國立員林家商 103-1 學期外二甲乙「英文閱讀與寫作」講義(Outline of “An Early Brain Map”)by Brenda
I. Introduction
A. Throughout history, human behavior seemed impossible to understand.
1. Teachers wondered why some students were good at math but other students were not.
2. People wondered why one neighbor was friendly but another was unfriendly.
3. Parents wondered why one child behaved and another caused trouble.
B. In the early 19th century, a German doctor thought he could answer these complex questions.
II. A New Theory
A. Dr. Franz Joseph Gall’s idea
1. The brain was the source of human behavior.
2. It was possible to understand human behavior if we understood how the brain functioned.
3. Each area of the brain was linked to a certain behavior.
4. The functions of the brain created bumps on a person’s skull.
5. Doctors learned about a person’s behavior by analyzing these bumps.
(1) the location of the bumps on the skull
(2) the size of the bumps of the skull
6. The bumps tell a person’s behavior.
B. Dr. Franz Joseph Gall’s test
1. He looked at the heads of many people.
(1) He located the bumps.
(2) He measured the bumps.
2. He asked the people questions about themselves.
(1) He wanted to learn about their behavior.
(2) He looked for a link between bumps and behaviors.
3. He linked every bump on a human skull to a brain function.
(1) He created a complex map of an average human head.
a. The map had 27 areas.
b. He labeled each area with a brain function.
(2) He named this mapping of the human skull “phrenology.”
III. The Growth of Phrenology
A. Phrenology created great interest around the world.
1. Some people thought Dr. Gall’s ideas were wonderful.
(1) They thought Dr. Gall’s phrenology map was a scientific way to understand behaviors.
(2) Some people learn how to read bumps and became phrenologists.
2. Customers went to phrenologists to have their head bumps analyzed.
IV. Phrenology’s Critics
A. Other people made jokes about phrenology and head bumps.
1. They did not think phrenology was scientific.
2. It was impossible to know behaviors by analyzing head bumps.
V. Conclusion
A. In the early 20th century, the study of human behavior became important to scientists.
B. Head bumps could not explain how people behaved.
C. Everyone agreed that phrenology was not a science.