PART 1 (INC. TENSES & PASSIVE VOICE)
REVIEW 1
We will all _(1)_ from home by the end of the next century.
1.
a) have been working
b) have worked
c) be working
d) be worked
I imagine I‘ll _(2)_ my first child by the time I’m thirty.
2.
a) have had
b) be having
c) have
d) have been having
By this time next week, I ‘ll _(3)_ five exams.
3.
a) be taking
b) take
c) have been taken
d) have taken
Things are very busy at work at the moment, so I will probably _(4)_ to do overtime some time over the
next week or so.
4.
a) be asked
b) have asked
c) be asking
d) have been asking
It _(5a)_ until 1500 BC that the first hollow glass container _(5b)_ by covering a sand core with a layer
of molten glass.
5.
a) wasn’t ... was made
b) hadn’t been ... made
c) wouldn’t be ... had been made
d) wasn’t ... being made
Some magnetic fields _(6)_ by electric currents produced from the flux of the fluid center of the
earth.
6.
a) originate
b) will originate
c) originated
d) are originated
The additives sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate are two closely related chemicals that _(7)_ for
centuries to preserve meat.
7.
a) are used
b) were being used
c) have been used
d) had been using
Now that he _(8a)_ driving to work, he doesn’t get as much exercise as he _(8b)_.
8.
a) will start ... got used to
b) is to start ... was used to
c) has started ... used to
d) starts ... didn’t use to
Many of the social changes of the 20th century _(9)_ in the changes of fashion.
9.
a) reflected
b) have reflected
c) are reflected
d) being reflected
1
The building was really ugly; it _(10)_ built very cheaply.
10. a) couldn’t have been
b) had been
c) wouldn’t have been
d) would be
We had expected that they _(11)_ some warm clothes, considering the climate.
11. a) brought
b) had brought
c) bring
d) would bring
We _(12)_ the fabric of the jacket when the shop assistant accused us of theft.
12. a) just felt
b) could just feel
c) were just feeling
d) might just have felt
He _(13a)_ that the show _(13b)_ spectacular, but he was sadly disappointed.
13. a) had thought ... was
b) thought ... would have been
c) was thinking ... had been
d) had thought ... would be
Hardly _(14)_ my apartment when I heard the telephone ring.
14. a) had I left
b) was I leaving
c) would I leave
d) was I going to leave
Not until it _(15)_ too late did I remember that it was Sarah's birthday.
15. a) had been
b) would be
c) would have been
d) was
It is said that fashion _(16)_ itself every thirty or forty years.
16. a) is repeated
b) repeated
c) repeats
d) repeating
The economic well-being of many people in developing countries _(17)_ on the support and help that
charities provide.
17. a) depending
b) depend
c) depends
d) have depended
Now that he _(18)_ full-time, he is able to spend more time with his children.
18. a) hasn’t worked
b) isn’t working
c) didn’t work
d) wouldn’t work
By the time we get home, we _(19)_ most of the tourist spots in London.
19. a) will be seeing
b) will see
c) are going to see
d) will have seen
It has been widely recognized that stress in the workplace _(20)_ to dangerous levels.
20. a) increasing
b) had increased
c) is increasing
d) will have increased
To many scientists, it’s impossible that one day we _(21)_ on other planets.
21. a) will live
b) would live
c) are to live
d) live
2
I don’t believe that computers _(22)_ developed to be more intelligent than humans.
22. a) had never been
b) have never been
c) won’t ever be
d) will ever be
In twenty years’ time, most people will _(23)_ their TV as their computer monitor.
23. a) have been using
b) have used
c) be using
d) be used
The quality of life for most people in the future will _(24)_ by the quality of cities.
24. a) be determined
b) have determined
c) be determining
d) have been determining
Did you know that my brother got _(25)_ from his car the other day?
25. a) his radio was stolen
b) his radio stolen
c) to steal his radio
d) stolen his radio
When I arrived home last night, I discovered that Jane _(26)_ a beautiful candle-lit dinner.
26. a) had been prepared
b) had prepared
c) preparing
d) prepared
The park was built in the same year when the company _(27)_.
27. a) has started
b) had been started
c) was started
d) had started
Everyone in the office complains that he _(28)_ awful but nobody dares to actually mention it to him.
28. a) is smelling
b) has always been smelling
c) smelled
d) smells
I think it's an interesting fact that she _(29)_ from Estonia.
29. a) come
b) to come
c) comes
d) coming
Kaplitt, a Parkinson's researcher at the Weill Medical College of Cornell University in New York, says the
gene therapy trial will start late this year and involve patients who _(30)_ all the standard means of
therapy.
30. a) exhaust
b) are exhausted
c) have exhausted
d) are exhausting
When Melanie came into the office yesterday, her eyes were red and watery. I think she _(31)_.
31. a) had cried
b) has been crying
c) had been crying
d) cried
By the time we get to Chicago this evening, we _(32)_ more than four hundred miles. We are going to be
exhausted.
32. a) are going to drive
b) will have driven
c) will be driving
d) are driving
3
I _(33)_ many pictures of the pyramids before I went to Egypt. Pictures of the monuments are very
misleading. The pyramids are actually quite small.
33. a) have seen
b) had seen
c) have been seeing
d) see
Margie just called and said she would be here at 8:00 o'clock. By the time she gets here, we _(34)_ for
her for two hours.
34. a) had been waiting
b) will have been waiting
c) will wait
d) are waiting
Frank just changed jobs again. If he keeps this up, he _(35)_ jobs at least four times by the end of the
year.
35. a) will have changed
b) will have been changed
c) will change
d) will be changing
Frida Kahlo, Mexico’s best-known woman painter, _(36a)_ polio at the age of six and _(36a)_ to her bed
for nine months.
36. a) got…was confined
b) would get…confined
c) was getting…being confined
d) got…had been confined
In October, my grandmother and grandfather _(37)_ for fifty years.
37. a) will be marrying
b) will have been married
c) are married
d) have been married
The president of the company will _(38)_ on Channel 5 on Friday, August 4th in order to respond to the
charges brought up against him recently.
38. a) be appearing
b) have been appearing
c) have appeared
d) appear to be
The police _(39)_ charges against her because they couldn't find any evidence.
39. a) had had to drop
b) had to drop
c) had been dropping
d) have to be dropped
The dog picked up a rabbit that _(40)_.
40. a) was being shot
b) is shot
c) had been shot
d) has been shot
They demanded a huge ransom for the return of the little girl whom they _(41)_.
41. a) kidnapped
b) had been kidnapped
c) had kidnapped
d) were kidnapped
An Austrian monk, Gregor Mendel, developed the fundamental principles that _(42)_ the modern science
of genetics.
42. a) would become
b) had become
c) will have become
d) was becoming
4
The social role of artists _(43)_ over time.
43. a) has changed
b) change
c) changing
d) have been changing
The key witness for the prosecution _(44)_ police protection after she received death threats.
44. a) had been offered
b) was offered
c) offered
d) did offer
At the trial, his teacher, who was called as a witness, said he was a quiet boy who _(45)_ in trouble
before.
45. a) never was
b) had never been
c) was never
d) has never been
Is there any scientific evidence that a person's character _(46)_ in their handwriting?
46. a) is reflected
b) is reflecting
c) will reflect
d) reflects
"Wait until it is night before saying that it _(47)_ a fine day." - French Proverb
47. a) had been
b) has been
c) is
d) would be
Two arrests _(48)_, but the men were later released without charge.
48. a) are being made
b) are made
c) were made
d) have been made
Latin continued to influence English and other languages many years after it _(49)_ .
49. a) had no longer spoken
b) not being spoken any longer
c) was no longer spoken
d) no longer being spoken
I don’t think I could produce a meal out of what _(50)_ in the fridge.
50. a) has left
b) is left
c) had been left
d) had left
By the 1900s, hunters _(51)_ most of Africa's vast herds of elephants.
51. a) had systematically destroyed
b) systematically destroyed
c) were systematically destroyed
d) have had systematically destroyed
Brinkworth _(52)_ in Saturday's match owing to a knee injury.
52. a) won’t be playing
b) won’t have played
c) hadn’t been playing
d) wasn’t played
We were walking along the bottom of the cliffs when we _(53)_ off by the incoming tide.
53. a) were being cut
b) getting cut
c) got cut
d) been cut
5
She was chasing after a man who _(54)_ her bag.
54. a) had snatched
b) was snatched
c) snatching
d) was snatching
I'd appreciate it if you could let me know in advance whether or not you _(55)_.
55. a) will or won’t come
b) will be coming
c) going to come
d) will have come
Colonial settlers _(56)_ their own culture and religion on the countries that they conquered.
56. a) imposed
b) had imposed
c) imposing
d) impose
Astronomers _(57)_ that before galaxies, stars or planets, exotic snowflakes fluttered through the
universe in the first and extremely dark cosmic winter.
57. a) are theorized
b) theorize
c) theorizing
d) were theorized
Hydrogen, the simplest and most abundant element, _(58)_ at temperatures near absolute zero.
58. a) is freezing
b) freezes
c) will be freezing
d) is always freezing
The data was analysed according to neighbourhoods, but other key variables like credit rating, job history,
savings and marital status _(59)_ altogether.
59. a) was being ignored
b) were ignored
c) ignored
d) had ignored
Wheat was planted in two of the fields and the remaining land _(60a)_ over and _(60b)_ bare.
60. a) had been dug…had left
b) was to be dug…leaving
c) was dug…left
d) was being dug …left
The two opposing parties _(61)_ an argument for two weeks, but it's too good to last.
61. a) have been having
b) have had
c) haven't had
d) haven’t been having
The expedition team would have to hunt for food soon, as most of the food supplies _(62)_ bad from the
moisture.
62. a) would have gone
b) had gone
c) have gone
d) gone
By 1967, about 500 U.S. citizens _(63)_ heart transplants.
63. a) had received
b) received
c) have received
d) had been received
Timing is everything when it _(64)_ to launching a rocket or landing a plane.
64. a) is coming
b) will come
c) has come
d) comes
6
Every day as a child, she _(65)_ that old bike to school.
65. a) was pedalling
b) had been pedalling
c) would pedal
d) pedals
"Never trouble trouble till it _(66)_ you." - American Proverb
66.
a) troubles
b) troubled
c) will trouble
d) would trouble
Dave’s mother would drink most of the time because she could not deal with what she _(67)_ to her
family.
67. a) was done
b) has done
c) did
d) had done
Fiona _(68)_ to leave home and live on her own only after she was 24, which is unusual in the
Netherlands.
68. a) has been allowed
b) had allowed
c) was allowed
d) allowed
Abu Bakar Bashir, who had agreed to turn himself in for questioning, was instead taken to a hospital
after his lawyer said he _(69)_.
69. a) had collapsed
b) has collapsed
c) did collapse
d) would have collapsed
He _(70)_ really impatient if he _(71)_ too long in a queue.
70. a)
b)
c)
d)
gets
has gotten
would be getting
is getting
71. a)
b)
c)
d)
will wait
has to wait
is waiting
would wait
He _(72)_ a good education and _(73)_ knowledgeably on a range of topics.
72. a)
b)
c)
d)
was going to receive
was received
would be receiving
had received
73. a)
b)
c)
d)
could have spoken
might be speaking
could speak
might be able to speak
I _(74)_ the exercise on tenses by the time the bell _(75)_.
74. a)
b)
c)
d)
will be finishing
will finish
am going to finish
will have finished
75. a)
b)
c)
d)
is ringing
will ring
rings
will have rung
In Europe it _(76)_ until November 1895 in Berlin that a public 'film' _(77)_ shown.
76. a)
b)
c)
d)
wasn’t
hadn’t been
wouldn’t be
weren’t
77. a)
b)
c)
d)
was being
had been
was
would be
7
Luckily, when the accident happened, there was someone there who _(78)_ a course in first aid and
_(79)_ to the injured.
78. a)
b)
c)
d)
had done
did
was able to do
could have done
79. a)
b)
c)
d)
had attended
was able to attend
was attending
had been able to attend
The discovery of a fossil skeleton of a 56-million-year-old tiny mammal _(80)_ that our early ancestors
_(81)_ tree-living fruit eaters.
80. a)
b)
c)
d)
indicating
to indicate
indicates
was indicated
81. a)
b)
c)
d)
had been
are
were
would have been
It seems that people _(82)_ governments are not doing _(83)_ about global warming.
82. a)
b)
c)
d)
who believe
to believe
believe
believing
83. a)
b)
c)
d)
any
many
enough
a lot of
Drug detection dogs such as German Shepherds are trained to find drugs that _(84)_ in very obscure
places. They are used at airports and international borders. They also _(85)_ police officers on drug
searches in homes, warehouses and other locations where hidden drugs are suspected.
84. a)
b)
c)
d)
hidden
have been hiding
were being hidden
have been hidden
85. a)
b)
c)
d)
accompany
accompanied
have accompanied
are accompanied
A century _(86)_ Hawaiians lost their kingdom and much of their culture, a new generation _(87)_ its
roots—and some of them want their islands back.
86. a)
b)
c)
d)
later
ago
after
before
87. a)
b)
c)
d)
is discovering
discovering
which discovered
to discover
It was not until the 1940s that information _(88)_ as a new scientific term, and this definition _(89)_
quite new, unlike any in standard dictionaries.
88. a)
b)
c)
d)
would be defined
had defined
was defined
defined
89. a)
b)
c)
d)
was
would be
had been
has been
400 tons of food __(90)__ when a convoy of trucks __(91)__ in the famine-hit town.
90. a) would have been stolen
b) had been stolen
c) was to be stolen
d) was stolen
91. a)
b)
c)
d)
to hijack
were hijacking
was hijacked
hijacked
8
Before I came to Hollywood in 1985, I __(92)__ in two plays, a television commercial and a TV drama.
However, I __(93)__ in a live TV show.
92. a)
b)
c)
d)
would perform
perform
had performed
was performing
93. a)
b)
c)
d)
had never appeared
have never appeared
would never have appeared
would never appear
When Sarah goes on vacation next month, she __(94)__ German for over two years. She should be able
to communicate fairly well while she __(95)__ in Austria.
94. a)
b)
c)
d)
will
will
will
will
have been studied
have been studying
be studying
study
95. a)
b)
c)
d)
will have been
is going to be
will be
is
I __(96)__ much yet; however, I __(97)__ the Grand Canyon and San Francisco by the time I leave the
United States.
96. a) don’t travel
b) didn’t travel
c) haven’t travelled
d) hadn’t travelled
97. a) will visit
b) will have been visiting
c) will have visited
d) will have been visited
Since shoes __(98)__ to protect the feet, it’s hard to believe that some styles __(99)__ walking nearly
impossible. In ancient China, it was the custom to bind the feet of upper-class girls so that when they
__(100)__ women they could squeeze their stunted feet into silk shoes only four inches long. The binding
process involved bending toes under the feet, which were bound with tight wrappings worn day and night
until the feet __(98)__ growing.
98. a) mean
b) have meant
c) meant
d) are meant
99. a) will make
b) had made
c) have made
d) will have made
100. a)
b)
c)
d)
101. a)
b)
c)
d)
would become
became
were becoming
have become
would stop
have stopped
stops
stopped
The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the Yucatan; however, their culture
__(102)__ by the time Europeans first __(103)__ in the New World.
102. a) virtually disappeared
b) had virtually disappeared
c) was virtually disappearing
d) has virtually disappeared
103. a) would arrive
b) arrived
c) had arrived
d) have arrived
Chinese __(104)__ one of the most remarkable pieces of art in language that humankind __(105)__.
104. a)
b)
c)
d)
is
was
has been
would be
105. a)
b)
c)
d)
has ever made
will ever be made
had ever made
had ever been made
9
Did you hear that Ben was fired last month? He __(106)__ for that import company for more than ten
years and he __(107)__ in almost every department. Nobody knew the company like he did.
106. a) had been working
b) was working
c) has worked
d) worked
107. a) has worked
b) was working
c) worked
d) had worked
Five thousand years ago, Thi Chi __(108)__ the first Chinese characters by imitating the shapes of living
things in the world. Then, after a few centuries, the Chinese __(109)__ these pictographs easier to
draw.
108. a)
b)
c)
d)
was created
had created
created
had been creating
109. a)
b)
c)
d)
made
were making
would be making
were made
The students __(110)__ by Mrs. Monty. However, this week they __(111)__ by Mr. Tanzer.
110. a) have usually been taught
b) had usually been taught
c) are usually taught
d) usually taught
111. a) taught
b) have taught
c) had been taught
d) are being taught
Demographers __(112)__ us that by the year 2050, one out of every three persons living in the United
States __(113)__ of Hispanic origin.
112. a) telling
b) are told
c) have been told
d) tell
113. a) have been
b) will be
c) are
d) will have been
Some 70 years ago, Tasmania's odd marsupial wolf__(114)__ to extinction. Now, some ambitious
scientists __(115)__ a controversial plan to bring the species back to life.
114. a) drove
b) was driven
c) had driven
d) was being driven
115. a) are being undertaken
b) are undertaking
c) undertaking
d) who undertake
10
PART 1 (INC. TENSES & PASSIVE VOICE)
REVIEW 2
This month, high school seniors around the country __(1)__ their college applications. Some will apply to
schools far away. Those in favour __(2)__ "going away" to school believe that living away from home
__(3)__ a young person's world. What would your preference be?
1.
a) is submitting
b) will be submitting
c) will have been submitted
d) is going to submit
2.
a) for
b) of
c) with
d) to
3. a) broadens
b) broadened
c) going to broaden
d) would broaden
Thomas is an author. He __(4)__ mystery novels and travel memoirs. He __(5)__ since he was twentyeight. Altogether, he __(6)__ seven novels, three collections of short stories and a book of poetry.
4.
a) had written
b) is writing
c) writes
d) has written
5.
a) was writing
b) has been writing
c) had written
d) wrote
6.
a) wrote
b) has written
c) is writing
d) had written
Sarah __(7)__ the Matterhorn and __(8)__ around the world by the time she turned twenty-five. She
__(9)__ more by that age than most people do in their entire lives.
7.
a) has climbed
b) had been climbing
c) had climbed
d) climbed
8.
a) sailing
b) sailed
c) has sailed
d) was sailing
9.
a)
b)
c)
d)
has experienced
was experienced
experienced
had experienced
By the time I got to the office, the meeting __(10)__ without me. My boss __(11)__ furious with me and
I __(12)__.
10. a) has already begun
b) already began
c) had already begun
d) was already beginning
11.
a) was being
b) has been
c) had been
d) was
12. a)
b)
c)
d)
was being fired
was fired
had fired
fired
I __(13)__ so many beautiful places since I __(14)__ to Utah. Before moving here, I __(15)__ of Bryce
Canyon, Zion, Arches or Canyon lands.
13. a) had visited
b) have visited
c) had been visiting
d) visited
14.
a) come
b) have come
c) had come
d) came
15. a)
b)
c)
d)
have never heard
had never heard
would never have heard
would never hear
Duck decoys __(16)__ valued for how efficiently they lured waterfowl and shorebirds into shotgun
range. Today these classic creations __(17)__ from the marsh to the museum, and they __(18)__ works
of art.
