at
work because of the constant
need to answer questions, or
to fill in the gaps as they are
created.
25
STM 2-3 Subject B
United Nations Military Observers - Tasks and Responsibilities
2) Information gathering Rules, Means and
Techniques
a) Rules of Information Gathering
i) Timely
ii) Accurate
iii) Relevant (What is not relevant?)
Lecture/Present
ation
Practical Role
Demonstration
1 Period
Practical part
in the
Demonstratio
n/Exercise
Detailed Knowledge
Officers will be able to describe and explain
the main concepts of means, techniques and
general rules of information gathering and their
impact in the information’s process,
demonstrating a good knowledge and
understanding on the topics.
Discussion
Case studies
b) Sources of Information
i) Local Population, Local Authorities,
Social leaders, Media, NGOs, IOs,
UN agencies, etc. )
ii) Monitor especially the movements,
comments, opinions and casual
remarks of the local population
behavior or customs
iii) Belligerents, Government armed
forces
iv) Coalition forces in AOR (if
applicable
Detailed Knowledge
Officers will be able to describe and explain
the definitions and the differences and
characteristics between each source of
information. They will also be able to solve
given cases and present a solution.
c) Means
i) Patrolling
ii) Observation
iii) Liaison
iv) Meetings
v) Inspection, Verification
vi) Visits
Detailed Knowledge
Officers will be able to describe and explain
the definitions and the differences and
characteristics between each activity and how
to collect information during the
accomplishment of each activity. They will also
be able to solve given cases and present a
solution.
26
STM 2-3 Subject B
United Nations Military Observers - Tasks and Responsibilities
Detailed Knowledge
Officers will be able to describe and explain
the definitions and the differences and
characteristics between each technique and
how to use each one of them according to UN
regulations in particular regarding gender and
cultural awareness. They will also be able to
solve given cases and present a solution.
d) Techniques in the collection of
information
i) Confidence building (Hearts and
minds - “ building trust”, using the
same team for certain period of
time)
ii) Conversation
iii) Non verbal - body language (NO
sun glasses, eye contact)
iv) Cultural Awareness
v) Gender sensitivities (female
UNMOs in contact with female
local population)
vi) Elicitation (Acquisition of info.
From personal group in a manner
not to disclose your intent)
27
STM 2-3 Subject B
United Nations Military Observers - Tasks and Responsibilities
4
Investigatio
n,
Inspection,
Verification
1) Definitions
a) Investigation
b) Inspection
c) Verification
d) Planning
i) Refer to patrol planning
e) Before departure
i) Inspection
ii) Verification
iii) Investigation
f) Execution
i) Refer to specific task of
(1) Inspection
(2) Investigation
(3) Verification
g) Post activities action
i) According to patrol debriefing
process
ii) Debriefing of specialists
iii) Special reporting procedure
iv) Additional specialist documentation
preparation (forensic, legal
documents, documentary
evidence, etc.)
Lecture/Present
ation
28
1 Period
Detailed Knowledge
Officers will be able to describe and explain
the definitions and the differences and
characteristics of investigation, inspection and
verification, demonstrating a good knowledge
and understanding on the topics They will also
be able to solve given cases and present a
solution.
STM 2-3 Subject B
United Nations Military Observers - Tasks and Responsibilities
2) Investigation
a) Definitions
b) Planning
i) Refer to types of investigation
(1) Agreement violation
(2) Incidents (hostage, abduction,
missing person, etc.)
(3) Human rights violation
ii) Specific tasking
iii) Terms of reference of investigation
c) Before departure
i) Clarify task
ii) Patrol preparation
iii) Investigation kit
iv) Identify and contact involved
parties/players affected by
investigation
v) Brief patrol and investigation team
d) Execution
i) Maintain radio procedure
ii) Investigation procedure
(1) Record timings,
(2) Sketches/maps
(3) Evidences/exhibits protection
(4) Witness identification/recording
(5) Pictures or other
documentation
(6) In case of violations,
notification of findings
according to SOPs
Lecture/Present
ation
Practical Role
Demonstration
Case studies
Discussion
29
1 Period
Practical part
in the
Demonstratio
n/Exercise
Detailed Knowledge
Based on the patrol training session, officers
will be able to describe and explain the
process, techniques and procedures of an
investigation, demonstrating a good knowledge
and understanding on the topics They will also
be able to solve given cases and present a
solution.
