DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
THE ALIMENTARY CANAL
• The alimentary canal- is the path that food will take from
the moment it ________ your body until it ______.
• AKA______________________
• Includes the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
• An adults DT is about _________feet long.
Digestion
 Digestion is the _______________ and _____________
breakdown of foods into forms that cell membranes can
absorb.
 Mechanical digestion breaks _______ pieces into smaller
ones without altering their ___________l composition
 Chemical digestion breaks food into
_________________________.
MOUTH
 Mouth- receives food and begins digestion by ____________
breaking up the solid particles into smaller pieces. This
is called ____________(fancy name for chewing)
 The mouth is also part of ________ and sensory perception.
TONGUE
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Tongue- mixes _________ with food and moves it toward
pharynx.
The surface of the tongue has rough projections called
_________. These can provide friction which handles food
most other papillae contain most of the __________.
The tongue is connected in the ______ to the floor of the
mouth by a membranous fold called the _____________.
The root of the tongue is anchored to the __________one.
3 TYPES OF TONSILS
 All Tonsils are _________________ tissue and are there for
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associated with ___________________.
Alingual Tonsils- Covers the _____ of the tongue
Palatine Tonsils- On ______ side of the tongue.
Pharyngeal Tonsils- (aka ____________) are on the
posterior wall of the pharynx, above the border of the
soft palate.
Look on pg 692 in your book and find all three.
PALATE
 The palate forms the roof of the __________ cavity and
consists of a hard anterior part and a soft posterior
part.
 The soft palate forms a muscular arch, which extends
posteriorly and downward as a _________________ projection
called the _______.
SALIVARY GLANDS
o Salivary Glands
• Located under the _________ and near the l_______________.
o Secret saliva, which ______________ food for easy
swallowing.
o There are two types of secretory cells ___________ and
___________.
o
o
Serous Cells – they produce a digestive enzyme called
____________ starts to break down some of the _________ in
the food even before it leaves the mouth.
Mucous Cells- produce ____________, which binds food
particles and acts as a l______________t.
o There are three pairs of major salivary glands:
o Parotid (1) is the ________
o ____________________(2)
o
(3) (is the
smallest)
TEETH
 Teethprimary, 32 secondary, _____________
structures in the body that are _____ part of the skeletal
system
PHARYNX
 Swallowing, moves food into the throat or ____________.
 A passage way for both _____and _____.
 It connects the nasal and oral cavities with the larynx
(where your vocal cords are) and esophagus.
 A flexible flap of tissue called _____________ reflexively
closes over the windpipe when we __________to prevent
choking.
ESOPHAGUS
 ESOPHAGUS is a straight ____________ tube about 25
centimeters long.
 Provides ________________ for food from the pharynx to the
_________.
 Waves of muscle contractions called _______________ forces
food down the esophagus.
ESPOPHAGUS
 At the ____ of the esophagus, a ___________ ring called
the ____________________sphincter allows food to enter the
stomach and then squeezes shut to keep food or fluid from
flowing back up into the esophagus.
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STOMACH
 Stomach- receives food, mixes it with __________ juices,
carries on limited amount of absorption, and moves food
into the small intestine
 The stomach is a _________________, pouchlike about 25-30
cm.
STOMACH
 Glands in the stomach produces about _____ liters of
gastric juices daily.
 ________ is by far the most important digestive juice, it
begins the digestion of nearly all types of dietary
_____________.
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STOMACH
When __________ has the volume of 1/5 of a _____, but it
can expand to hold ___cups of food after a large meal.
When the food is ready to __________ the stomach it has
been processed into a thick liquid called ________.
STOMACH
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A ring of muscle the ________________________ located
between the stomach and the ___________________ of the
small intestines controls food entry.
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It leaves the stomach and enters the small intestines
through ________________ waves.
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SMALL INTESTINES
Small intestine- receives secretions from the
_______________ and liver completes digestion of
_____________, absorbs the products of digestion, and
transports the residues to the large intestines.
Tubular organ with many ___________ and coils that fills
much of _____________l cavity
____________ meters long and 5 cm in diameter
SMALL INTESTINES
 Small Intestines is made up of 3 key parts
– The _____________- The C-shaped first part
– The jejunum- the ________________________
– The ___________ the final section that leads to the
_________ intestines.
SMALL INTESTINES
 The jejunum and ileum are ________________ from the
posterior abdominal wall by a double-layered fold of
peritoneum called the _____________.
The mesentery
supports the ___________________, nerves, and lymphatic
vessels that supply the intestinal wall.
 A filmy, __________________ fold of peritoneal membrane
called the ________________ drapes like an apron from the
__________ over the transverse colon and the folds of the
________________________.
SMALL INTESTINES
 The inner wall of the small intestines is covered with
___________ of microscopic, fingerlike projections called
_____. _____________ can be _____________ into the body
through this villi.
SMALL INTESTINES
 The Ileocecal sphincter joins the ______________________
ileum to the large intestine’s _____________.
 Normally remains closed, however eating a meal elicits a
gastroileal reflex that increases _____________ in the
ileum and relaxes the sphincter, forcing the contents of
the small intestine into the cecum.
LARGE INTESTINES
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By the time the food reaches the large intestines most of
the work of ______________________ is nearly finished.
The large intestine’s main function is to _________ water
from the undigested matter and form ________________ that
can be excreted
______________ in the colon help to digest the remaining
food particles.
LARGE INTESTINES
 Large intestine- consist of the cecum, the colon, the
rectum, and the anal canal.
 Cecum- a pouch at the _______________ of the large
intestine that ______ that small intestine to the large
intestines.