16. a) were once
b) have already been
c) are still being
d ) had earlier been
17.
a) have been moving
b) have moved
c) which moved
d) that were moved
11
18.
a) are considered
b) have been considered
c) consider to be
d) consider being
Space Phenomena
While writers have produced some great ideas for time machines over the years, a real-life time machine
__(19)__. Most theories of time travel don't rely on machines at all. Instead, time travel will perhaps
__(20)__ by way of natural phenomena that will transport us instantly from one point in time to another.
These space phenomena, which we are not even sure __(21)__ , include rotating black holes, wormholes
and cosmic strings.
19. a) has yet to be built
b) wasn’t built
c) isn’t built
d) hadn’t been built
20.
a) be done
b) have done
c) do
d) be doing
21. a) exist
b) existed
c) of existing
d) exists
Beautiful?
A lawyer was just waking up from anesthesia after surgery, and his wife was sitting by his side. His eyes
fluttered open and he said, “You're beautiful!” and then he fell asleep again. His wife __(22)__ him say
that so she stayed by his side. A couple of minutes later his eyes fluttered open and he said, “You're
cute!” Well, the wife __(23)__ because instead of ‘beautiful’ it was ‘cute’. She said, “What happened to
‘beautiful’?’’ His reply was “The drugs __(24)__ !”
22. a) has never heard
b) had never heard
c) never heard
d) would never hear
23.
a) was disappointed
24. a) are going to wear off
b) disappointed
b) are wearing off
c) had been disappointed
c) will be wearing off
d) was disappointing
d) wear off
The U.S. Antarctic Program has established a thorough waste-management program to ensure that its
impact on the Antarctic environment _(25)_ minimal. The program begins before anything _(26)_
shipped to Antarctica. Individual participants in the program—the scientists and all support personnel—
_(27)_ on how to minimize the amount of waste they bring in.
25. a)
b)
c)
d)
was
had been
is
is being
26.
a)
b)
c)
d)
will be
had been
was
is
27. a)
b)
c)
d)
instruct
are instructed
will instruct
would be instructed
The term “heir” is often misused. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a person cannot be called
an heir to any property “_(28)_, through the death of its possessor, he _(29)_ entitled _(30)_ it.”
28. a)
b)
c)
d)
by the time
while
until
after
29.
a)
b)
c)
d)
will become
became
might become
becomes
30. a)
b)
c)
d)
for
of
to
with
33. a)
b)
c)
d)
didn’t really suit
hadn’t really suited
wouldn’t really suit
couldn’t really suit
She _(31)_ a new perfume that _(32)_ too sweet and _(33)_ her.
31. a)
b)
c)
d)
had worn
was worn
was being worn
was wearing
32.
a)
b)
c)
d)
had smelt
was smelling
smelt
had been smelling
12
Shortly after he _(34)_, the slave was sentenced to _(35)_ to the lion, which _(36)_ given any food for
several days.
34. a)
b)
c)
d)
had captured
could have been captured
was captured
could be captured
35.
a)
b)
c)
d)
be throwing
have been throwing
be thrown
have been thrown
36. a)
b)
c)
d)
wouldn’t be
wasn’t
hadn’t been
wouldn’t have been
The wild Bactrian camel, a two-humped ancestor of domesticated camels, is now critically _(37)_ in its
native habitat in the harsh deserts of Northwest China and Mongolia. Many of those that _(38)_ a
nature reserve that _(39)_, until recently, a Chinese nuclear test site.
37. a)
b)
c)
d)
endangering
endangered
to endanger
to be endangered
38.
a)
b)
c)
d)
remain inhabit
39. a) was
remaining inhabitants
b) is
remain inhabited
c) has been
remained inhabited
d) would be
The future looks bright for Globalcall Communications. By 2005, our company will __(40)__ more than 15
million households and businesses globally. Globalcall Communications __(41)__ a household word by then.
We look forward __(42)__ clients and __(43)__ to do everything in our power to make sure that your
communication future is unlimited and simple.
40. a) service
b) be servicing
c) have been serviced
d) be serviced
41.
a) will have become
b) will become
c) becomes
d) is becoming
42. a) to serving
b) to serve
c) by serving
d) to have served
43.
a) are planning
b) planned
c) have been planned
d) would plan
When I __(44)__ the radio on yesterday, I __(45)__ a song that was popular when I was in high school.
I __(46)__ the song in years and it __(47)__ back some great memories.
44. a) had turned
b) turned
c) was turning
d) was turned
45.
a) have heard
b) was hearing
c) had heard
d) heard
46. a) wasn’t heard
b) didn’t hear
c) haven’t heard
d) hadn’t heard
47.
a) was brought
b) brought
c) had brought
d) was bringing
When Jack __(48)__ the room, I __(49)__ him because he __(50)__ so much weight and __(51)__ a
beard. He looked totally different!
48. a) was entered
b) had entered
c) was entering
d) entered
50. a)
b)
c)
d)
has lost
had been losing
had lost
lost
49.
51.
a) didn’t recognize
b) hadn’t recognized
c) wasn’t recognized
d) haven’t recognized
a) was grown
b) has grown
c) growing
d) grown
13
They are among the loudest and most ubiquitous sounds of the deep, but until recently the purpose of
"songs" from fin whales __(52)__ a mystery. Now, a group of scientists working in Mexico __(53)__ that
only males sing, indicating that the low-frequency vocalizations may be mating calls to distant female fin
whales. If this is __(54)__ ,the scientists say, the increasing noise from ships, sonars and other human
sources could interfere __(55)__ the breeding, and ultimately the survival, of this endangered species.
52. a) would be
b) was being
c) was
d) has been
53.
a) has found
b) is finding
c) has been finding
d) finds
54. a) such
b) so
c) how
d) why
55.
a) with
b) on
c) about
d) between
_(56)_ a girl, my aunt _(57)_ us to Brighton every weekend. We walked up the promenade to the pier.
_(58)_ there, we ate ice-cream while she sat _(59)_ to complete strangers.
56. a)
b)
c)
d)
Being
While
As
When being
57.
a)
b)
c)
d)
were taking
would take
would be taking
was to take
58. a)
b)
c)
d)
After
During
Once
Meanwhile
59.
a)
b)
c)
d)
to chat
chatted
chatting
to be chatting
Last week, I __(60)__ into an ex-girlfriend of mine. We __(61)__ each other in years and both of us
__(62)__ a great deal. I enjoyed __(63)__ to her so much that I asked her out on a date. We __(64)__
together tonight for dinner.
60. a) was running
b) had run
c) ran
d) had been running
61.
a) weren’t seen
b) haven’t seen
c) didn’t see
d) hadn’t seen
63. a) to have talked
b) having talked
c) to talk
d) talking
64.
a) be getting
b) ‘d get
c) are getting
d) going to get
62. a)
b)
c)
d)
was changed
had changed
had been changed
changed
To make chocolate, the cocoa beans __(65)__ for about a week, __(66)__ in the sun and then shipped to
the chocolate maker. The chocolate maker starts __(67)__ the beans to bring out the flavor. Different
beans from different places have different qualities and flavors, so they __(68)__ to produce a
distinctive mix. Next, the roasted beans are winnowed. __(69)__ removes the meat (also known as the
nib) of the cocoa bean from its shell.
65. a) are fermented
b) which ferment
c) fermenting
d) have fermented
66.
a) dried
b) dry
c) will dry
d) are drying
14
67. a) to be roasted
b) in order to roast
c) by roasting
d) to roasting
68. a) blended
b) are blended
c) have been blending
d) are blending
69.
a) Winnowing
b) To winnow
c) For winnowing
d)To be winnowed
Sorry For Eating The Peanuts
A man visits his aunt in the nursing home. It turns out that she __(70)__ a nap, so he just sits down in a
chair in her room, flips through a few magazines, and munches on some peanuts __(71)__ in a bowl on the
table. Eventually, the aunt wakes up, and her nephew realizes he absentmindedly finished the __(72)__
bowl. "I'm so sorry, auntie, I __(73)__ all of your peanuts!" "That's okay, dear," the aunt replies. "After
I __(74)__ the chocolate off, I don't care for them anyway."
70. a) has taken
b) had been taking
c) took
d) is taking
71.
a) sitting
b) they were sitting
c) whose sitting
d) which sat
73. a) had eaten
b) was eaten
c) have eaten
d) have been eating
74.
a) have sucked
b) sucked
c) had sucked
d) sucking
72. a) all
b) entire
c) totally
d) completely
Well before dawn on August 2, 1943, 26-year-old Lt. John F. Kennedy and his crew on PT 109 _(75)_ to
see a massive shape _(76)_ out of the moonless night in the Solomon Islands. Only seconds later that
form _(77)_ the speeding Japanese destroyer Amagiri, and before the Americans _(78)_ it, the ship
rammed the much smaller torpedo boat, igniting a fireball of high-octane gasoline. The impact killed two
Americans and left 11 others, including Kennedy, _(79)_ for their lives.
75. a)
b)
c)
d)
astonished
had astonished
were astonished
had been astonished
76.
a)
b)
c)
d)
appear
to appear
would appear
was appearing
78. a)
b)
c)
d)
would avoid
had avoided
could avoid
were going to avoid
79.
a)
b)
c)
d)
to be swimming
to swim
swam
would swim
77. a)
b)
c)
d)
had become
would have become
was becoming
became
A single wolf _(80)_ the threatened Scandinavian wolf pack along the road to recovery. Less than two
decades ago, only a handful of wolves _(81)_ across southern Scandinavia. Now their numbers _(82)_ to
more than 100.
One lone wolf _(83)_ the tide for this isolated group, report Scandinavian researchers. Past studies
have suggested that dwindling populations could _(84)_ new blood, but this is the first time scientists
_(85)_ this boost in the wild.
80. a)
b)
c)
d)
having pushed
may have pushed
likely to push
pushed and
81.
a)
b)
c)
d)
wandered
had wandered
had been wandered
were wandered
15
82. a)
b)
c)
d)
are soared
soaring
have soared
to soar
83. a)
b)
c)
d)
is turning
is turned
turned
was turning
84.
a)
b)
c)
d)
be revived by
have revived
revive
have been reviving
85. a)
b)
c)
d)
have spotted
spotting
spot
spotted
Scientists _(86)_ the mating calls of Metaphrynella sundana have discovered that male frogs _(87)_ the
pitch of their calls to resonate inside hollow tree cavities—their preferred mating habitat. Researchers
likened the resonant effects to _(88)_ organ pipes. _(89)_ successful, male frogs sound closer, louder,
and much more attractive to prospective female mates.
The discovery marks the first time an animal species _(90)_ its calling behavior to improve its calling
strategy. Some species of crickets and burrowing frogs _(91)_ baffles and burrows of specific
dimensions to create a resonant chamber for their mating calls. But such adaptations involve the insect
or animal _(92a)_ their physical environment, not _(92b)_ their individual calling behavior.
86. a)
b)
c)
d)
are studying
studying
have studied
having studied
87.
a)
b)
c)
d)
actively tune
are actively tuned
actively tuning
having actively tuned
88. a)
b)
c)
d)
the ones
those of
those were
one of
89. a)
b)
c)
d)
Being
When
As
While
90.
a)
b)
c)
d)
shown to alter
shown to be altered
has shown altered
has been shown to alter
91. a)
b)
c)
d)
knew how to dig
known to be digging
are known to dig
know that digging
92. a)
b)
c)
d)
change...alter
by changing...by altering
changing...altering
to change...to alter
Some ants in Africa are carnivorous. Driver ants _(93)_ daily raids in swarms that resemble labyrinths
of thick black rope. As they advance across the forest floor, they _(94)_ everything in their path.
Colonies can be _(95)_ up to 22 million workers. When they capture prey, _(96)_ act together as one
“animal” with millions of mouths. Using the powerful bite and shearing action of their mandibles, they
_(97)_ on one of the world’s largest serpents, the African python, when it _(98)_ powerless digesting
its food.
93. a)
b)
c)
d)
performing
are performing
perform
will perform
94.
a)
b)
c)
d)
are engulfing
have engulfed
are engulfed by
engulf
95. a)
b)
c)
d)
consisted of
made
comprised
composed of
96. a)
b)
c)
d)
they know that they will
they are known to be
it is known that they
they are knowingly
97.
a)
b)
c)
d)
know that feasting
have known how to feast
are known to feast
know about the feasts
98. a)
b)
c)
d)
lay
is laying
lies
lying
16
Australia is in the grips of one of its worst droughts __(99)__ 100 years. Fresh water levels in rivers
__(100)__ and salt water __(101)__ further inland, __(102)__ sharks further upstream. Hungry
sharks__(103)__ tens of kilometres up Australian rivers. Wingham is about 40 kms upstream on the
Manning River, but local fishermen recently __(104)__ a bull shark swimming near a small dam, a popular
swimming hole for locals. Schools have warned children __(105)__ off in the local river.
99. a) last
b) during
c) in
d) since
100. a) have fallen
b) were falling
c) had fallen
d) falling
101. a) is extending
b) extending
c) were extending
d) extended
102. a)
b)
c)
d)
103. a) ventured
b) are ventured
c) are venturing
d) had ventured
104. a) were spotting
b) spotted
c) had spotted
d) spotting
forced
forcing
to force
they are forcing
105. a) not cooling
b) don’t cool
c) not to cool
d) mustn’t cool
17
PART 2 (INC.ADJECTIVE CLAUSES, NOUN CLAUSES & ADVERB CLAUSES)
REVIEW 1
We’re having dinner tonight at the restaurant _(1)_ in the paper last week.
1.
a) that reviewed
b) reviewed
c) having been reviewed
d) reviewing
I wish I _(2)_. I’d probably have answered more questions correctly.
2.
a) had been concentrating
b) was being concentrated
c) would have concentrated
d) have concentrated
There’s a lot in the news about GM foods because people aren’t sure _(3)_ it’s safe to change the
genetic makeup of produce.
3.
a) whenever
b) however
c) whether
d) why
_(4)_ you do it, just make sure it’s done by this time tomorrow.
4.
a) Whatever
b) However
c) Whichever
d) Whoever
He’s a complete failure. _(5)_ decision he makes, it’s bound to be the wrong one.
5.
a) Whatever
b) Whichever
c) However
d) Whenever
_(6)_ big or small, all dogs need a lot of care and attention.
6.
a) If
b) Regardless of
c) No matter
d) However
_(7)_ many years I live there, I’ll never get used to the noise.
7.
a) How
b) Whether or not
c) Although
d) However
_(8)_ it takes forever, I’m going to speak English like a native.
8.
a) No matter
b) However
c) Even if
d) In case
_(9)_ I go to London, I take the train.
9.
a) Wherever
b) Every time
c) Sometimes
d) At times
If only the government _(10)_ more money on local transport.
10. a) spend
b) will spend
c) spent
d) should spend
18
I’d rather you _(11)_ in the evenings.
11.
a) not have to work
b) not work
c) didn’t have to work
d) are not forced to work
I wish I _(12)_ my time.
12. a) hadn’t wasted
b) wouldn’t have wasted
c) shouldn’t have wasted
d) haven’t wasted
I wish we _(13)_ working so hard over the next few weeks.
13. a) aren’t going to be
b) wouldn’t have been
c) weren’t going to be
d) haven’t been
It’s been such a long winter. I wish the sun _(14)_ shine again.
14. a) could
b) was going to
c) would
d) might
If I _(15a)_ on holiday, I _(15b)_ so stressed.
15. a) had been... wasn’t feeling
b) was ... wouldn’t have felt
c) was ... wouldn’t feel
d) would have been ... hadn’t felt
If I _(16a)_, I _(16b)_ a lot more relaxed.
16. a) ‘m not working ... ‘m not feeling
b) hadn’t been working ... didn’t feel
c) didn’t work ... wasn’t feeling
d) wasn’t working ... would be feeling
If I _(17a)_ yesterday evening, I _(17b)_ something else.
17. a) wasn’t working ... would have been doing
b) hadn’t been working ... ‘d have been doing
c) weren’t working ... was doing
d) hadn’t worked ... would do
_(18)_ queue you stand in, it’s always the slowest.
18. a) Whenever
b) However
c) Wherever
d) Whichever
_(19)_ angry he gets, I just can’t take him seriously.
19. a) However
b) Whenever
c) Whoever
d) Wherever
_(20)_ Jack says to Heather, he always upsets her.
20. a) Whichever
b) Whenever
c) Whatever
d) However
The dog barks like mad _(21)_ he sees the postman.
21. a) wherever
b) whenever
c) whoever
d) however
It was not until about three o'clock _(22a)_ her eyes and _(22b)_ a momentary glance round.
22. a) had Teresa raised...gave
b) that Teresa raised...gave
c) did Teresa raise...give
d) that Teresa would raise...give
19
The group were very quiet to start with but _(23)_ the discussion turned to politics, we got them all
talking.
23. a) hardly had
b) only when
c) once
d) not until
_(24a)_ that he had insulted you like that, I _(24b)_ something!
24. a) Did I know...would say
b) Had I known…would have said
c) Were I to know...would have said
d) Would I have known...had said
I wish I _(25)_ listening when he gave out the instructions.
25. a) were
b) had been
c) should have been
d) would have been
If only I _(26a)_ home so late, then I _(26b)_ the plane.
26. a) left...wouldn’t miss
b) would have left...couldn’t have missed
c) didn’t leave...hadn’t missed
d) hadn’t left...wouldn’t have missed
It’s high time the local authorities _(27)_ something about traffic.
27. a) will do
b) were doing
c) did
d) would do
It’s about time he _(28a)_ wasting time and (28b)_ down to a good job.
28. a) would stop...settle
b) stopped...settled
c) had stopped...settled
d) stops...settles
She wishes she _(29)_ with us on holiday but her work commitments are going to keep her at home.
29. a) would come
b) might come
c) had better come
d) could come
You shouldn't do a dangerous sport like rock climbing _(30)_ you have been trained by an experienced
instructor.
30. a) unless
b) as if
c) in case
d) if
If he _(31a)_ a little more attention, he _(31b)_ into that tree.
31. a) were paying...wouldn’t drive
c) were paying...hadn’t driven
b) had been paying...wouldn’t have driven d) had paid...wouldn’t have been driving
If she _(32a)_ that strong cup of coffee before going to bed, she _(32b)_ to fall asleep.
32. a)
b)
c)
d)
hadn’t drunk...wouldn’t be struggling
didn’t drink... wouldn’t have been struggling
didn’t drink...wouldn’t be struggling
wouldn’t have drunk...hadn’t been struggling
20
I am not going to sit here and let her insult me. I demand that she immediately __(33)__ for what she
just said.
33. a) apologize
b) has to apologize
c) apologized
d) will apologize
"No man knows what true happiness is __(34)__ he gets married. By then, of course, its too late." –
Anonymous
34. a) until
b) as long as
c) as much as
d) by the time
It's important that she __(35) __ to take her medicine twice a day.
35. a) remember
b) has to remember
c) will remember
d) remembered
When stuttering __(36a)__ as a symptom of a psychic disorder, treatment __(36b)__ on resolving the
neurotic conflict.
36. a) is viewed...focuses
b) views...focuses
c) has viewed...is focused
d) being viewed...focused
Too Loud To Play,__(37)__ next month, is the Jackson Brothers’ first total creation. The group
produced and arranged the entire CD and wrote all the songs as well.