Skills
Execution of the different phases of an
investigation under different circumstances /
situations.
STM 2-3 Subject B
United Nations Military Observers - Tasks and Responsibilities
iii) Crater Analysis
(1) Crater analysis (arty shell
quick and delay fuse)
(2) Crater analysis (mortar shell)
(3) Shell fragmentation analysis
(4) Reporting information
(5) Pattern
(6) Factors affecting pattern
(a) Projectile
(b) The angle of impact
(c) The type of fuse
(d) The terminal velocity of the
projectile, and the soil
composition
(7) Ricochets Furrows
e) Post activities action
i) According to patrol debriefing
process
ii) Debriefing of specialists
iii) Special reporting procedure
iv) Additional specialist documentation
preparation (forensic, legal
documents, documentary
evidence, etc.)
v) Maintain a record that defines the
continuity of evidence
30
STM 2-3 Subject B
United Nations Military Observers - Tasks and Responsibilities
3) Inspection
a) Planning
i) Refer to types of Inspection and
specific agreed document
(1) Scheduled inspection
(2) Unscheduled inspection
(3) Specific tasking
(4) Terms of reference of
inspection
b) Before departure
i) Clarify task
ii) Patrol preparation
iii) Identify and contact involved
parties/players affected by
inspection
iv) Brief patrol and inspection team
c) Execution
i) Inspection procedure
(1) Record timings and take notes,
(2) Sketches/maps
(3) Proper documentation (last
time report)
(4) Pictures or other
documentation
d) Post activities action
i) According to patrol debriefing
process
ii) Debriefing of specialists
iii) Special reporting procedure if
necessary
iv) Additional specialist documentation
preparation (forensic, legal
documents, documentary
evidence, etc.) if necessary
v) Maintain a record that defines the
continuity of evidence
Lecture/Present
ation
Practical Role
Demonstration
Case studies
Discussion
31
1 Period
Practical part
in the
Demonstratio
n/Exercise
Detailed Knowledge
Based on the patrol training session, officers
will be able to describe and explain the
process, techniques and procedures of an
inspection, demonstrating a good knowledge
and understanding on the topics They will also
be able to solve given cases and present a
solution.
Skills
Execution of the different phases of an
inspection under different circumstances /
situations.
STM 2-3 Subject B
United Nations Military Observers - Tasks and Responsibilities
4) Verification
a) Definitions
b) Planning, preparation and briefing
i) Clarify aim and objective of
verification
ii) Authority to conduct verification
iii) Determine special procedures ref.
to SOPs
iv) Additional specialist (LOs) required
v) Preparation of inspection kit
c) Execution
i) Presence of all parties
ii) Be sure to cover all area
iii) Record and log all figures
iv) All parties to cross-sign
d) Debriefing and reporting
i) Reports to be distributed according
to SOP
Lecture/Present
ation
Practical Role
Demonstration
Reference Material:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
SGTM 1
UN general guidelines for PKOs
UN Military Observer Handbook.
UN Guidelines for UNMOs
STM 2-2, Matrix SOP
Generic SOP
UN Handbook on multidimensional peacekeeping operations
UN general guidelines for PKOs
32
1 Period
Practical part
in the
Demonstratio
n/Exercise
Detailed Knowledge
Based on the patrol training session, officers
will be able to describe and explain the
process, techniques and procedures of a
verification, demonstrating a good knowledge
and understanding on the topics They will also
be able to solve given cases and present a
solution.
Skills
Execution of the different phases of an
verification under different circumstances /
situations.