 The colon is divided into four portions…the ascending,
transverse, descending and sigmoid.
LAREGE INTESTINES
 The colon extends from the cecum up the right side of the
abdomen (___________), across the upper abdomen
(_________), and then down the left side of the abdomen
(_____________), then it makes an ____________ curve
called the (________) finally connecting to the rectum.
LARGE INTESTINES
 The rectum is where __________ are stored until they leave
the _________________.
 The ______________ connects the rectum to the anus.
 The anal canal opens to the outside as the anus.
 Gaurded by two sphincters.
Internal anal sphincter
(__________________ controlled) _____________l anal
sphincter (voluntarily controlled)
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APPENDIX
The appendix- a small hollow, __________ pouch.
Hangs at the end of the ________.
Scientist think it is left over from a previous time in
human ______________…it is no longer necessary to the DT
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ESSENTIAL ORGANS THAT ARE NOT PART OF THE DT
The _____ (located under the rib cage in the right upper
part of the abdomen).
The Gallbladder (hidden just ________ the liver)
The ____________ (beneath the stomach).
These are NOT part of the alimentary canal, but these are
essential to digestion.
LIVER
 Liver- __________ internal organ, metabolizes _______,
lipids, and proteins. Stores ___________, and destroys
toxins.
 Produces _______.
LIVER
 Bile- a _______________________ that hepatic cells
continuously secrete. (remember hepat means liver)
 Helps to break down _____.
PANCREAS
 Pancreas is an _____________ gland
 It secretes a digestive juice called pancreatic juice
 Produces enzymes that help digest ___________, fats, and
carbs.
 Also makes a substance that _________________ stomach
acid.
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PANCREAS
The cells that produce pancreatic juices release them into
the ____________________ that extends the length of the
pancreas and joins with the ____________ from the liver
and gallbladder and empty into the ______________________.
GALLBLADDER
 The gallbladder stores _____until it is needed.
 These enzymes and bile travel through special channels
called the __________ which lead ____________ into the
small intestine.
MAJOR MINERALS
CALCIUM

_____________- helps in the structure of_________,
essential for nerve impulse conduction, muscle fiber
contraction, and_________________, increases permeability
of cell membranes and activates certain enzymes.
 Calcium is found in milk, cheese, _________________
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products.
An ___________can cause kidney stones.
Not enough calcium can cause_________________, misshapen
bones, and fragile bones.
PHOSPHORUS
Phosphorus- helps in structures of________________,
component in nearly all metabolic reactions, constituent
of_________________, many proteins, some enzymes and some
vitamins, it also occurs in the cell membrane, ATP, and
phosphates of body fluids.
Phosphorus is found in__________, cheese, nuts,
_____________________, milk, legumes
Not enough phosphorus can cause __________________.
POTASSIUM
 Potassium- helps maintain
_______________________________and regulate pH;
promotes_____________; needed for nerve impulse conduction
and muscle fiber contraction.
 Potassium is found in avocados, ___________, meats,
__________, potatoes, and bananas.
 A lack of potassium can cause________________, cardiac
abnormalities, and___________.
SULFUR
 Sulfur- essential part of various_______________,
thiamine, insulin, biotin, and mucopolysaccharides.
 Sulfur is found in meats, milk, ________, legumes
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SODIUM
Sodium- helps maintain osmotic pressure of extracellular
fluids and regulate__________________; needed for
conduction of nerve impulses and contraction of muscle
fibers; aids in regulation of pH and in transport of
substances across cell membrane
Sodium is found in_________, cured ham, __________,
cheese, graham crackers.
An excess of sodium can cause ____________and edema.
A lack of sodium can cause nausea, _____________, and
convulsions.
CHLORINE
 Chlorine – maintain osmotic pressure of extracellular
fluids, ______________, and maintain electrolyte balance
 Chlorine can be obtained in table salt, cured ham,
sauerkraut, cheese, graham crackers
 Too much chlorine causes _________
 A __________of it causes muscles cramps
MAGNESIUM
 Magnesium – is needed in metabolic processes
(_______production in mitochondria)
 Found in ________products, legumes, nuts,
_______________vegetables
 If you consume too much magnesium it will cause
_____________
 A lack of it will cause neuromuscular disturbances
VITAMINS
B1
 Thiamine (B1) needed for _________of carbs
 It is found in lean meats, liver ,eggs, whole-grain
cereals, green vegetables
 A deficiency of vitamin B1 enlarges the_______, causes
muscular weakness, and beriberi
B2
Riboflavin (B2) - needed in the oxidation of glucose and
and fatty acids
Found in meats, dairy products, whole grain cereal, and
leafy green veggies
 If you do not get enough B2 you get __________and
dermatitis
________________– needed for oxidation of carbs and fats
Found in meats, milk, fruits, vegetables, legumes, wholegrain cereal
 A shortage of this vitamin is rare, but it
causes______________, loss of appetite, and muscle spasms
B12
 Cyanocobalamin (B12) – needed for synthesis of nucleic
acids and for metabolism
 In liver, meat, and cheese, eggs
 A loss of B12 causes pernicious ______________
FOLACIN
 Folacin- metabolism of certain amino acids and for
synthesis of DNA
 Found in leafy green vegetables, legumes, whole grain
cereals
C
 Ascorbic acid (C) – needed for production of __________and
metabolism of some amino acids
 Found in____________, tomatoes, potatoes, leafy green
vegetables
 An excess of vitamin C exacerbates _______and kidney stone
formation
 A shortage of it causes scurvy, ____________________, and
wounds heal slower
 it is needed.
 These enzymes and bile travel through special channels
called the bile ducts which lead directly into the