37. a) to be released
b) releasing
c) will be released
d) being released
Corrupt officers must be severely punished, __(38) __ they will continue to harm the reputation of the
police department.
38. a) so that
b) in case
c) providing
d) or
I suggest that Frank __(39)__ the directions carefully before assembling the bicycle.
39. a) reads
b) reading
c) read
d) can read
If any of these symptoms _(40)_ while you are taking the medicine, consult your doctor immediately.
40. a) might occur
b) occurring
c) occur
d) occurred
Judy asked that we _(41)_ her graduation ceremony next week.
41. a) attend
b) have to attend
c) attended
d) will attend
The monk insisted that the tourists _(42)_ the temple until they had removed their shoes.
42. a) couldn’t enter
b) not enter
c) won’t enter
d) didn’t enter
21
"If work __(43a) __ good for you, the rich __(43b) __ none for the poor." - Haitian proverb
43. a) has been…will leave
b) were…would leave
c) was…will leave
d) had been…would leave
It is imperative that the world __(44)__ towards a solution to global warming before the weather
patterns of the world are disrupted irreparably.
44. a) is working
b) to work
c) was working
d) work
It's difficult to judge yet __(45)__ the new system is really an improvement.
45. a) in case
b) whether
c) unless
d) providing
Mrs. Finkelstein demanded that the heater __(46)__ immediately. Her apartment was freezing.
46. a) was repaired
b) be repaired
c) repaired
d) will be repaired
It doesn't look as if you _(47)_ very long on your homework.
47. a) are spending
b) would have spent
c) spent
d) were going to spend
I don't think you appreciate _(48)_ time I spent preparing this meal for you.
48. a) this
b) what
c) how much
d) how long
‘No matter __(49)__, it's uphill and against the wind.’ - First Law of Bicycling
49. a) you ride which way
b) if you ride anywhere
c) which way you ride
d) the way you ride
__(50)__ the meeting was coming to an end, some unexpected visitors arrived.
50. a) After
b) Just as
c) As soon as
d) Until
"Don't throw away the old bucket until you know _(51)_ the new one holds water." - Swedish Proverb
51. a) when
b) whether
c) unless
d) how
The Prime Minister __(52)__ how he could defend a policy that increased unemployment.
52. a) has been said
b) said to him
c) told
d) was asked
22
"Politics is perhaps the only profession __(53)__ no preparation is thought necessary." - Robert Louis
Stevenson
53. a) so that
b) to what
c) that
d) for which
It's a little difficult to find the restaurant. I propose that we all __(54)__ together so that nobody
gets lost along the way.
54. a) would drive
b) drive
c) driving
d) will drive
With its varied climate, the country could grow __(55)__ from drought-resistant cotton to tropical and
temperate fruits.
55. a) anything
b) something
c) whichever
d) whatever
__(56)__ now will affect our country for generations to come.
56. a) How do we do it
b) What we do
c) Who do we do it
d) How we do
"I don't mind what language an opera is sung in __(57)__ it is a language I don't understand." –
Sir Edward Appleton
57. a) as much as
b) in case
c) so that
d) as long as
It's vital that the United States __(58)__ on improving its public education system.
58. a) focused
b) must focus
c) will focus
d) focus
"_(59)_ the house is on fire, let us warm ourselves." - Italian Proverb
59. a) Because of
b) Even
c) Since
d) In spite of
__(60)__ the evidence was only secondary, he was convicted and spent ten years in prison for a crime
that he perhaps had not committed.
60. a) Since
b) Even though
c) Despite
d) Whereas
The cooler temperatures __(61)__ about by nuclear war might end all life on earth.
61. a) bringing
b) brought
c) having brought
d) to bring
23
"__(62)__ we cannot get what we like, let us like what we can get." - Spanish Proverb
62. a) For
b) Since
c) Nevertheless
d) No matter
__(63)__ a majority of caffeine drinkers think of it as a stimulant, heavy users of caffeine say the
substance relaxes them.
63. a) Even
b) However
c) Despite
d) Although
The volume of blood in the ventricles--small hollow spaces in the heart—rises __(64a)__ blood enters
them from the artria, and it falls __(64b)__ blood squirts out through the semi-lunar valves.
64. a) when…then
b) when…when
c) during which…while
d) then …after
Do not send the personnel office a resume __(65)__ someone there specifically requests it.
65. a) so that
b) in case
c) unless
d) providing
__(66)__ his arrogance is only a defense mechanism to cover up his insecurity, I still can't stand him.
66. a) As though
b) Even if
c) Because
d) In fact
If I had gone white water rafting with my friends, I __(67)__ down the Colorado River right now.
67. a) would float
b) would have floated
c) would be floating
d) would be floated
"It's easy to tell when a politician is lying. Watch his lips. If they __(68a)__, he __(68b)__." - Charles
Lyall
68. a) are moving…is lying
b) moved…would lie
c) were moving…would be lying
d) had moved…would have lied
The sun is scorching today. I suggest you __(69)__ on sunblock immediately before you get a sunburn.
69. a) to put
b) putting
c) put
d) to be putting
"Never go to a doctor __(70)__ office plants have died." - Erma Bombeck
70. a) who
b) that
c) of whom
d) whose
She says that the government __(71)__ the airline industry. I don't know if that is true.
71. a) regulates
b) to regulate
c) regulating
d) was regulated
24
You __(72a)__ if you __(72b)__ anything because you will not be disappointed.
72. a) would be blessed…expected
b) will be blessed…don’t expect
c) would have been blessed…had expected
d) won’t bless…don’t expect
The sign at the pool recommended that you __(73)__ after eating a large meal.
73. a) mustn’t swim
b) couldn’t swim
c) don’t swim
d) not swim
"If only youth __(74)__ the knowledge and old age the strength." - French Proverb
74. a) had
b) has
c) would have
d) having
__(75)__ is the judgment of this court that you are guilty of murder.
75. a) It
b) That
c) This
d) What
John insists that Sarah __(76)__ to the wedding; otherwise he will not attend.
76. a) invited
b) to be inviting
c) be invited
d) should invite
Lemaitre proposed that all matter in the Universe was once concentrated into __(77)__ he termed the
primeval atom.
77. a) what
b) that
c) which
d) anything
The major disadvantage of sequential files __(78)__.
78. a) is that they are slow
b) are slow
c) that are slow
d) are that they are slow
According to a recent study, there is no scientific evidence to suggest __(79)__ underwater births are
dangerous.
79. a) that
b) if
c) when
d) how
The government insists that the borders __(80)__ the same.
80. a) has remained
b) are remaining
c) remained
d) remain
"If I __(81a)__ my life again, I __(81b)__ the same mistakes, only sooner." - Tallulah Bankhead,
actress
81. a) had to live…would make
b) live…make
c) lived…would have made
d) can live…could make
25
I wish it__(82)__ on Saturday.
82. a) was raining
b) had rained
c) rained
d) is raining
The woman __(83)__ in is the personnel director.
83. a) whom they gave my office
b) whose office they are meeting
c) to whom they gave my office
d) who they will meet in the office
He is going to work for a company __(84)__ employees are very satisfied.
84. a) which
b) whose
c) of which
d) whom
I remember the Thanksgiving __(85)__ my Uncle Kenneth dropped the turkey on the kitchen floor.
85. a) where
b) when
c) which
d) that
I can't find the file __(86)__ I put the resumes.
86. a) which
b) where
c) that
d) whose
The company is near a park __(87)__ the kids like to play.
87. a) there
b) which
c) where
d) that
The office __(88a)__ they had the interview__(88b)__ on the third floor.
88. a) which…which is
b) where…is
c) that…in
d) at which…in
"Life is what happens __(89)__ you are making other plans." - John Lennon, singer and songwriter
89. a) however
b) after
c) while
d) since
The room __(90)__ has a window overlooking the park.
90. a) he will be working
b) which he will be working
c) that he will be working
d) where he will be working
The person __(91)__ was my niece, Robin.
91. a) to whom we gave the most attention
b) who we gave the most attention
c) that we gave the most attention
d) we gave the most attention
The house __(92)__ in belongs to my Uncle Kenneth.
92. a) in which we had the party
b) we had the party
c) where we had the party
d) which had the party
26
The woman to __(93) __ we talked is the personnel director.
93. a) who
b) whom
c) which
d) that
He is going to work for a company __ (94)__.
94. a) that my sister used to work
b) my sister used to work
c) for which my sister used to work
d) my sister used to work there
San Francisco, __(95)__ thousands of tourists visit every year, is the number one tourist city in the
United States.
95. a) where
b) which
__(96)__
c) to which
d) that
you were made redundant, what would you do?
96. a) Suppose
b) Providing
c) Imagining
d) Think
"If you __(97a)__ in a moment of anger, you __(97b)__ a hundred days of sorrow." - Chinese Proverb
97. a) have been patient…escape
b) were patient…would have escaped
c) had been patient…escaped
d) are patient…will escape
27
PART 2 (INC.ADJECTIVE CLAUSES, NOUN CLAUSES & ADVERB CLAUSES)
REVIEW 2
The small clots that formed throughout the circulatory system used up __(1)__ of the clotting factor
that uncontrolled bleeding from external or internal injury became a risk.
1.
a) that much
b) as much
c) such a lot
d) so much
Most microcomputers use __(2)__ are called flexible diskettes for program and data storage.
2.
a) which
b) the ones
c) things
d) what
The nutritionist recommended that Sally __(3)__ her daily fat intake.
3.
a) reduce
b) has to reduce
c) reducing
d) to reduce
The form __(4)__ memory is presented to the software is sometimes called local address space.
4.
a) where
b) in which
c) about how
d) when
In 1855, Boole married Mary Everest, a niece of Sir George Everest, after __(5)__ Mount Everest was
named.
5.
a) which
b) her
c) that
d) whom
"If a man __(6a)__, he __(6b)__ even in a spoonful of water." - Yiddish Proverb
6.
a) is destined to drown…will drown
b) was destined to drown…is going to drown
c) destined to drown…would drown
d) destiny to drown…will drown
__(7)__ the wind speed is sufficient, the electrical energy will be continuously generated.
7.
a) In case
b) Unless
c) As long as
d) Until
If an oil spill occurs away from shore, it is unlikely to affect many birds, __(8)__ they are directly in a
major migratory path at a migrating season.
8.
a) unless
b) providing
c) in case
d) on the condition
It is the jury’s responsibility to decide __(9)__ a person is innocent or guilty.
9.
a) how
b) what
c) whether
d) ever
"It is after you have lost your teeth __(10)__ you can afford to buy steaks." - Pierre August Renoir
10. a) what
b) that
c) which
d) then
28
Have you considered what you'll do if you __(11)__ the job?
11.
a) won’t get
b) haven’t got
c) don’t get
d) didn’t get
__(12)__ you consider how long he's been learning the piano, he's not very good.
12. a) Unless
b) Though
c) If
d) In case
If only she __(13)__ a better job, she would be happier.
13. a) had
b) was having
c) has had
d) has
I wish I __(14)__ harder at school when I was a teenager.
14. a) studied
b) had studied
c) was studying
d) would have studied
You won't be able to describe the picture __(15) __ you look at it carefully.
15. a) otherwise
b) unless
c) in case
d) so that
If only we __(16)__ that special offer yesterday.
16. a) would have seen
b) had been seen
c) saw
d) had seen
"Don't open a shop __(17)__ you know how to smile." - Jewish Proverb
17. a) prior to
b) when
c) unless
d) otherwise
He could play basketball if he __(18)__ taller.
18. a) will be
b) would have been
c) were
d) had been
She never seems to lose any weight no matter __(19)__.
19. a) she tries so hard
b) if she tries very hard
c) how hard she tries
d) when she tries
I __(20a)__ so much fitter if I __(20b)__ smoking.
20. a) would have been…stopped
b) would be…stop
c) will be…stopped
d) would be…stopped
We welcome the readers’ comments, __(21)__ they are in favour of our newspaper or against it,
because we indeed practise a policy of total freedom of the press.
21. a) when
b) whether
c) unless
d) providing
29
Some of the oldest fossils belong to __(22)__ look like photosynthetic bacteria — bacteria that
breathe carbon dioxide and exhale oxygen.
22. a) which
b) those
c) what
d) that
"Never put off until tomorrow __(23)__ you can put off indefinitely." – Anonymous
23. a) that
b) when
c) which
d) what
_(24)_ is the last to leave has to check that the windows are locked.
24. a) Anyone
b) No matter if he
c) Whoever
d) Whether he
Bill Gates and General Motors
Bill Gates is hanging out with the chairman of General Motors. "If
automotive technology __(25a)__ pace with computer technology
over the past few decades," boasts Gates, "you __(25b)__ an
economy car traveling at a top speed of 10,000 miles per hour,
weighing only 30 pounds and getting a thousand miles to a gallon of
gas.“ "Sure," says the GM chairman. "But would you really want to
drive a car that crashes four times a day?"
25. a) had kept…would now be driving
c) keeps…drive
b) kept…would now drive
d) had kept…would have driven
“Shenandoah,” an Indian word _(26)_ “daughter of the stars,” _(27)_ to us through popular song and
Civil War history.
26. a)
b)
c)
d)
believed to mean
was believed to mean
believed that it meant
believed it means
27. a)
b)
c)
d)
was coming
coming
has come
which came
A skillful climber himself, Krakauer describes in a brief essay _(28)_ it feels like to hang by the straps
of one’s ice axes a hundred feet above the ground, his attachment to the world _(29)_ to “a few thin
points of steel sunk half an inch into a giant Popsicle.”
28. a)
b)
c)
d)
when
how long
what
whether
29. a)
b)
c)
d)
reduced
reducing
having reduced
to reduce
The first binary computer _(30)_ by Konrad Zuse, a construction engineer _(31)_ for the Henschel
Aircraft company in Berlin, in 1936.
30. a)
b)
c)
d)
was invented
being invented
invented
having been invented
31. a)
b)
c)
d)
working
was working
had been working
to work
30
If California _(32a)_ an independent country, its economy _(32b)_ the sixth largest in the world, due
in large part to the technology and business Silicon Valley _(33)_.
32. a)
b)
c)
d)
were...would have been
had been...would have been
were...would be
had been...would be
33. a)
b)
c)
d)
generated
is generated
generates
was generated
Although it was a bit _(34)_ to start with, the film got better _(35)_ it went on.
34. a)
b)
c)
d)
disappointed
disappointment
disappointing
disappointedly
35. a)
b)
c)
d)
as
so
that
yet
I’d rather not _(36)_ to the party, but I felt I _(37)_.
36. a) have gone
b) had to go
c) to go
d) going
37. a)
b)
c)
d)
should have
had to
needed
must have
A conscience is _(38)_ hurts _(39)_ everything else feels good. Anonymous
38. a)
b)
c)
d)
how it
which
that it
what
39. a)
b)
c)
d)
if
when
whether
wherever
It’s high time he _(40)_ a promotion; he _(41)_ with the company for at least five years.
40. a)
b)
c)
d)
got
should get
had gotten
would rather get
41. a)
b)
c)
d)
had been
was
will have been
has been
She’d rather_(42)_ the weekend in a quiet country village _(43)_ in a busy city.
42. a)
b)
c)
d)
spent
were spending
spend
spending
43. a)
b)
c)
d)
to
not
instead
than
The senior party members recommended that the Prime Minister _(44)_ to the scene of the disaster
so that he _(45)_ sympathetic.
44. a)
b)
c)
d)
fly
would fly
had better fly
might fly
45. a)
b)
c)
d)
might have appeared
would be appearing
could appear
was able to appear
31
Climbing Mount Everest is a challenge for most mountain climbers. The temperature can rise to a
sweltering 42 degrees centigrade, _(46)_ in bad weather, particularly at night, it can fall to below
minus 30. The summit is 8,850 meters high. It is impossible to survive for long periods at this height
without oxygen _(47)_ the human body starts to deteriorate at 8,000 meters.
46. a)
b)
c)
d)
as
when
while
during
47. a)
b)
c)
d)
as
but
otherwise
yet
A coral reef is made of “squillions” of coral colonies plus other limestone depositing organisms, _(48)_
on and among the skeletons of their predecessors, and the sands and silts _(49)_ from them.
48. a)
b)
c)
d)
and grows
growing
while growing
and is growing
49. a)
b)
c)
d)
are drived
have derived
derive
derived
No matter _(50)_ our lives may seem, if they _(51a)_ only of expected events and repetition, boredom
_(251b)_ in.
50. a)
b)
c)
d)
far too rich
full of richness
how rich
what richness
51. a)
b)
c)
d)
would consist...stepped
consist...steps
had consisted... would have stepped
had consisted... would be stepping
Hobbies benefit children in numerous ways. __(52)__ they are expressions of personal accomplishment
and __(53)__ self-discovery, hobbies help build self-esteem.
52. a) Since
b) Because of
c) Nevertheless
d) Although
53. a) by no means
b) by all means
c) a means of
d) by means of
"I personally think we developed language __(54)__ our deep need __(55)__." - Lily Tomlin
54. a) since
b) due to
c) owing
d) a result of
55. a) complain
b) to complain
c) for complaining
d) complaining
Was it really necessary that I __(56a)__ there and __(56b)__ you the entire time you were
rehearsing for the play? It was really boring watching you __(57)__ the scenes over and over again.
56. a) be sitting...watching
b) had sat …watched
c) sat…watched
d) was sitting…was watching
57. a) to repeat
b) to be repeating
c) having repeated
d) repeat
32
The woman insisted that the lost child __(58)__ to the store's information desk so his parents
__(59)__.
58. a) has to take
b) be taken
c) taken
d) was taken
59. a) would page
b) be paged
c) could be paged
d) can page
It is already 9:30 pm and I __(60)__ here for over an hour. If John __(61a)__ here in the next five
minutes, I __(61b)__ .
60. a) was waiting
b) have been waiting
c) waited
d) wait
61. a) won’t get…will leave
b) hasn’t got…will have left
c) doesn’t get…am going to leave
d) isn’t getting…will be leaving
The twice-yearly migrations of this hemisphere's shorebirds are __(62)__ nature's greatest
spectacles. However, if we __(63a)__ out how to protect the wetlands that support these longdistance fliers, their future __(63b)__ at serious risk.
62. a) between
b) among
c) in
d) within
63. a) didn’t figure…were
b) hadn’t figured…had been
c) don’t figure…is
d) haven’t figured…will be
It is necessary that a life guard __(64)__ the swimming pool while the children __(65)__ their
swimming lessons.
64. a) be monitored
b) monitors
c) monitored
d) monitor
65. a) took
b) taking
c) be taking
d) are taking
The performance of the laboratories __(66)__ the testing varies, which means that the results cannot
__(67)__ on.
66. a) do
b) did
c) had done
d) doing
67. a) be relied
b) rely
c) be relying
d) have relied
Smoking causes 87 percent of lung cancers, __(68)__ more people than breast, prostate and colon
cancers __(69)__.
68. a) that kills
b) which kill
c) while killing
d) and kill
69. a) combining
b) being combined
c) that combine
d) combined
The environmental leader felt it was extremely important that the people of the city __(70)__ to voice
their concerns over the new hotel __(71)__ on the bay.
70. a) allowed
b) be allowed
c) allow
d) to allowing
71. a) to be building
b) being built
c) building
d) having built
33
__(72)__ the discoveries made, we know that Antarctica is a vital part of the earth's ecosystem
__(73)__ both atmospheric circulation and circulation of deep ocean waters, two key elements in the
global weather system.
72. a) When
b) From
c) Owing
d) Since
73. a) affecting
b) affected
c) affective
d) affect
Glaciologists study the behaviour of the ice sheet to understand more about how fast it grows and
moves __(74)__ they might better predict __(75)__ the ice sheet may respond to climate changes in
the future.
74. a) provided
b) in case
c) so that
d) as long as
75. a) why
b) how
c) what
d) when
In the rare moments when she's not balancing majors in political science and history and a minor in
communications, DePaul University junior Christine Brown spends time __(76)__ underclassmen,
__(77)__ are African American students like herself.
76. a) mentoring
b) to mentor
c) to mentoring
d) for mentoring
77. a) some
b) most of them
c) many of whom
d) the majority
The Christmas tree tradition was begun in Germany. German immigrants __(78)__ to England and the
USA brought this popular tradition with them and it __(79)__ a much loved tradition for all since then.
78. a) having moved
b) moving
c) they moved
d) moved
79. a) became
b) would become
c) had become
d) has become
Disarming the Guard
Lem: “I got fired from my job as a bank guard.”
Clem: ”That's awful. What happened? ”
Lem: ”Well, a thief came in to rob the bank. I drew my gun. I told him that if he __(80a)__ one more
step, I __(80b)__ him have it.”
Clem: ”What did thief do then? ”
Lem: ”He took one more step __(81)__ I let him have it. I didn't want that stupid gun anyway!”
80. a) takes…will let
b) took…would let
c) had taken…would have let
d) had taken...would let
81. a) when
b) after
c) for
d) so
34
Seeing him so worried about his low grades, Mike’s parents just wanted him to know that __(82)__ he
did they would be proud of him __(83)__ he did his best.
82. a) whatever
b) whichever
c) however
d) whenever
83. a) as long as
b) unless
c) so that
d) even though
You Should Learn To Be More Polite
One day, Bill and Tom went to a restaurant for dinner. __(84)__the waiter took out two steaks, Bill
quickly picked out __(85)__ steak for himself. Tom wasn't happy about that: "When are you going to
learn to be polite?"
Bill: "If you __(86a)__ the chance to pick first, which one __(86b)__?"
Tom: "The smaller piece, of course."
Bill: "What are you whining about then? The smaller piece is what you got, right?"
84.
a) Whenever
b) Immediately
c) The quickly
d) The moment
85. a) much bigger
b) bigger
c) the biggest
d) the bigger
86. a)
b)
c)
d)
had…would you pick
had had…would you have picked
have…will you pick
have…do you pick
Scientists _(87)_ for many years that plant-eating insects can induce chemical changes in plants. When
_(88)_, some plants produce chemicals that poison the animals _(89)_ on them, or signal nearby plants
to strengthen their defense mechanisms.
87.
a)
b)
c)
d)
had known
knew
have known
having known
88. a)
b)
c)
d)
attacked
attacking
they attack
having attacked
89. a)
b)
c)
d)
to feed
feeding
fed
being fed
Pheromones are chemicals_(90)_ animals—including humans—that _(91)_ as a form of communication
with other members of the species. Most often associated with reproduction, pheromones can also
_(92)_ to signal danger, to mark trails, or to identify food sources.
90.
a)
b)
c)
d)
being emitted
to emit
emitted by
emitting
91. a)
b)
c)
d)
served
are served
are serving
serve
92. a)
b)
c)
d)
be used
have used it
used
being used
A vault in South Africa's Kruger National Park _(93)_ 36 tons of elephant ivory and rhino horn _(94)_
at about 3 million dollars. By international rules, South Africa cannot sell wildlife treasures. However,
that may change, as 160 countries at a CITES meeting are to decide _(95)_ to continue the ban on
ivory.
93.
a)
b)
c)
d)
is holding
has held
holding
holds
94. a)
b)
c)
d)
are valued
valuing
valued
are valuing
95. a)
b)
c)
d)
35
if
when
whether
how
PART 3 (INC. GERUNDS, INFINITIVES & PARTICIPLES)
REVIEW 1
Many scientists don’t believe in the possibility _(1)_ on other planets.
1. a) we will reside
b) that our residing
c) of our residing
d) of us to reside
_(2)_ a little shy, he chose not to speak out in front of everybody.
2. a) To be
b) By being
c) Having been
d) Being
Not _(3)_ a lot of time, they decided to take a taxi.
3. a) having had
b) having
c) to have
d) to be having
_(4)_ by a noise, James phoned the police.
4. a) Woken
b) Having woken
c) Being woken
d) Waking
I regret not _(5)_ English when I was younger.
5. a) to have studied
b) studied
c) having studied
d) to have been studying
I regret _(6)_ more for the exam.
6. a) not to have revised
b) not being revised
c) not having revised
d) not to be revising
Have you seen that new supermarket? It just seems _(7)_ overnight.
7. a) having sprung up
b) to spring up
c) to have sprung up
d) to be springing up
Not _(8)_ in the topic of the talk, she decided not to go.
8. a) particularly interesting
b) particularly interested
c) to have a particular interest
d) to be particularly interesting
He was really pleased when he got chosen _(9)_ the captain.
9.
a) to being
b) be
c) to be
d) to have been
I usually get my mum _(10)_ the washing for me.
10. a) doing
b) do
c) to be doing
d) to do
36
David is a keen hacker. He spends most of his spare time _(11)_ to get into banks’ security systems.
11.
a) trying
b) be trying
c) to try
d) to be trying
The two looked at each other for a moment, _(12)_ whether to laugh or cry.
12. a) not to know
b) not knowing
c) hadn’t known
d) didn’t know
We wish _(13)_ you that the swimming pool will be closing at 9.30 pm as of July 16th.
13
a) to inform
b) to be informing
c) informing
d) to have informed
Stephen Hawking is popularly _(14)_ one of the great genuises of our time.
14. a) considering being
b) considered as the
c) considered to be
d) considers being
_(15)_ in 1998, this is probably one of the best examples of modern architecture in the city center.
15. a) To be built
b) Having built
c) Built
d) To have been built
Not _(16)_ the news, she didn’t know about the earthquake.
16. a) having seen
b) to have seen
c) seeing
d) to see
She got her boyfriend _(17)_ the flight for her.
17. a) to book
b) booking
c) book
d) to be booking
The Prime Minister _(18)_ the new hospital but he was held up in traffic.
18. a) must have opened
b) might be opening
c) is thought to have opened
d) was to open
It’s a good idea _(19)_ at the car before you buy it.
19. a) for a mechanic to look
b) to have a mechanic look
c) having a mechanic to look
d) a mechanic having a look
The baby _(20)_ last week, so the doctors are considering a caesarean birth.
20. a) is supposed to be born
b) must have been born
c) couldn’t have been born
d) was due to be born
The accused was asked _(21)_ while the judge read out the verdict.
21. a) for standing
b) to stand
c) to have stood
d) having stood
Not really _(22)_, I asked her to repeat the instructions.
22. a) being understood
b) to have understood
c) to be understanding
d) having understood
37
_(23)_ by the sound, he decided to go downstairs to investigate.
23. a) Having woken
b) Waking
c) To have been woken
d) Woken
The cat got _(24)_ over by a bus.
24. a) run
b) running
c) to run
d) to be run
_(25)_ of theft by the courts, he immediately got his old job back.
25. a) Clearing
b) Having been cleared
c) To have been cleared
d) To be cleared
Henry Ford was the first man _(26)_ the mass production of cars.
26. a) to organize
b) to have organized
c) organizing
d) having organized
It’s no use _(27)_ over spilled milk. - Anonymous
27. a) to have cried
b) to be crying
c) crying
d) having cried
I hope I can get my brother _(28)_ me move house this weekend.
28. a) to help
b) help
c) helping
d) will help
I regret _(29)_ you that your application has been rejected.
29. a) inform
b) informing
c) to inform
d) to be informing
There is only circumstantial evidence against her, so she is unlikely __(30)__.
30. a) to be convicted
b) to convict
c) to have been convicted
d) to being convicted
"There is __(31)__ without wings." - French Proverb
31. a) not fly
b) no flying
c) not flight
d) none of the flying
I can spy on my neighbours through this window without __(32)__.
32. a) seeing
b) being seen
c) having seen
d) having been seen
I got my wallet _(33)_ when I was on holiday.
33. a) being stolen
b) stolen
c) having stolen
d) to be stolen
38
I finally had my leaking roof __(34)__ last week.
34. a) repairing
b) to be repaired
c) repaired
d) to repair
I got my neighbors _(35)_ after the dog last weekend.
35. a) looking
b) look
c) looked
d) to look
They must have their car's exhaust __(36)__. What a noise!
36. a) to be fixed
b) fixed
c) to fix
d) fixing
The new law was generally admitted __(37)__ difficult to enforce.
37. a) to be
b) being
c) to having been
d) to being
There's no point __(38)__ him expensive wines — he doesn't appreciate them.
38. a) in buying
b) to buy
c) for buying
d) to buying
I appreciate __(39)__ the effort to come.
39. a) you make
b) you to make
c) your making
d) making you
She's arranged for __(40)__.
40. a) her son to have swimming lessons
b) having swimming lessons with her son
c) swimming lessons for her son
d) her son’s swimming lessons
Do you promise __(41)__ what I've just said?
41. a) never repeating
b) never to repeat
c) you’d never repeat
d) won’t ever repeat
Whenever an electron acquires enough energy __(42)__ its orbit, the atom is positively charged.
42. a) leave
b) leaves
c) leaving
d) to leave
She stared into the mirror, __(43)__ her skin rash.
43. a) being contemplated
b) to be contemplating
c) contemplating
d) so contemplated
After the meals we had last year; I decided __(44)__ more of the cooking myself.
44. a) to do
b) doing
c) I do
d) to be doing
We haven't yet arranged when __(45)__.
45. a) are we meeting
b) being met
c) to meet
d) we met
39
She had someone _(46)_ round to get an estimate for the decorating work.
46. a) coming
b) to come
c) came
d) come
The tourists were utterly disappointed with the service the hotel provided and wished __(47)__ a
complaint.
47. a) to be made
b) being made
c) to make
d) making
After hours of discussion, the director agreed __(48)__ the ending of the movie.
48. a) changing
b) he change
c) having changed
d) to change
The journalist was given permission to write about the love triangle only after she promised __(49)__
the names of the people involved.
49. a) not publishing
b) not to publish
c) she should not publish
d) she not publish
If you don't mind me __(50)__ so, I don’t think you are qualified enough to get this job.
50. a) to say
b) saying
c) say
d) I said
I would have liked __(51)__ French, but I was denied the opportunity at school.
51. a) learning
b) I learned
c) to learn
d) I learn
Do you mind __(52)__ in here, please?
52. a) to smoke
b) my smoking
c) not smoking
d) not to smoke
We dreaded __(53)__ the results of the blood tests.
53. a) hearing
b) we hear
c) to be hearing
d) we heard
Try to keep your diet simple; eating all that rich food is guaranteed __(54)__ you indigestion.
54. a) giving
b) to give
c) to be given
d) having given
Officials at state psychiatric hospitals in New York ordered social workers this week to stop __(55)__
discharged patients to locked units in private nursing homes.
55. a) sending
b) to sending
c) send
d) to send
You should try to avoid __(56)__ housework until your wrist recovers.
56. a) I do
b) doing
c) having done
d) to do
40
During the lecture, he imagined himself __(57)__ his favorite TV program on his comfortable couch at
home.
57. a) to watch
b) watching
c) by watching
d) to be watching
You're expecting too much from someone if you ask them __(58)__ every weekend without pay.
58. a) whether to work or not
b) if they work
c) to work
d) they should work
I suggested __(59)__ the matter to the committee to hear what they've got to say.
59. a) putting
b) I had to put
c) I put
d) to put
She imagined __(60)__ in her favourite armchair back home.
60. a) she sat
b) to sit
c) herself sitting
d) to have been sitting
My father offered __(61)__ us to the airport.
61. a) us to take
b) to take
c) taking
d) he take
Drivers who exceed the speed limit can expect __(62)__.
62. a) they could heavily fine
b) fining heavily
c) to be fined heavily
d) they will heavily fine
The storm is reported __(63)__ five people.
63. a) to have killed
b) being killed
c) killing
d) having killed
You've got to appear__(64)__ calm in an interview even if you're terrified underneath.
64. a) being
b) to be
c) you are
d) like being
Joy expects __(65)__ enough money from her job as a doctor's assistant for her to become
independent.
65. a) earning
b) to earn
c) being earned
d) to have earned
The dentist had a difficult time __(66)__ my wisdom teeth.
66. a) to extract
b) of extracting
c) extracting
d) extracted
Most people exercise because they resist__(67)__ overweight or unhealthy.
67. a) being
b) to be
c) by being
d) to being
41
Some runners cannot endure __(68)__ by people who a few years earlier used to finish behind them.
68. a) outrunning
b) to be outrun
c) to outrun
d) being outrun
Some people cannot resist __(69)__ when they are depressed.
69. a) to be eating
b) having eaten
c) eating
d) to eat
"If you want __(70)__, you must respect yourself." - Spanish Proverb
70. a) to be respecting
b) to be respected
c) to respect
d) respecting
The newspaper has agreed __(71)__ the case out of court.
71. a) to settle
b) settling
c) about settling
d) to be settled
With one mile _(72)_, the runner collapsed with heat and exhaustion.
72. a) having gone
b) to have gone
c) to go
d) going
They tried __(73)__ me into giving them the money.
73. a) blackmail
b) of blackmailing
c) by blackmailing
d) to blackmail
"One of the advantages __(74)__ disorderly is that one is constantly making exciting discoveries." - A.
Milne, author
74. a) to being
c) being
b) of being
d) for being
"It is __(75)__ to aim; you must hit." - Italian Proverb
75. a) not enough
b) nothing
c) no point
d) no use
His wife took out a court order to stop him __(76)__ his children.
76. a) see
b) seeing
c) to see
d) to be seeing
The boss was pleased __(77)__ the employees had finished their work on time.
77. a) to seeing
b) to see
c) seeing
d) having seen
The police were happy __(78)__ the journalists' questions.
78. a) to answering
b) being answered
c) answering
d) to answer
42
It is often hard for shy children __(79)__ new friends in a new neighbourhood.
79. a) make
b) making
c) to make
d) to be making
She stopped __(80)__ two years ago. She has been feeling much livelier ever since.
80. a) for a smoke
b) smoke
c) smoking
d) to smoke
"Do not regret __(81)__ older. It is a privilege denied to many." – Anonymous
81. a) growing
b) to grow
c) about growing
d) to have grown
We had been driving for two hours when Jack stopped __(82)__ petrol.
82. a) to buy
b) buying
c) to be buying
d) for buying
__(83)__ responsibility for yourself is part of the process of growing up.
83. a) Taken
b) Having taken
c) To have taken
d) Taking
__(84)__ percentage of the population is taking holidays abroad.
84. a) A growing
b) A grown
c) The growth of
d) The growing of
She asked __(85)__ a report on the state of the project by the following week.
85. a) to me to produce
b) me to produce
c) me producing
d) to produce me
"If you see no reason __(86)__ thanks, the fault lies in yourself." - Native American Proverb
86. a) for giving
b) to give
c) giving
d) to be given
The school council recommended __(87)__ the syllabus so that the students’ reading skills could be
further improved.
87. a) changing
b) they would change
c) to change
d) for them to change
He claimed that _(88)_ too hard was harming his health.
88. a) he worked
b) he was working
c) to have worked
d) working
Lavoisier used curved glass discs fastened together at their rims, with wine __(89)__ the space
between, to focus the sun's rays to attain temperatures of 3000 F.
89. a) filled
b) to fill
c) to be filled
d) filling
43
The hijack ended with the release of all the plane's passengers __(90)__.
90. a) were unharmed
b) had been unharmed
c) unharmed
d) had unharmed
Making such a big change in our original plan means __(91)__ a lot of money on new equipment.
91. a) to spend
b) spending
c) to be spending
d) to have spent
That rather cool manner of hers is just a device to avoid __(92)__
92. a) people to have a talk
b) having to talk to people
c) to have a talk to people
d) people having a talk
The car accident seemed __(93)__ his confidence.
93. a) to have totally destroyed
b) to be totally destroying
c) totally destroyed
d) totally destroying
David was brought up __(94)__ authority; that’s why he doesn’t have any difficulty working with a
strict boss like Mr. Graham.
94. a) with respect to
b) to be respecting
c) to respect
d) for respecting
"It is my ambition __(95)__ in ten sentences what others say in a whole book." - Friedrich Nietzsche,
(1844-1900)
95. a) say
b) saying
c) to say
d) for saying
Following his resignation, the minister said he was looking forward __(96)__ more time with his family.
96. a) he will spend
b) for he will spend
c) to spend
d) to spending
When camping, use insect repellent to avoid __(97)__.
97. a) getting bitten
b) biting
c) to get bitten
d) having bitten
I feel so guilty __(98)__ your birthday; how could I have done this?
98. a) having forgot
b) about forgetting
c) to forget
d) forgetting
Government policy is to refuse __(99)__ with hijackers.
99. a) to be negotiated
b) to negotiate
c) negotiating
d) to negotiation
While window shopping the other day, I saw a dress which I liked very much. Luckily, I happened
__(100)__ enough money with me, so I was able to buy it.
100. a) to have
b) having
c) having had
d) to be having
44
It was an innocent remark, I didn't mean __(101)__ his feelings.
101. a) to hurt
b) hurt
c) I hurt
d) hurting
He said he had obtained the television innocently, __(102)__ it had been stolen.
102. a) known
b) not knowing
c) didn’t know
d) knew
"Do not stand in a place of danger __(103)__ in miracles." - Arab Proverb
103. a) to trust
b) trusting
c) where trusting
d) to have trusted
He arrived home just in time to see his brother __(104)__ away by the police.
104. a) taken
b) was taken
c) being taken
d) taking
Prison wardens have threatened __(105)__ on strike.
105. a) and have gone
b) to be going
c) going
d) to go
Civil rights groups are demanding __(106)__ of all political prisoners.
106. a) the release
b) to be released
c) releasing
d) to release
There are four variants of malaria, __(107)__ to humans by a particular family of mosquitoes.
107. a) are transmited
b) transmitted
c) transmitting
d) which transmit
Most commentators expect the basic rate of tax __(108)__ at 25%.
108. a) to remain
b) remaining
c) to have remained
d) remain
He doesn't want the wheels __(109) __ off while he is riding down a hill.
109. a) falling
b) to fall
c) to be falling
d) fall
The first high-level language __(110)__, FORTRAN, was implemented on an IBM 704 computer.
110. a) was widely accepted
b) that widely accepted
c) to be widely accepted
d) widely accepted
The supervisor found the program __(111)__ faulty and asked for a replacement.
111. a) being
b) to be
c) having been
d) was being
45
The company considers the new computer __(112)__ a major breakthrough.
112. a) being
b) was
c) to have been
d) to be
Today scientists go to Antarctica __(113)__ everything from astronomy to zoology.
113. a) to have studied
b) to study
c) for studying
d) to be studied
The space shuttle is thought __(114)__ a major step in space exploration.
114. a) to being
b) to be
c) being
d) having been
In a nuclear power plant, the probability of an accident leading to the melting of the fuel core was
estimated __(115)__ one chance in 20,000 reactor-years of operation.
115. a) to being
b) to have been
c) being
d) to be
Nuclear-powered artificial hearts proved __(116)__, bulky, and expensive.
116. a) to be complicated
b) complicated
c) to being complicated
d) complicating
We only have enough supplies __(117)__ us a week.
117. a) will last
b) for lasting
c) lasting
d) to last
The blood vessels leading to the device tended to bend, __(118a)__ the filling of the chambers and
__(118b)__ in inadequate output.
118. a) obstructed…resulted
b) obstructing…resulting
c) obstruct…to result
d) they obstructed…they result
In ancient Rome, when a dead person was believed __(119)__ a witch or black magician, or in any way
connected with magic and witchcraft, it was the custom to bury them face down or remove their head
in order that they should not rise from the grave and haunt the living.
119. a) being
b) to have been
c) having been
d) to being
The idea of the artificial heart arose in part from the need __(120)__ people who cannot receive a
donor heart.
120. a) treating
b) to treat
c) of treating
d) treated
Have you considered how your mother is going to feel about __(121)__ the country?
121. a) leaving you
b) you to leave
c) your leaving
d) when you left
46
It is considered bad manners in some cultures __(122)__ with your mouth full of food.
122. a) if spoken
b) speak
c) to speak
d) speaking
__(123)__ the weather, we got here quite quickly.
123. a) Having considered
b) Being considered
c) Considering
d) To consider
My teacher made me __(124)__ extra homework because of the trouble I caused.
124. a) doing
b) to doing
c) do
d) to do
She was made __(125)__ the room while the plans were discussed.
125. a) for leaving
b) leaving
c) leave
d) to leave
My father never allows me __(126)__ out too late.
126. a) staying
b) to staying
c) stay
d) to stay
47
PART 3 (INC. GERUNDS, INFINITIVES & PARTICIPLES)
REVIEW 2
Anyone caught __(1)__ an offence __(2)__ .
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
to commit
committing
committed
being committed
2.
a) will be punished
b) will have been punished
c) to be punished
d) are to be punished
She's threatening __(3)__ me to court __(4)__ not paying the bill on time.
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
taking
to take
she’ll take
that she will take
4.
a) as to
b) for
c) unless
d) because
I’m really bad _(5)_ names sometimes. However, I hardly ever _(6)_ a face.
5.
a)
b)
c)
d)
for remembering
to remember
at remembering
to be remembering
6.
a)
b)
c)
d)
will forget
forget
to forget
have forgotten
Even the police officers, _(7)_ in crowd control, had trouble _(8)_ back the angry mob.
7.
a)
b)
c)
d)
was being trained
to be trained
trained
having trained
8.
a)
b)
c)
d)
holding
to hold
to be holding
being held
10. a)
b)
c)
d)
were playing
while playing
playing
to be playing
The window got _(9)_ by some kids _(10)_ football.
9.
a)
b)
c)
d)
broken
to be broken
to have broken
broke
Though there is no money _(11)_, a lot of people like working for charities because it makes them
_(12)_ good about themselves.
11.
a)
b)
c)
d)
involved
to be involved
involving
being involved
12. a)
b)
c)
d)
feeling
to feel
feel
to be feeling
The Worldwide Fund for Nature is fighting _(13)_ the natural habitat of the giant panda from _(14)_.
13. a)
b)
c)
d)
to save
for saving
to be saving
save
14. a)
b)
c)
d)
48
destroying
being destroyed
destroyed
having destroyed
He didn’t know where _(15)_ information about learning French on the net, so he used a search engine
_(16)_ him find the home page for the French Tourist Authority.
15. a)
b)
c)
d)
would he find
to be found
he was able to find
to find
16. a)
b)
c)
d)
for helping
helped
to help
helping
_(17)_ lost in thought, he didn’t notice that his train _(18)_ out of his station.
17. a)
b)
c)
d)
Being
Having
To have
To be
18. a)
b)
c)
d)
pull
pulling
had pulled
would pull
We wish to take this opportunity _(19)_ you _(20)_ your recent promotion.
19. a)
b)
c)
d)
to congratulate
congratulating
to be congratulating
congratulate
20. a)
b)
c)
d)
for
with
on
about
I got close to _(21)_ the lottery last week. One more correct number and I _(22)_ the jackpot!
21. a)
b)
c)
d)
win
be winning
winning
have won
22. a)
b)
c)
d)
‘d have hit
‘d be hitting
had hit
hit
In the end we gave up, _(23)_ everything we possibly _(24)_ to improve the situation.
23. a)
b)
c)
d)
trying
to try
to have tried
having tried
24. a)
b)
c)
d)
should
had to
could
might
In the past, countries conducting research in Antarctica paid little attention _(25)_ Antarctica’s pristine
environment, but over the past decade or so there _(26)_ a remarkable shift in thinking with an emphasis
on “what goes in must come out.”
25. a)
b)
c)
d)
to maintain
by maintaining
maintained
to maintaining
26. a)
b)
c)
d)
was
had been
would have been
has been
It’s better_(27)_ positive about the future rather than _(28)_ depressed.
27. a)
b)
c)
d)
be
being
to be
to being
28. a)
b)
c)
d)
49
get
having got
to get
got
We _(29)_ five days visiting the sights, but I was too ill _(30)_.
29. a)
b)
c)
d)
were supposed to spend
supposed we spent
supposedly spent
didn’t suppose we could spend
30. a)
b)
c)
d)
for travelling
to have been travelling
that I couldn’t travel
to travel
So far, he seems __(31)__ the job well, but it's really __(32)__ to judge.
31. a) to have handled
b) to be handled
c) handling
d) being handled
32. a) soon enough
b) very soon
c) much sooner
d) too soon
"In the morning be first up, and in the evening last __(33)__ to bed, __(34)__ they that sleep catch
no fish." - English Proverb
33. a) for going
b) going
c) to go
d) go
34. a) for
b) so long as
c) thus
d) but
Bad News
Doctor: I have good news and bad news.
Patient: Go with the good news first.
Doctor: You have 24 hours __(35)__ .
Patient: What!?! How about the bad news?
Doctor: Um... I forgot __(36)__ you yesterday.
35. a) for living
b) of living
c) to live
d) of life
36. a) telling
b) to tell
c) about to tell
d) about telling
__(37)__ presenting an award at the 1993 Oscars, Susan Sarandon and long-time partner Tim Robbins,
an actor and director, spent 3 minutes of their podium time __(38)__ on behalf of Haitian refugees
with AIDS.
37. a) While
b) As
c) During
d) In
38. a) to speak
b) speaking
c) for speaking
d) in speech
"Artificial Intelligence is the study of how __(39)__ real computers act like __(40)__ in movies." –
Anonymous
39. a) making
b) to make
c) are made
d) do we make
40. a) the ones
b) that
c) one
d) these
50
The main issue _(41)_ was whether _(42)_ tobacco companies _(43)_ the British Powerboat Grand Prix .
41. a)
b)
c)
d)
having discussed
to have been discussed
being discussed
having been discussed
42. a)
b)
c)
d)
allowing
allowed
to allow
to be allowed
43. a)
b)
c)
d)
sponsoring
to be sponsoring
to sponsor
having sponsored
The simple act of _(44)_ can lift people's spirits. And when disaster_(45)_, teams of highly trained
canines are sometimes called to the scene _(46)_ survivors deal emotionally with the situation.
44. a)
b)
c)
d)
petting a dog
a pet dog
being a pet dog
having to pet a dog
45. a)
b)
c)
d)
struck
is struck
will strike
strikes
46. a)
b)
c)
d)
to help
for helping
helping
having helped
It is important __(47)__ that gift giving at Christmas __(48)__ popular in the last 100 years as
figures such as Santa Claus have come to be more important, and emphasis __(49)__ to giving gifts to
children.
47. a) noting
b) being noted
c) to note
d) be noted
48. a) has only become
b) had just become
c) only became
d) became just
49.a) had shifted
b) has been shifted
c) was shifting
d) shifted
As graduation nears, high school students are anxious __(50)__ the career path.
50. a) for hitting
b) to hit
c) to be hit
d) hitting
C.E.O. D.U.M.B
One day a secretary is leaving on her lunch break, and she notices her boss __(51)__ in front of a
shredder with a clueless look on his face. The secretary walks up to him and asks __(52)__ he needs
help. "Yes!" he says looking and sounding __(53)__, "This is very important." Glad __(54)__, she turns
the shredder on and inserts the paper. Then her boss says, "Thanks, I only need one copy."
51. a) stands
b) was standing
c) standing
d) to stand
53. a) being relieved
b) relieving
c) relief
d) relieved
52. a) that
b) if
c) why
d) does
54. a) for help
b) to help
c) helping
d) be of help
51
Being a teenager is not easy – nor __(55)__ the parent of a teenager. A seemingly harmless comment
from you can make your adolescent __(56)__ angry, hurt, or misunderstood. If your teen makes you
__(57)__ ,try these tips that offer a commonsense approach to giving your child the space he needs to
grow while gently letting him __(58)__ that you'll still be there for him when he needs you.
55. a)
b)
c)
d)
it isn’t easy to be
it is easy being
isn’t it easy to be
is it easy being
57. a) frustrated
b) frustrating
c) frustrate
d) to frustrate
56. a) feeling
b) to feel
c) feel
d) to feeling
58. a) know
b) to know
c) knowing
d) known
New research shows _(59)_ tiny female parasitic wasps are able to change the smell of the plants they
live in _(60)_ a mate. The ability helps the gall wasp males to locate a partner, _(61)_ the fact that the
female is totally enclosed within a plant stem. The study is the first known example of an insect
actively _(62)_ a plants' chemistry _(63)_ in reproduction.
59. a)
b)
c)
d)
what
why
that
where
60. a)
b)
c)
d)
for the attraction
by attracting
to attract
attracting
62. a)
b)
c)
d)
altering
altered
while altering
alter
63. a)
b)
c)
d)
for assisting
to assist
by assisting
assisted
61. a)
b)
c)
d)
despite
owing to
regardless
considering
Chemistry may help _(64)_ a relationship together, but male tree-hole frogs found in the rainforests
of Borneo attract their mates _(65)_ physics. Scientists have discovered that frogs actively tune the
pitch of their calls _(66)_ inside hollow tree cavities _(67)_ their chance _(68)_ attracting a mate.
64. a)
b)
c)
d)
keep
keeping
kept
for keeping
65. a)
b)
c)
d)
by using
to use
to be using
having used
67. a)
b)
c)
d)
in increasing
for increasing
are increased
to increase
68. a)
b)
c)
d)
for
in
of
by
66. a)
b)
c)
d)
to resonate
for resonating
while resonating
resonate
Perhaps the most surprising thing about camels is that they _(69)_ in North America, not Africa.
Fossils found in North American deposits _(70)_ the first members of the Camelidae family to roughly
40 million years ago. Camels are believed _(71)_ land bridges linking North America to Siberia some
three million years ago, eventually _(72)_ south and west into Asia and North Africa. _(73)_ camels
disappeared from North America remains a mystery.
69. a)
b)
c)
d)
were first evolved
had first evolved
first evolved
were first evolving
70. a)
b)
c)
d)
were dated
date
dated
dating
52
71. a)
b)
c)
d)
crossing
having been crossed
having crossed
to have crossed
72. a)
b)
c)
d)
moved
having moved
moving
to have moved
73. a)
b)
c)
d)
That
Where
The fact that
Why
Imagine a newly emerged volcanic island __(74)__ in the Pacific Ocean many millions of years ago, lifeless
except for a few passing seabirds. As the lava __(75)__, a few seeds and hardy animals settle down to
make a new home on this virgin speck of land. Some of the first __(76)__ hold are desert cacti, their
seeds __(77)__ by vagrant birds. As they grow and spread, the cacti eventually __(78)__ shelter for the
first resident land birds and food for a few reptiles accidentally __(79)__ ashore.
74. a)
b)
c)
d)
lost
having lost
being lost
to have lost
75. a)
b)
c)
d)
cools
is cooling
cooled
was cooled
76. a)
b)
c)
d)
taking
to have taken
taken
to take
77. a)
b)
c)
d)
delivered
having delivered
delivering
are delivered
78. a)
b)
c)
d)
provided
provide
provides
were provided
79. a)
b)
c)
d)
washing
wash
washed
were washed
The Horseshoe
An economic forecaster was known __(80)__ a horseshoe prominently __(81)__ above the doorframe
of his office. __(82)__ what it was for, he replied that it was a good luck charm that helped his
forecasts. “But do you believe in __(83)__ superstition?’” he was asked, and he said, “Of course not!”
“But then why do you keep it?’” “Well,” he said, “it works __(84)__ you believe in it or not.”
80. a) having
b) to have
c) for having
d) he had
83. a)
b)
c)
d)
which
these
such
the
81. a) displayed
b) displaying
c) to display
d) for displaying
84. a) whether
b) when
c) once
d) because
53
82. a)
b)
c)
d)
While asking
Having asked
Been asked
Asked
Safety First
Four masked gunmen entered a bank in Jackson, Mississippi, __(85)__ with automatic weapons and
carried out a daring daylight robbery. The bank's armed security guard didn't intervene __(86)__ the
robbery because he was busy __(87)__ in the bank's bathroom. The guard told police that when he
__(88)__ people in the bank __(89)__, he went into the bathroom and locked the door behind him.
Jackson police declined to criticize the guard's actions, noting that he __(90)__ if the robbers had
seen him.
85. a) armed
b) having armed
c) to have armed
d) arming
86. a) to stop
b) stopping
c) stop
d) for stopping
87. a) to hide
b) hiding
c) for hiding
d) was hiding
88. a) heard
b) was hearing
c) has heard
d) had been heard
89. a) screaming
b) screamed
c) had screamed
d) were screaming
90. a) could have killed
b) should have been killed
c) must have killed
d) could have been killed
54
PART 4 (INC. NUMBER & QUANTITY)
"The nice thing about standards is there are __(1)__ to choose from." - Anonymous
1.
a) such a lot of
b) plenty of
c) too much
d) so many
I found all of the questions difficult. Did you answer __(2)__ of them correctly?
2.
a) neither
b) either
c) few
d) any
Each of the dogs pricked up __(3)__ ears.
3. a) its
b) two of
c) their
d) both of
"If there is __(4)__ wind, row." - Latin Proverb
4.
a) none
b) no
c) at all
d) without
Every writer should learn from __(5)__ own experiences.
5.
a) one’s
b) ones
c) his or her
d) theirs
The hut offered __(6)__ protection from the elements such as the rain and the wind.
6. a) none
c) little
b) hardly
d) any
She's been unemployed for two years and it's __(7)__ waste of her talents.
7. a) such a
c) so much
b) a lot of
d) too much
To our company, each of our customers __(8)__ important.
8.
a) to be
b) are
c) is
d) have been
The concert was cancelled because __(9)__ tickets had been sold.
9. a) none of
b) hardly any
c) only a little
d) quite a few
There are several bushes in the garden, but __(10)__ of them are rhododendrons.
10. a) not each
b) neither
c) none
d) not even one
__(11)__ government ministers have demanded the imposition of the death penalty for the murder of
police officers.
11.
a) Neither
b) Several
c) Either
d) All of
55
One of the canaries ate only half of __(12)__ food.
12. a) own
b) itself
c) their
d) its
"When a blind man carries a lame man, __(13)__ go forward." - Swedish Proverb
13. a) both
b) all
c) either
d) none
Every girl clapped __(14)__ hands.
14. a) her
b) both her
c) their
d) the both
With surpluses in the production of computers exploding, the president of the company had __(15)__
excuse to reject a large tax reduction.
15. a) no
b) any
c) much
d) hardly
I had three pencils. Have you seen __(16)__ of them?
16. a) any
c) either
b) some
d) neither
The plant shutdown caused the __(17)__ area to suffer from an economic crisis.
17. a) entire
b) all
c) most of the
d) majority of
She has painted dozens of pictures. Have you seen __(18)__ of them?
18. a) a lot
b) couple
c) any
d) either
The symbol that denotes a connection to the grounding conductor is three parallel horizontal lines,
__(19)__ of the lower ones being shorter than the one above it.
19. a) all
b) each
c) every
d) some
Two people said "Hello" to me, but I did not recognize __(20)__ of them.
20. a) each
b) none
c) neither
d) either
The splitting of an atom produces __(21)__ of energy.
21. a) a large number
b) a great amount
c) lot
d) huge quantity
Either of my daughters can lend you __(22)__ skis.
22. a) this
b) that
c) her
d) their
56
There are two umbrellas here, but __(23)__ of them is mine.
23. a) none
b) neither
c) both
d) either
Her figure is wonderful considering that she eats __(24)__ chocolate.
24. a) so much
b) much more
c) such a lot
d) lots
I have two uncles living abroad; unfortunately, __(25)__ of them writes to us very often, so we hardly
know what’s going on in their lives.
25. a) none
b) neither
c) either
d) both
Some banks make you pay __(26)__ bank charges.
26. a) little
b) less
c) too many
d) far too much
There are two trees on the lawn. __(27)__ of them are suitable to build a tree house on.
27. a) All
b) Each
c) Either
d) Both
Both of the children wanted to finish __(28)__ work early and see the new film on at the cinema.
28. a) her
b) their
c) his
d) its
There are two public libraries in the city, but __(29)__ of them is located close to where I live.
29. a) not all
b) no one
c) none
d) neither
There is _(30)_ evidence as yet that there is life on Mars.
30. a) no more
b) much
c) little
d) hardly
_(31)_ did she adore him, that she would not give him up.
31. a) Such
b) Such few
c) So much
d) Such a little
_(32)_ boring was the lecture, that she left in the middle.
32. a) Such a lot
b) So much
c) So
d) Quite
_(33)_ was his determination to succeed that he paid _(34)_ attention to those around him.
33. a)
b)
c)
d)
Such
So much
Such a lot
So
34. a)
b)
c)
d)
a lack of
little
none of
scarcely
57
Years ago, Mediterranean fishermen enjoyed big hauls near the two main mouths of the Nile. Today,
with the river delivering _(35a)_ nutrients and _(35b)_ pollution, the fish have gone farther out to sea
and so _(36)_.
35. a)
b)
c)
d)
so many ... so much
so little ... such a lot of
such a lot of ... quite a lot of
so few ... so much
36. a)
b)
c)
d)
have the fishermen
the fishermen have
have the fishermen gone
the fishermen have gone
Riding a wave of new technology, scientists are discovering _(37)_ of the oceans' secrets, including the
integral role the seas play _(38)_ our climate.
37. a)
b)
c)
d)
much
more
those
the ones
38. a)
b)
c)
d)
for shaping
and shape
in shaping
to shape
Fish, penguins, seals, whales, and many kinds of sea birds call Antarctica their home; __(39)__, the
freezing temperatures and months of darkness make life for its __(40)__ inhabitants an eternal battle
__(41)__ survival.
39. a) however
b) in contrast
c) conversely
d) on the contrary
40. a) a few
b) few
c) fewest
d) fewer
41. a) to
b) for
c) by
d) about
During the Gulf War, blood banks saw a significant increase in the number of blood __(42)__.
__(43)__, after Sept. 11, centres saw a five-fold increase. However, with today's war, blood bank
officials say that they are seeing __(44)__ public response.
42. a) donations
b) donating
c) donor
d) donates
43. a) Also
b) Nevertheless
c) Even so
d) Only
44. a) a lot of
b) hardly any
c) far fewer
d) quite a number of
Thirty years ago, almost __(45)__ kids in my neighborhood had some sort of hobby. Collecting and
trading baseball cards was a popular pastime, __(46)__ coin and stamp collecting. One of my friends
was into photography; still __(47)__ into building radios for himself.
45. a) all
b) most
c) every
d) whole
46. a) the same
b) such as
c) so are
d) as were
47. a)
b)
c)
d)
another
the other
others
the others
Since their appearance in about 3000 B.C., cities _(48)_ the natural center of everything that
mattered: the temple, the court, the market, the university. And for anyone with a particle of
ambition, there is _(49)_ choice. Shakespeare left Stratford to go to London, after all; _(50)_ the
reverse.
48. a)
b)
c)
d)
were always
would always be
have always been
had always been
49. a)
b)
c)
d)
so few
hardly
little
much
58
50. a)
b)
c)
d)
and
so
not
but
_(51)_ most people at this time of year think about eating turkey, some think about seeing _(52)_ —not
the overweight, pale, domesticated bird that ends up on the Thanksgiving table, but _(53)_ its
streamlined, bronzy ancestor: the wild turkey. This ground-dwelling native of North American forests
is fairly common now, but only 30 years ago it was nonexistent across _(54)_ of its historic range, a
casualty of over-hunting and deforestation.
51. a)
b)
c)
d)
If
Since
In case
While
54. a)
b)
c)
d)
much
entire
many
whole
52. a)
b)
c)
d)
this
one
it
that
53. a)
b)
c)
d)
59
instead
rather
than
only
PART 5 (INC.PREPOSITIONS & QUESTION TAGS)
You don't like me, __(1)__?
1. a) don’t you
b) didn’t you
c) did you
d) do you
You've done your homework, __(2)__?
2. a) didn’t you
b) did you
c) have you
d) haven’t you
I'm not late, __(3)__ I?
3. a) am
b) are
c) do
d) don’t
I'm invited to your party, __(4)__?
4. a) do I
b) aren’t I
c) am I
d) don’t I
You'll come to my party, __(5)__ you?
5. a) won’t
b) would
c) will
d) wouldn’t
You remembered to feed the cat, __(6)__ you?
6. a) didn't
b) haven’t
c) do
d) have
Let's play tennis, __(7)__we?
7. a) will
b) shall
c) won’t
d) don’t
Nobody came to your party, __(8)__ they?
8.
a) have
b) didn’t
c) did
d) haven’t
Don't forget, __(9)__you?
9. a) shall
b) can
c) do
d) will
You think you're clever, __(10)__you?
10. a) aren’t
b) don't
c) do
d) are
Parking didn’t use to be allowed here , __(11)__?
11.
a) did it use
b) used it
c) was it
d) did it
60
Stop whistling, _(12)_ you?
12. a) do
b) don’t
c) won’t
d) will
He frightened us __(13)__ jumping out of the cupboard.
13. a) through
b) by
c) with
d) in
Irritated by people walking in and out of the room, the guest speaker wondered how many more
interruptions he was supposed to put __(14)__.
14. a) through
b) out
c) in
d) up with
They robbed the company __(15)__ £2 million.
15. a) of
b) about
c) from
d) to
A last-minute injury robbed __(16)__ place on the team.
16. a) me of my
b) me and my
c) of my
d) me of
A mother was charged __(17)__ murder yesterday for refusing to have a Caesarean which
doctors said would have saved one of her twins.
17. a) with
b) as
c) to
d) about
Because of the officer’s testimony, both shooters were convicted __(18)__ murder and sentenced to
life in prison
18. a) about
b) of
c) to
d) from
Judging __(19)__ what he said, I think it's very unlikely that he'll be able to support your family
without aid from the government.
19. a) for
b) on
c) at
d) by
British weather is perhaps __(20)__ its most variable in the spring; it may be sunny in the morning and rainy
in the afternoon.
20. a) on
b) at
c) in
d) to
"A heart in love __(21)__ beauty never grows old." - Turkish Proverb
21. a) with
b) about
c) for
d) on
61
"Americans will put __(22)__ anything provided it doesn't block traffic." - Dan Rather
22. a) out
b) through
c) up with
d) away
"A journey of a thousand miles begins __(23)__ a single step." - Chinese Proverb
23. a) by
b) with
c) on
d) from
"Complain __(24)__ one who can help you." - Yugoslav Proverb
24. a) about
b) to
c) for
d) at
"Everyone has a right __(25)__ a university degree in America, even if it's in Hamburger Technology."
- Clive James
25. a) for
b) to
c) from
d) about
Television programs such as quiz shows and talent competitions have been blamed _(26)_ lowering the
standards of broadcasting.
26. a) on
b) with
c) as
d) for
Most heavy metal fans are __(27)__ 20 — this is at variance with the age of the bands themselves,
who are often __(28)__ the wrong side of 40.
27. a) under
b) beneath
c) beyond
d) within
28. a) about
b) for
c) on
d) to
There are certain errors that promise _(29)_ your hard work of writing a cover letter. From
typographical mistakes _(30)_ erroneous employer information, all mistakes have a negative impact
_(31)_ the application process.
29. a)
b)
c)
d)
that will diminish
diminishing
that they diminish
to diminish
30.
a)
b)
c)
d)
till
and
to
up to
62
31.
a)
b)
c)
d)
in
for
on
at
Trevor Baylis is an inventor who lives _(32)_ an island _(33)_ the middle of the river Thames, near
London. He has had a number of jobs, each one very different _(34)_ the last. Although he is now wellknown _(35)_ his invention of the clockwork radio, he has been responsible _(36)_ inventing many
products that help physically handicapped people carry out day-to-day tasks such as opening bottles.
32. a)
b)
c)
d)
at
on
in
inside
33.
a)
b)
c)
d)
on
in
right
just
35. a)
b)
c)
d)
with
of
to
for
36.
a)
b)
c)
d)
for
with
of
as
34.
a)
b)
c)
d)
with
like
from
as
Four hundred thousand men went to California _(37)_ the decade after gold was found. The land route
from the East Coast was 2,000 miles, with the danger of dying _(38)_ thirst in the desert. The sea
route _(39)_ South America took six months and many died _(40)_ the way. Ships arriving _(41)_
California were often abandoned by their crews, who were desperate to get on with searching for gold.
More than 500 ships ended _(42)_ rotting in San Francisco bay, sometimes _(43)_ their cargoes still
on board.
37. a)
b)
c)
d)
on
for
in
by
38. a)
b)
c)
d)
out of
for
in
from
39. a)
b)
c)
d)
in
across
around
away
40. a)
b)
c)
d)
in
on
at
by
41. a)
b)
c)
d)
on
into
in
at
42. a)
b)
c)
d)
up
in
at
with
43. a)
b)
c)
d)
next to
by
near
with
63
PART 6 ( INC. ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS)
Canada is not __(1)__ we like to think it is.
1.
a) more than integrated
b) almost as much integrated
c) nearly as integrated as
d) all that integrated
The weapons on display are __(2)__ defensive ones, not designed for attack.
2.
a) the most purely
b) the purest
c) pure
d) purely
After the party, it turned out that Julia’s new boyfriend was not __(3)__ she claimed him to be.
3.
a) as interesting a person as
b) an interesting person
c) much more interesting person
d) more interesting as a person
"Be __(4a)__ in choosing a friend, but __(4b)__ in changing him." - Scottish Proverb
4.
a) slower…more slowly
b) slowest…the slowest
c) slowly…quite slowly
d) slow…slower
Why don’t you ask Jenny to solve this maths problem? She is __(5)__ cleverer than me.
5.
a) far
b) quite
c) almost
d) nearly
Steve is __(6)__ he is a photographer.
6.
a) much better at teaching than
b) better teacher than
c) a very good teacher also
d) as good a teacher as
"Love and eggs are __(7)__ when they are fresh." - Russian Proverb
7.
a) best
b) as well as
c) well
d) as good as
The inland waterway from Livingston to the end of Lake Izabal is __(8)__ you can hope to see in your
travels.
8.
a) so beautiful that
b) such a beautiful place
c) as beautiful a place as
d) more beautiful places than
I find that __(9a)__ I work, __(9b)__ I seem to have. -Thomas Jefferson
9.
a) the harder… the more luck
b) much harder…much more luck
c) harder…luckier
d) the hardest…the luckiest
64
"It is __(10)__ harder for the average ape to believe that he has descended from man." –
H.L. Mencken
10. a) more
b) much more
c) ever
d) even
‘’The question of whether a computer can think is __(11)__ interesting than the question of whether a
submarine can swim. ‘’ E.W. Dijkstra
11.
a) hardly as
b) far
c) no more
d) lot more
A paperless office is __(12)__ a paperless toilet.
12. a) as worthwhile as
b) only worthwhile as to
c) not worthwhile as
d) hardly worthwhile as
" Better to light a candle __(13)__ to curse the darkness" - Chinese Proverb
13. a) than
b) instead
c) then
d) immediately
Ginny was as __(14)__ she had been a teacher: perceptive, dynamic, and always ready to help.
14. a) wonderful a fellow student as
b) wonderful as a fellow student
c) a wonderful fellow student
d) a fellow student as wonderful
Researchers from the University of Chicago have found that the corticosteroid nasal spray fluticasone
propionate (Flonase®) is __(15)__ at controlling seasonal allergies than a combination of two popular
anti-allergy drugs: loratidine (Claritin®) and montelukast (Singulair®).
15. a) so effective
b) as effectively
c) slightly more effective
d) too effective
"When one door closes, another door opens; but we so often look so long and so__ (16) __ upon the
closed door, that we do not see the ones which open for us." - Alexander Graham Bell
16. a) regretful
c) regretting
b) regretfully
d) regretted
No species in North America has been __(17)__ deer.
17. a) the more grotesque mismanagement than
b) more grotesquely mismanaged than
c) the most grotesquely mismanaged
d) as grotesque in mismanagement as
The larger a bottle of whiskey you drink, __(18)__.
18. a) you will be drunker
b) the drunker you will be
c) so drunk will you be
d) as drunk as you will be
65
"In the country of the blind, __(19)__ man is king." - Michael Apostolius
19. a) the only eye
b) the one-eyed
c) one-eye
d) only one eye
The Minister for Trade and Industry is __(20)__ of the situation as the union leaders.
20. a) more than just a prisoner
b) just like a prisoner
c) just as much a prisoner
d) a prisoner just like
__(21)__ more companies are establishing variable pay programmes to reward top performers on their
staff.
21. a) Increasing
b) Increased
c) To increase
d) Increasingly
"Never trust a man who speaks __(22)__ of everybody." - John Churton Collin
22. a) good
b) well
c) better
d) the best
Unemployment rates among white-collar workers show __(23)__ regional variation than corresponding rates
among blue-collar workers.
23. a) lesser
b) hardly any
c) very little
d) much less
"It is __(24)__ to fail in originality than to succeed in imitation." - Herman Melville, American author
24. a) better
b) the best
c) well
d) best
The low cost of the new computer made competition __(25)__ difficult for some of the other
companies.
25. a) far
b) very much
c) much too
d) extreme
The one experiment that has been given __(26)__ attention in the debate on saccharin is the 1977
Canadian study done on rats.
26. a) very
b) much too
c) the most
d) far more than
According to a recent survey, readers take newspaper websites __(27)__ the newspapers themselves.
27. a) as serious as
b) more seriously than
c) the most seriously
d) much too serious
66
Until the early 1960s, desk calculators, which performed only the basic arithmetic operations, were
__(28)__ mechanical in operation.
28. a) the most essential
b) the most essentially
c) essentially
d) essential
"Life's tragedy is that we get old too soon and wise too __(29)__." - Benjamin Franklin
29. a) late
b) later
c) lately
d) latest
The debate over nuclear power has often been __(30)__.
30. a) bitter
b) such bitter
c) bitterly
d) much more bitterly
In 1833, Faraday's experimentation with electrolysis indicated a natural unit of electrical charge, thus
pointing to a discrete __(31)__ continuous charge.
31. a) more than
b) more like
c) instead
d) rather than
Because the shortage in donor hearts is __(32)__, transplant surgery is limited to people with the best
chances of surviving.
32. a) more severely
b) such severe
c) so severe
d) severely
"When a thing is done, advice comes __(33)__." - Romanian Proverb
33. a) later
b) late enough
c) too late
d) lately
When asked about his opinion on the reality shows on television, the distinguished TV critic said that
they were absolutely __(34)__.
34. a) as terrible
b) terribly
c) too terrible
d) terrible
A city built on an island is __(35)__ defensible.
35. a) easier
b) easily
c) very easy
d) the easiest
The dining room was admired by all the guests since it was _(36)_.
36. a) tastefully decorated
b) decorating tastefully
c) tasteful to decorate
d) to decorate tastefully
"__(37)__ absent, soon forgotten." - Romanian Proverb
37. a) The longest
b) The longer
c) Longer
d) Long
67
Don't Worry Man... I Thought Of Everything
A group of drug smugglers hatched a plan to empty the tank of a propane truck and use it to smuggle
six thousand pounds of marijuana across the border from Mexico into Texas. Though clever, the men
were not __(38)__ bright: they were caught because they __(39)__ the name of the gas company
while painting it on the side of the truck.
38. a)
b)
c)
d)
enough
much
most
really
39. a) were misspelled
b) had misspelled
c) were misspelling
d) have misspelled
Some people __(40)__ the Sonata is __(41a)__ the Camry and in some areas __(41b)__.
40. a)
b)
c)
d)
are feeling
are to feel
have felt
feel
41. a)
b)
c)
d)
as good a car as… even better
a good car as…much better
not nearly as good…worse
worse than…rather bad
Patrick was surprised to see his fussy Himalayan cat __(42)__ the Chicken and Rice dog food that he
had bought on sale, __(43)__ his home-cooked chicken breast.
42. a)
b)
c)
d)
devour
to devour
devoured
being devoured
43. a) almost as eagerly as
b) very eagerly as if
c) slightly more eager than
d) so eager that
Of all the _(44)_ feats climbers attempt these days, scaling vertical ice appears to be _(45)_.
44. a)
b)
c)
d)
most daringly
daring
dared
more daring
45. a)
b)
c)
d)
very dangerous
the dangerous
the most dangerous
more dangerous
Antarctica is the fifth __(46)__ continent in the world and covers 10% of the earth's land surface,
but it would be the smallest continent if it __(47)__ its ice cap.
46. a)
b)
c)
d)
larger
largely
large
largest
47. a)
b)
c)
d)
68
did not have
hadn’t had
wouldn’t have
wouldn’t have had
"__(48a) __ you study, __(48b) __ you find out you don't know, but __(49a)__ you study, __(49b) __
you come." - Cozy Cole
48. a) The most …most
b) More …the more
c) The more …the more
d) More…most
49. a) the most…closest
b) the more…the closer
c) more…closest
d) more…the closer
Electricity manifests itself as a force of attraction, independent of short-range and __(50)__ nuclear
attraction, when two __(51)__ charged bodies are brought close to one another.
50. a)
b)
c)
d)
gravity
gravitational
gravitation
gravitated
51. a)
b)
c)
d)
oppositely
oppose
opposite
opposed
The first artificial hearts were made of__(52)__ silicone rubber, which apparently caused __(53)__
clotting and, therefore, uncontrolled bleeding.
52. a)
b)
c)
d)
smoothest
smoothing
smooth
smoothly
53. a)
b)
c)
d)
excessive
excess
excessively
excessiveness
There is mounting evidence __(54)__ people whose diets are rich in vitamins __(55)__ to develop some
types of cancer.
54. a)
b)
c)
d)
whether
that
how
when
55. a)
b)
c)
d)
aren’t as likely as
not as likely
less likely
are less likely
Laughter consists of two parts -- a set of gestures and the production of a sound. When we laugh, the
brain pressures us to conduct __(56)__ those activities __(57)__. When we laugh __(58)__, changes
occur in many parts of the body, even in the arm, leg and trunk muscles.
56. a)
b)
c)
d)
both
all
either
whole of
57. a)
b)
c)
d)
simultaneous
simultaneously
simulate
to simulate
58. a)
b)
c)
d)
hearty
heartily
heart
heartiest
The Consumer Product Safety Commission has recently alerted homeowners to the dangers of room
candles. Yearly room candle fire deaths have increased 750 percent __(59)__ the last two decades—
probably because room candles have become __(60)__ as a decorative element. Always extinguish
candles at bedtime and __(61)__ leaving a room.
59. a)
b)
c)
d)
between
from
over
since
60. a)
b)
c)
d)
such a prevalent
61. a) at
too prevalent
b) when
almost prevalent
c) prior
so much more prevalent
d) once
69
Antarctica, __(62)__ continent on earth, is where one will find the world's __(63)__ supply of fresh
water locked in ice extending __(64)__ the eye can see.
62. a) most remotely
b) the most remote
c)as remote as the
d) a remoter
63. a)
b)
c)
d)
the largest
too large
largest
largely
64. a)
b)
c)
d)
so far that
further more than
as far as
much farther
Believing that all our choices in the past were _(65)_ we could have made at the time frees us _(66)_
regret and reinforces our belief that we are _(67)_ we can be at this moment.
65. a)
b)
c)
d)
the best
better than
as good as
the good ones
66. a)
b)
c)
d)
away
from
off
with
67. a)
b)
c)
d)
so good
best of
better than
as good as
The more _(68a)_, the more _(68b)_ unexpected combinations of events _(69)_, giving us the chance
_(70)_ our situation.
68. a)
b)
c)
d)
life is varied...likely that is
varied is life...is that likely
is varied life...likely is that
varied life is...likely that
69. a)
b)
c)
d)
will occur
to occur
occurring
will have occurred
70. a)
b)
c)
d)
in improving
by improving
to improve
so as to improve
Of the approximately 40 species of whales, half can be considered __(71)__ as opposed to endangered;
that is, individuals of such species are not very numerous. Many of the unusual beaked whales fall into
this category. Most of the commercially __(72)__ whale species, however, are indeed endangered.
These include the blue, bowhead, humpback, and right whales. If unregulated whaling continues, these
species will be wiped out entirely; the numbers of some of them are perhaps already __(73)__ that
they can never recover.
71.
a)
b)
c)
d)
rarely
the rarest
rare
quite rarely
72.
a)
b)
c)
d)
valuing
value of
valuable
the valued
73.
a)
b)
c)
d)
so low
very low
much low
too low
"I don't like food that's __(74)__ arranged; it makes me __(75)__ that the chef is spending
__(76)__ time arranging and __(77)__ time cooking. If I __(78a)__ a picture I __(78b)__ a
painting." - Andy Rooney
74. a)
b)
c)
d)
too carefully
very careful
too careful
almost carefully
75. a)
b)
c)
d)
think
thinking
to think
to be thinking
77. a)
b)
c)
d)
not enough
nothing
any
not at all
78. a)
b)
c)
d)
wanted…would have bought
want…will have bought
had wanted…should have bought
wanted…would buy
70
76. a) most of
b) too much
c) large
d) many
Feather star crinoids are _(79)_ marine animals _(80)_ the globe’s coral reefs. _(81)_ a period of five
years, underwater photographer Fred Bavendam explored Indo-Pacific reefs, _(82)_ feather stars
that inhabit them. At one point Bavendam was _(83)_ on examining each feather star that he didn’t
notice a curious tiger shark _(84)_ him from behind. However, coming face to face with the huge animal
did not stop him from taking pictures. _(85)_ photographs highlight the feather star crinoid’s beauty.
79. a)
b)
c)
d)
colored brilliantly
coloring brilliantly
brilliantly coloring
brilliantly colored
80. a)
b)
c)
d)
ornament
to ornament
ornamenting
having ornamented
81. a)
b)
c)
d)
Over
While
Above
As
82. a)
b)
c)
d)
photographing
to be photographing
having been photographed
photographed
83. a)
b)
c)
d)
so concentrated
as concentrated
very concentrated
concentrated
84. a)
b)
c)
d)
by approaching
to approach
approaching
approached
85. a)
b)
c)
d)
To result
The resulting
As a result
Resulted
In October, commercial fishermen, _(86)_ from Maine and Alaska, descend on fishless Great Salt Lake
to catch the infinitesimal eggs of brine shrimp, half-inch filter feeders that are _(87)_ life-form the
salty lake can sustain. Brine shrimp eggs, or Artemia cysts, _(88)_ on the water. _(89)_, they can sit on
a shelf for years; when _(90)_, they hatch into larvae used as food for prawn farms in Asia and South
America. The highest quality aquaculture food in the world, Great Salt Lake Artemia cysts sold for
_(91)_ $35 a pound last year on a record harvest that yielded over four million dry pounds.
86. a)
b)
c)
d)
several
a lot
various
most
87. a)
b)
c)
d)
larger than
the largest
so large
as large as
88. a)
b)
c)
d)
float
have been floating
are floating
floated
89. a)
b)
c)
d)
Drying
To be drying
Dried
To dry
90. a)
b)
c)
d)
rehydrated
rehydrate
rehydrating
to be reydrated
91. a)
b)
c)
d)
more pricey than
as much as
as expensive as
more expensive than
Adopting unrelated offspring is more common in animals living in colonies such as seals and bats
__(92)__ among solitary ones. Studies of Hawaiian monk seals, for example, show that __(93)__ a
colony, the more likely a mother and pup will become __(94)__ during the chaos caused by bull seals
__(95)__ through the group. __(96)__, in turn, lead to more adoptions. In one colony of Hawaiian monk
seals, it was found that about 90 percent of mother seals took in foster pups after they became
__(97)__ and switched offspring by accident. Monk seals seem __(98)__ at recognizing their own
young than are other seal species, which use sight, smell and the unique sound of each pup's cry to tell
one __(99)__ the other.
92.
a)
b)
c)
d)
than it is
so is it
likely is it
since it is
93.
a)
b)
c)
d)
as dense as
the denser
the densest
the more densely
71
94. a)
b)
c)
d)
separated permanent
permanently separated
separating permanently
permanent separation
95.
a)
b)
c)
d)
moving
moved
are moving
to move
96.
a)
b)
c)
d)
The more separated
More separated
The most separations
More separations
98.
a)
b)
c)
d)
the least skilled
as skilled as
less skilled
so skilled as
99.
a)
b)
c)
d)
from
about
for
to
72
97. a)
b)
c)
d)
confusing
confuse
confusion
confused
PART 7 (EMPHATIC STRUCTURES: INVERSION & CLEFT SENTENCES)
_(1)_ a movie make you feel so warm and so uneasy at the same time.
1.
a) Hardly ever
b) It rarely does
c) Rarely does
d) It would hardly
Ultimately, it is the people _(2)_ to tell the politicians that change is necessary all over the world.
2.
a) they need
b) that they need
c) needing
d) who need
Such was the response to the campaign _(3)_ to sell almost all of the goods in stock.
3.
a) did we manage
b) had we managed
c) that we managed
d) that we had managed
_(4)_ political stability in the region so that economic development can be sustained.
4.
a) That it is needed
b) What is needed is
c) So much needed is
d) It is so much needed that
Only after I had shut the door _(5)_ I’d left my keys inside.
5.
a) did I realize
b) that I realized
c) I realized that
d) I would have realized
_(6)_ do they expect us to work all hours during the week, now they want us to come in on Saturday
mornings as well!
6.
a) Hardly ever
b) Rarely
c) Scarcely
d) Not only
_(7)_ was the popularity of the soap opera, that the streets were deserted whenever it was on.
7.
a) Such
b) This
c) So
d) It
John continued to ride his motorcycle although he had hurt his back; eventually what happened was _(8)_
he developed chronic low back pain.
8.
a) why
b) that
c) how
d) if
_(9)_ can you leave the room before the exam ends.
9.
a) Only then
b) No sooner
c) On no account
d) Not until
_(10)_ three days of the holiday had passed did I begin to relax.
10. a) Scarcely
b) Hardly
c) Only
d) Not until
__(11)__ no circumstances can your money be refunded if you have lost your receipt.
11. a) On
b) At
c) Over
d) Under
73
It was the head of the immigration office _(12)_ Paul entry to the country.
12. a) denying
b) to have denied
c) that denies
d) who denied
Barely _(13a)_ the door _(13b)_ a loud noise upstairs.
13. a) I must have opened... was I able to see
b) could I open... that I had heard
c) had I opened ... when I heard
d) I did open ... and I could hear
We cannot rely on him to be there on time, _(14)_ on his truthfulness.
14. a) but we cannot depend
b) but also we can hardly depend
c) little do we depend
d) nor can we depend
At no time _(15)_ I would accept late homework.
15. a) were I to say
b) I would say
c) I had said
d) did I say
Little _(16)_ know what surprises we have in store for them.
16. a) they
b) do they
c) they do
d) they do not
_(17a)_ had I reached the door _(17b)_ I realized it was locked.
17. a) Little...that
b) Not only...but
c) No sooner...than
d) Hardly...that
_(18)_ the professor told the student about his term-paper made him very upset.
18. a) That
b) What
c) The fact that
d) Something
_(19)_ a single word did he say after he learned that his wife had escaped with his best friend.
19. a) Hardly any
b) Not until
c) No sooner
d) Not
_(20)_ the small town lacked was economic power.
20. a) It was
b) That
c) So
d) What
The race is not over yet; not until all the votes have been counted _(21)_ released .
21. a) a press report might be
b) need a press report
c) a press report could be
d) will a press report be
Under no circumstances _(22)_ absent from the weekly board meetings.
22. a) you are allowed to be
b) should you be
c) might you have been
d) you could be
Only when I learned that I had passed the exam __(23)__ to enjoy my holiday.
23. a) that I began
b) then I began
c) did I begin
d) had I begun
74
Not only __(24)__ all my clothes and jewellery, but my chequebook, passport and visa card went too.
24. a) was lost
b) did I lose
c) I lost
d) losing
Matthew's got chicken pox, __(25)__.
25. a) also his brother
b) so has his brother
c) his brother does too
d) likewise his brother
The cacao tree __ (26)__ a fruit about the size of a small pineapple. Inside the fruit __(27)__ , also
known as cocoa beans.
26. a) produces
b) is producing
c) producing
d) that produces
27. a) the tree’s seeds are
b) are to be the tree’s seeds
c) where the tree’s seeds are
d) are the tree’s seeds
_(28)_ the film started did I realize that I _(29)_ it before.
28. a)
b)
c)
d)
Hardly
Until
Only after
Not when
29. a)
b)
c)
d)
have seen
would have seen
had seen
saw
We set off early in the morning to get there on time, but _(30)_ that we had to stop four times because
of the boiling radiator.
30. a) what happened was
b) it happened
c) the thing that happened
d) then it happened
Evidently nature can no longer _(31)_ seen as matter and energy alone. _(32)_ can all her secrets be
unlocked with the keys of chemistry and physics.
31. a)
b)
c)
d)
have
be
being
to be
32. a)
b)
c)
d)
Nor
So
But also
Not
The roof started leaking in September, but _(33)_ later that the landlord decided to do something about
it.
33. a) so much
b) such a lot
c) it was much
d) that much
Scarcely _(34a)_ the major part of the fleet _(34b)_ the shelter of Corunna, in the North West of
Spain, _(35)_ a fierce gale arose in the Bay of Biscay, scattering the remaining ships.
34. a)
b)
c)
d)
would ... have reached
did ... reach
had ... reached
was ... reaching
35. a)
b)
c)
d)
that
such
where
when
75
After three days without water, what the survivors of the plane crash _(36)_ rainwater to drink.
36. a) were doing to collect
b) did to collect
c) did was to collect
d) were going to collect
The crowd was shouting and the police cars were sounding their sirens in the distance; _(37)_ did the
two men realize _(38)_ themselves into.
37. a)
b)
c)
d)
never before
until then
only then
not only
38. a)
b)
c)
d)
what they had got
whether they had to get
why they were to get
how they got
Not once _(39)_ him ever actually _(40)_ anyone.
39. a)
b)
c)
d)
I remember seeing
do I remember to see
can I remember seeing
I remember having seen
40. a)
b)
c)
d)
to help
helping
having helped
to have helped
_(41)_ in this country is first of all a recognition that employment is a fundamental human right that
must be guaranteed to all.
41. a) What needs
b) It is needed
c) The thing that is needed
d) So much is needed
The government _(42)_ to resolve the issue with the dock workers, nor _(43)_ any plans for the
imminent strike action.
42. a)
b)
c)
d)
hasn’t attempted
has not been attempted
doesn’t have to attempt
won’t have to attempt
43. a)
b)
c)
d)
it has made
will it have made
has it made
it has to make
No sooner _(44)_ into their new cottage _(45)_ their troubles began.
44. a)
b)
c)
d)
had the family moved
did the family move
the family moved
the family had moved
45. a)
b)
c)
d)
that
than
before
when
More time is _(46)_ we need to finish the project if the result is to be satisfactory.
46. a) that
b) which
c) when
d) what
Only after they had left Istanbul _(47)_ how much _(48)_ that city.
47. a)
b)
c)
d)
the couple realized
had the couple realized
the couple had realized
did the couple realize
48. a)
b)
c)
d)
did they love
they loved
had they loved
they were in love
76
_(49)_ disappointed _(50)_ with his team’s performance _(51)_ he never renewed his season ticket.
49. a)
b)
c)
d)
Such
So much
So
Such a lot of
50. a)
b)
c)
d)
was he
he was
had he
he had
51. a)
b)
c)
d)
when
than
that
which
_(52)_ was the cynical smile on Jerry’s face that upset Agatha.
52. a) It
b) Which
c)
d)
What
When
Not only _(53)_ the way we record history, it _(54)_ people from all walks of life could participate
_(55)_ documents for future generations.
53. a)
b)
c)
d)
the camera had changed
54. a) also meant that
having changed the camera to
b) had also meant
did the camera change
c) would also mean to
the camera did change
d) also meaning
55. a)
b)
c)
d)
to create
in creating
for creating
create
_(56)_ that fascinates me.
56. a) Dana’s cleverness
b) It is Dana’s cleverness
c) Dana’s cleverness is
d) Why Dana’s cleverness is
On the upper floors of the building _(57)_.
57. a) did the family live
b) were the family to live
c) had the family lived
d) lived the family
So disgusted_(58)_ by the service, he decided to complain to the manager.
58. a) did he have to be
b) could he be
c) was he
d) would he be
Such _(59)_ the weather that even the most daring windsurfers stayed at home.
59. a) had been
b) was going to be
c) was
d) would be
77
PART 8 (INC. CONNECTORS)
I think jogging can be very boring _(1)_ I do it because it’s a great form of exercise.
1.
a) whereas
b) but
c) now that
d) even if
The drivers in the original World Cup rallies were professional rally drivers. For the first time,
the entrants in the new World Cup Rally, _(2)_ , will be ordinary car drivers.
2.
a) whereas
b) nevertheless
c) yet
d) however
_(3)_ does this brand offer the best visual quality on the market, its sound is probably the best you
can get.
3.
a) Neither
b) Not only
c) Both
d) Either
He hates the fact that he has to work on the night shift _(4)_ his wife, who has to spend
the evenings alone.
4.
a) but also
b) and so does
c) neither does
d) nor does
Such was the confusion over the new voting system _(5)_ many people voted for the wrong
candidate.
5.
a) so
b) and
c) that
d) when
_(6a)_ was she happy to help _(6b)_ was she willing to say why.
6.
a) Neither...nor
b) Not only...but also
c) Both...and
d) Either...or
_(7)_ most people prefer to work a 9 to 5 day, I prefer to have a more flexible timetable.
7.
a) Contrary to
b) In contrast
c) Whereas
d) Unlike
He says he hasn't got any money _(8)_ he's got thousands of dollars in his account.
8.
a) contrary to
b) in contrast
c) when in fact
d) actually
I don't understand how the governor can say that everything's fine _(9)_ it's so obvious that it's not.
9.
a) when
b) rather
c) however
d) despite
During __(10)__ , American passengers were singled out and murdered.
10. a) the two airlines were hijacked
b) the two airline hijackings
c) the two hijacked airlines
d) hijacking the two airlines
78
Some people give a regular monthly donation to charity __(11)__ others vary the amount they give from
time to time.
11. a) furthermore
b) while
c) so that
d) nevertheless
Most troops have now been withdrawn from the region, __(12)__ a few hundred soldiers still remain.
12. a) except for
b) and
c) so
d) but
"The fellow that agrees with everything you say is __(13a)__ a fool __(13b)__ he is getting ready to
skin you." - Kin Hubbard
13. a) neither…nor
b) either…or
c) both…and
d) not only…also
"Children are natural mimics who act like their parents __(14)__ every effort to teach them good
manners." – Anonymous
14. a) despite
b) in spite
c) although
d) owing to
The minister asked not to be interrupted __(15)__ there was an emergency.
15.
a) only if
b) unless
c) so that
d) providing
Millions of Okinawans live in the southern coral islands of Japan with the average life expectancy of
105 years, __(16)__ mainland Japan's average life span is only 77 years.
16. a) despite
b) while
c) thus
d) on the contrary
The rearrangement or division of a heavy nucleus may take place naturally __(17)__ under
bombardment with neutrons.
17. a) or
b) but also
c) as well
d) also
In an auxiliary relay, when the applied current or voltage exceeds a threshold value, the coil activates
the armature, which __(18)__ closes the open contacts or opens the closed contacts.
18. a) both
b) not only
c) neither
d) either
The Kedeco produces 1200 watts in 17 mph winds using a 16-foot rotor; __(19)__, the Dunlite produces
2000 watts in 25 mph winds.
19. a) on the other hand
b) actually
c) on the contrary
d) in fact
79
For animals and humans alike, sleep ranks right up there with food and water. __(20)__ , despite
its clear necessity and years of investigation, scientists still don’t know precisely what sleep is for.
20. a) Besides
b) Yet
c) Conversely
d) Moreover
Tsho Rolpa Lake is formed by a glacial moraine that partially blocks the flow of melt water from
the glacier. __(21)__ global warming, there is more melt water these days than there __(22)__ .
21. a) Although
b) Because
c) Despite
d) Due to
22. a) was used
b) used to being
c) was used to being
d) used to be
She wasn’t expecting to get the job, _(23)_ was she expecting _(24)_ such a generous salary.
23. a)
b)
c)
d)
otherwise
or
nor
but also
24. a)
b)
c)
d)
to have offered
having been offered
being offered
to be offered
On the Great Barrier Reef, depending on _(25)_ it grows, a reef can be _(26a)_ a ribbon reef
(on the continental shelf edge), a platform reef (on the shelf), _(26b)_ a fringing reef (along
the continental islands and mainland).
25. a)
b)
c)
d)
how
when
where
how long
26. a)
b)
c)
d)
both...and
not only...but also
either...or
neither...nor
Here on Earth, most of us are able to approach _(27)_ for only fractions of a second. We notice it as
that stomach-in-the-throat feeling we _(28)_ as a roller coaster goes over the top of a rise _(29)_
when an elevator floor drops from under our feet too quickly and then, for just a moment, we _(30)_ in
free fall.
27. a)
b)
c)
d)
weightlessness
weightless
weightlessly
weight
28. a)
b)
c)
d)
are getting
have got
get
would get
29. a)
b)
c)
d)
or
but
so
nor
30. a)
b)
c)
d)
were
have been
will be
are
The basenji, a compact hunter _(31)_ is depicted in Egyptian tombs 5,000 years old, is the only dog
that does not bark. It isn’t mute, _(32)_. It often chortles or yodels, even snarls _(33)_ it has
other unusual characteristics. _(34)_ the wolf, another non-barker, the basenji can only be bred
once a year, not twice like most dogs.
31. a)
b)
c)
d)
the ancestry of whom
that its ancestry
whose ancestry
with its ancestry
32. a)
b)
c)
d)
still
yet
at all
however
33. a)
b)
c)
d)
80
and
because
so
or
34. a)
b)
c)
d)
Similarly
Like
Likewise
In the same way
Despite rumors _(35)_, saguaro cactuses are not vanishing. There have been _(36)_ of scares: false
reports about a bacterial disease, a rumored decline in the young saguaro population, an apparent
decline in the number of pollinating bats, a mysterious condition _(37)_ “epidermal browning” (_(38)_
thought _(39)_ air pollution), and tales of cactus poaching. But the saguaro cactuses aren’t threatened
by extinction. _(40)_, the number of young saguaros _(41)_.
35. a)
b)
c)
d)
in contrast
however
to the contrary
unlike
36. a)
b)
c)
d)
many
several
various
plenty
37. a)
b)
c)
d)
38. a)
b)
c)
d)
previous
former
once
used to be
39. a)
b)
c)
d)
to be causing
40. a) Nevertheless
to have caused
b) Moreover
to have been caused by
c) On the contrary
being caused by
d) In contrast
41. a)
b)
c)
d)
is increasing
are increased
should increase
must have increased
81
calling
called
to call
is called
PART 9 (INC. MODALS)
REVIEW 1
They _(1)_ have been really worried about him to have called the police.
1.
a) must
b) might
c) should
d) could
He _(2)_ have known about the appointment; it’s not like him to be late.
2.
a) shouldn’t
b) can’t
c) needn’t
d) wouldn’t
I know I _(3)_ the car serviced sooner.
3.
a) should have
b) must have had
c) could have
d) ought to have had
So surprised _(4)_ by his extreme reaction that we said nothing in reply.
4.
a) had we been
b) might we be
c) could we have been
d) were we
I _(5)_ feel the wind in my hair as I walked along the cliff.
5.
a) was able to
b) might
c) managed to
d) could
Even when he was really young, he __(6)__ that piano for hours every day.
6. a) could have played
b) should be playing
c) would play
d) might have played
He _(7)_ the money. He was the only person in the room all evening.
7.
a) must have taken
b) should have taken
c) had to take
d) needed to take
The telephone and the Internet _(8)_ have been born in the United States, but the most wired
countries in the world are in Scandinavia.
8.
a) needn’t
b) must
c) should
d) may
Why is the light still on? You _(9)_ asleep by now.
9.
a) should be
b) must be
c) should have been
d) must have been
IBM _(10a)_ the first _(10b)_ personal home-use computers.
10. a) was ... to develop
b) had been ... to have developed
c) has been ... in developing
d) is ... developed
When we were kids, we _(11a)_ into our neighbor’s garden and _(11b)_ apples.
11. a) were climbing...stealing
b) had been climbing...stealing
c) would climb...steal
d) would be climbing...stealing
82
Winston __(12)__ be at the theatre watching a play; I saw him in a café ten minutes ago.
12. a) had better not
b) can’t
c) mustn’t
d) shouldn’t
You __(13)__ to school today. Your teacher phoned me to see where you were!
13. a) couldn’t go
b) can’t have gone
c) might have gone
d) shouldn’t have gone
She __(14)__ be a teacher. She did study education at university.
14. a) would
b) might
c) would have been
d) will have been
That pizzeria __(15)__ good. It's often quite busy.
15. a) must have been
b) could have been
c) could be
d) would be
Your wife __(16)__ us together. She didn't look happy this evening.
16. a) must be seen
b) might see
c) may have seen
d) must see
He __(17)__ his exams. He didn't study very much.
17. a) would have failed
b) could have failed
c) must fail
d) will have failed
They __(18)__ out. Look, all the lights are off!
18. a) might have been
b) must be
c) can’t be
d) couldn’t have been
She __(19)__ his marriage proposal. Look how happy he is!
19. a) could have accepted
b) must have accepted
c) should have accepted
d) would have accepted
You __(20)__ too much before going to bed; it might give you a nightmare.
20. a) can’t eat
b) might not eat
c) can’t have eaten
d) shouldn’t eat
You __(21)__ come with us. You can stay at home if you want.
21. a) didn’t need to
b) needn’t
c) don’t need
d) needn’t have
I __(22)__ my umbrella; it will be a lovely day.
22. a) can’t bring
b) couldn’t have brought
c) needn’t bring
d) wouldn’t bring
I __(23)__ to school today! There is a teachers' strike!!
23. a) needn’t have come
b) couldn’t have come
c) can’t have come
d) won’t have come
83
The police car was going so fast; it __(24)__ someone.
24. a) might have chased
b) had chased
c) could be chasing
d) must have been chasing
Any manufacturer who does not conform to the standards __(25)__ under the Consumers Protection
Act, 1987.
25. a) must have been prosecuted
b) could be prosecuted
c) will have been prosecuted
d) was to be prosecuted
The book is optional. My professor said we could read it if we needed extra credit. But we __(26)__
read it if we don't want to.
26. a) cannot
b) don’t need
c) must not
d) don’t have to
Susan __(27)__ hear the speaker because the crowd was cheering so loudly.
27. a) couldn’t
b) wouldn’t
c) can’t
d) won’t
The television isn't working. It __(28)__ damaged during the move.
28. a) must have been
b) can be
c) might
d) could have
You __(29)__ be rich to be a success. Some of the most successful people I know haven't got a penny
to their name.
29. a) can’t
b) mustn’t
c) don’t have to
d) shouldn’t
I've redone this math problem at least twenty times, but my answer is wrong according to the answer
key. The answer in the book __(30)__ be wrong!
30. a) would
b) need to
c) must
d) should
You __(31)__ do the job if you didn't speak Japanese fluently.
31. a) don’t have to
b) couldn’t
c) won’t be able to
d) can’t
You __(32)__ worry so much. It doesn't do you any good. Either you get the job, or you don't. If you
don't, just apply for another one. Eventually, you will find work.
32. a) can’t
b) needn’t
c) couldn’t
d) might not
I'm rather shy, although I'm not as bad as I __(33)__ .
33. a) was used to being
b) used to be
c) am used to being
d) didn’t used to be
I __(34)__ to like eating salad, but I love it now.
34. a) hadn’t got used
b) weren’t used
c) didn’t use
d) wasn’t used
84
She __(35)__ to study hard and so she failed all her exams every year.
35. a) didn’t use
b) didn’t get used
c) wasn’t used
d) hasn’t used
I __(36)__ have a teddy bear when I was young.
36. a) used to
b) was used to
c) got used to
d) would
Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It __(37)__ her fiancé a fortune.
37. a) must cost
b) could have cost
c) could cost
d) must have cost
__(38)__ we move into the living room? It's more comfortable in there and there's a beautiful view of
the lake.
38. a) Shall
b) Must
c) Will
d) Why not
Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He __(39)__ be exhausted after such a long
flight.
39. a) had better
b) has to
c) must
d) can
I know you're sorry now, but the fact remains that you __(40)__ your sister.
40. a) don’t have to hit
b) shouldn’t have hit
c) can’t have hit
d) couldn’t have hit
"You __(41)__ wake a person who is pretending to be asleep." - Navajo Proverb
41. a) don’t need
b) won’t
c) ought not
d) can’t
"You __(42)__ to stay up nights to succeed; you ought to stay awake days." – Anonymous
42. a) needn’t
b) don’t have
c) mustn’t
d) shouldn’t
A 20 percent fluctuation in average global temperature __(43)__ reduce biological activity, shift
weather patterns, and ruin agriculture.
43. a) must
c) has to
b) could
d) ought
Happiness __(44)__ do with achieving your personal goals and being honest and productive in life.
44. a) might
c) has to
b) can
d) must
I __(45)__ to hospital immediately.
45. a) took
b) have been taking
c) had to be taken
d) had to take
85
The whole matter needs __(46)__ careful consideration.
46. a) to give
b) be given
c) being given
d) to be given
She __(47)__ something wrong, because she looks so guilty.
47. a) would do
c) must have done
b) could do
d) should have done
She guiltily took another biscuit from the tin, knowing that she __(48)__ in between meals.
48. a) can’t be eaten
c) couldn’t have eaten
b) mustn’t be eaten
d) shouldn't be eating
The judge said although it would be unfortunate for a guilty party to escape justice, it was far more
important that an innocent person __(49)__.
49. a) mustn’t wrongly punish
c) shouldn’t be wrongly punished
b) wasn’t punished wrongly
d) won’t punish wrongly
A court of inquiry __(50)__ up to investigate what caused the explosion.
50. a) that set
c) must have set
b) to be setting
d) is to be set
Food must __(51)__ to a high temperature to kill harmful bacteria.
51. a) have been heated
c) be heating
b) be heated
d) have heated
Two other men __(52)__ trial next month for their part in the bombing.
52. a) probably stand
c) are to stand
b) expected to stand
d) standing
86
PART 9 (INC. MODALS)
REVIEW 2
You __(1)__ leave the table once you __(2)__ finished your meal and politely excused yourself.
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
don’t have to
would
may
needn’t
2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
have
could have
might have
will have
Most of us think our homes are safe, but some statistics suggest that they __(3) __. Accidents, fire,
and crime put us __(4)__ risk daily.
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
might not be
ought not to be
can’t have been
couldn’t have been
4.
a)
b)
c)
d)
at
through
to
into
I was sure I _(5)_ smoke, but I really wasn’t too sure where it _(6)_ from.
5.
a)
b)
c)
d)
could have smelled
was smelling
could smell
had been smelling
6.
a)
b)
c)
d)
had come
came
was coming
had been coming
The original plan was that the Queen _(7)_ the hospital, but there was a nurses’ strike so she _(8)_
her schedule.
7.
a)
b)
c)
d)
visited
was visiting
was to visit
had visited
8.
a)
b)
c)
d)
had better change
should have changed
had to change
must have changed
Little _(9)_ that I _(10)_ to love his strange ways.
9.
a)
b)
c)
d)
I did suspect
I might have suspected
did I suspect
might I have suspected
10. a)
b)
c)
d)
would come
should have come
would be coming
must come
You _(11)_ have let us know you were coming to town last weekend. We _(12)_ have cancelled all our
prior engagements to be with you.
11. a)
b)
c)
d)
must
may not
could
might not
12. a)
b)
c)
d)
should
would
must
needn’t
They _(13)_ have stolen the money. They _(14)_ enough time.
13. a)
b)
c)
d)
wouldn’t
shouldn’t
needn’t
couldn’t
14. a)
b)
c)
d)
87
wouldn’t have
couldn’t have had
didn’t have
hadn’t had
He _(15)_ about your news or he _(16)_ something at the meeting last night.
15. a)
b)
c)
d)
shouldn’t know
can’t know
shouldn’t have known
can’t have known
16. a)
b)
c)
d)
would have said
would say
will be saying
has said
You _(17)_ have told me there was no food in the house. I _(18)_ have gone to the shops.
17. a)
b)
c)
d)
must
needn’t
should
can’t
18. a)
b)
c)
d)
would
couldn’t
must
needn’t
The ability to interpret human gestures _(19)_ have been the critical difference between wolves that
remained wild and wolves that became dogs. Studies show that man's best friend _(20)_ about 15,000
years ago in East Asia.
19. a)
b)
c)
d)
should
has to
may
would
20. a)
b)
c)
d)
was first domesticated
had first been domesticated
first being domesticated
first domesticated
I’d rather you _(21)_ walk alone at night in that part of the city. It _(22)_ be dangerous.
21. a)
b)
c)
d)
wouldn’t
shouldn’t
didn’t
couldn’t
22. a)
b)
c)
d)
must
might
should
would
I know I really _(23)_ have phoned you earlier. I hope I _(24)_ you.
23. a)
b)
c)
d)
should
must
needn’t
couldn’t
24. a)
b)
c)
d)
wasn’t disturbing
don’t disturb
won’t disturb
am not disturbing
Philosopher John Morreall believes that the first human laughter __(25)__ as a gesture of __(26)__
relief at __(27)__ of danger.
25. a)
b)
c)
d)
will have begun
might begin
had to be begun
may have begun
26. a)
b)
c)
d)
being shared
sharing a
having shared
shared
27. a)
b)
c)
d)
the passing
having passed
passing
a passing
He _(28)_ have missed the train. His wife said she took him to the station and saw him _(29)_ on it, so
there _(30)_ some other explanation.
28. a)
b)
c)
d)
might not
can’t
needn’t
shouldn’t
29. a)
b)
c)
d)
get
having got
to get
to be getting
88
30. a)
b)
c)
d)
should have been
must be
is supposed to be
would have been
A volcanic island __(31)__ off the coast of Sicily for the past 170 years __(32a)__ in the coming
weeks if furious seismic activities__(32b)__. "We've seen Etna __(33)__, and recorded seismic
activity to the north and east of Sicily and gas activity around the Aeolian Islands," said Enzo Boschi,
head of Italy's Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology. "The island __(34)__ back to the surface, but
we __(35)__ wait and see. It __(36)__ a few weeks or months."
31. a)
b)
c)
d)
submerging
has submerged
submerged
which submerged
32. a)
b)
c)
d)
could reappear… continue
would have reappeared…had continued
will reappear… continued
will have reappeared… continue
33. a)
b)
c)
d)
erupted
erupting
to be erupted
to erupt
34. a)
b)
c)
d)
has to come
could come
would come
should come
36. a)
b)
c)
d)
could be
is going to be
would be
will be
35. a)
b)
c)
d)
would have to
needed to
will have to
can
There may be no other concept that captures the imagination more than the idea of time travel — the
ability to travel to any point in the past or future. What __(37)__ be more interesting? You __(38)__
jump into your time machine to go back and see major events in history and talk to the people who were
there! Who __(39)__ you travel back to see? Julius Caesar? Leonardo da Vinci? Elvis? You __(40)__ go
back and meet yourself at an earlier age, or go forward and see __(41)__ you look in the future.
__(42)__ that have made time travel the subject of __(43)__ science fiction books and movies.
37. a) is to
b) shall
c) could
d) should
38. a) must
b) could
c) should
d) will
39. a) should
b) may
c) would
d) can
40. a)
b)
c)
d)
41. a) whatever
b) what
c) however
d) how
42. a) The possibilities
b) It’s these possibilities
c) Such possibilities
d) That they are possibilities
would
will
would rather
could
43. a) such a lot
b) hundreds
c) so many
d) large numbers
89
PART 10 (MISCELLANEOUS)
REVIEW 1
The committee declared the new design __ (1) __ in energy efficiency.
1.
a) breaking through
b) a breakthrough
c) to break through
d) break through
Saccharin is now permitted __(2)__ an additive in food.
2.
a) for
b) to
c) like
d) as
The Okinawans discovered over 500 years ago that feeding coral sand produced from the weathering
of the reefs to the chickens and cows __(3)__ twice as many eggs and twice as much milk.
3.
a) is due to
b) is the consequence of
c) results in
d) reason for
The __(4)__ of Troy were destroyed by later builders on the site.
4.
a) remaining
b) remains
c) remainder
d) remainders
To measure blood pressure, a device known as a sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope __(5)__ .
5.
a) is the need
b) to be needed
c) are needed
d) needed
Surrounding the secure landfill on all sides __(6)__.
6. a) barrier walls are impermeable
b) are impermeable barrier walls
c) impermeable barrier walls are
d) impermeable are barrier walls
The multifuel capacity of the Stirling engine gives __(7)__ a versatility not possible in the internal
combustion engine.
7.
a) itself
b) that
c) it
d) one
I __(8)__ you pass your driving test!
8. a) hope
b) wish
c) expect
d) want
George Boole, who was a self-taught man, is famous for his pioneering efforts to express logical
concepts in __(9)__ form.
9. a) mathematical
b) mathematician
c) math
d) mathematics
The generation of electric energy by a nuclear power plant requires __(10)__ of heat to produce steam
or to heat gases in order to drive turbo generators.
10. a) using
b) the use
c) use
d) usage
90
Young people's reactions to world events are often at variance with __(11)__ of their parents.
11. a) ones
b) those
c) that
d) which
Lake Titicaca in Bolivia is the highest __(12)__ lake in the world at 12,464 feet.
12. a) navigate
b) navigable
c) navy
d) navigating
It wasn't very __(13)__ of you to drink all the milk when you know I need some for the baby!
13. a) considered
b) considering
c) considerate
d) considerable
__(14)__ international cooperation is required to reduce the risk of hijacking.
14. a) Extremely
b) Greater
c) Much
d) Plenty
"We tend to forget that children watch examples better than __(15)__ to being told what to do." –
Roy L. Smith
15. a) to listening
b) listening
c) they listen
d) to listen
In Egyptian myth, Apophis was the ancient spirit of evil and destruction, a demon __(16)__ to plunge
the world into eternal darkness.
16. a) being determined
b) was determined
c) determined
d) having determined
Heat exchangers may be designed __(17)__ way that chemical reactions or energy-generation
processes can be carried out in them.
17. a) in such a
b) in a likely
c) similar to the
d) likewise
Researchers have found propranolol to be __(18)__ in the treatment of heartbeat irregularities.
18. a) effecting
b) effective
c) effect
d) effected
The desk is made of an especially corrosion-__(19)__ industrial steel.
19. a) resist
b) resisting
c) resistant
d) resisted
__(20)__ all the time spent watching television and playing video games, many of today's children have
never experienced the rewards of a hobby.
20. a) For
b) With
c) Having
d) After
91
Antarctica is the highest continent with an average elevation of about 2,500 m. The great height of
Antarctica __(21)__ to the height of tall mountains but to the depth of ice that covers it. Beneath the
ice sheet Antarctica has mountains, lowlands, and valleys just like you would see on other continents.
21. a) is not due
b) doesn’t owe
c) is unlikely
d) is not the reason
__(22)__ a big house the price is fairly cheap, but you have got to take into consideration the money
you'll spend on repairs.
22. a) This is
b) It’s
c) As
d) For
The area of a rectangle is obtained by multiplying its length __(23)__ its width.
23. a) and
b) to
c) by
d) with
I asked her in all innocence how old she was, and she __(24)__.
24. a) was being annoyed
b) very annoyed
c) got quite annoyed
d) annoyed very much
Chocolate is a favorite for kids and adults __(25)__.
25. a) alike
b) either
c) also
d) likewise
The lack of evidence __(26)__ that the case is unlikely to go to court.
26. a) to mean
b) meant
c) means
d) meaning
"A man who smiles when things go wrong has thought of someone he can blame __(27)__." –
"Jones' Law"
27. a) it
b) on
c) on it
d) it on
"The best reason I can think of for not running for president of the United States is that you have to
shave twice __(28)__." - Adlai Stevenson
28. a) for a day
b) in day
c) a day
d) a daily
The handwriting expert witnessed to the __(29)__ of the letter.
29. a) authentically
b) authenticity
c) authentic
d) authentication
During the play, the audience is witness to intrigue, __(30)__ and murder.
30. a) betraying
b) betrayal
c) betray
d) betrayed
92
Doctors guilty of neglect are liable to __(31)__.
31. a) having been prosecuted
b) prosecution
c) prosecute
d) prosecuting
His death in the accident seemed __(32)__ a judgment from God on him for his cruelty.
32. a) as if
b) as
c) like
d) such
We ate most of the food and gave the __(33)__ to the dog.
33. a) remained
b) remain
c) remaining
d) remainder
"A child's life is like a piece of paper on __(34)__ every person leaves a mark." - (Chinese Proverb)
34.
a) whom
b) which
c) where
d) that
"A closed mind is __(35)__ a closed book: just a block of wood." - Chinese Proverb
35. a) similar
b) as
c) like
d) same as
" Don't live in a town where __(36)__ doctors." - Jewish Proverb
36. a) it hasn’t any
b) there are no
c) aren’t any
d) without
" After three days __(37)__ reading, talk becomes flavourless." - Chinese Proverb
37. a) no
b) apart from
c) without
d) except for
"Learning is a treasure that will follow its owner __(38)__." - Chinese Proverb
38. a) wherever
b) whenever
c) all places
d) everywhere
"To know the road ahead, ask __(39)__ coming back." - Chinese Proverb
39. a) those
b) ones
c) who
d) them
"Teenagers are people who express a burning desire to be different __(40) __ dressing exactly
__(41)__." – Anonymous
40. a) by
b) from
c) in
d) for
41. a) similar
b) alike
c) same
d) likewise
93
Electricity manifests itself as a force of attraction, independent of short-range and __(42)__ nuclear
attraction, when two __(43)__ charged bodies are brought close to one another.
42. a) gravity
b) gravitational
c) gravitation
d) gravitate
43. a) oppositely
b) oppose
c) opposite
d) opposed
In recent years there has been a growing belief __(44)__ wrong behavior is the result of the child’s
training __(45)__ than of innate sinfulness.
44. a) in
b) that
c) of
d) which
45. a) rather
b) different
c) instead
d) unlike
The choice of furnace wall construction depends on how sophisticated the gas-cleaning equipment
__(46)__ and on whether a large amount of waste __(47)__.
46. a) to be used is
b) is used to be
c) uses to be
d) used to be
47. a) is recovering
b) is recovered
c) is to be recovered
d) is being recovered
"Minds are __(48)__ parachutes  they only function __(49)__ open." – Anonymous
48. a) as if
b) just
c) like
d) similarly
49. a) when
b) before
c) since
d) till
Swedes, Norwegians, and Danes usually do not have any difficulties in communicating with each other.
Even though Danish is slightly __(50)__ related to Swedish than Norwegian, its "hot-potato-in-themouth" pronunciation is the main obstacle __(51)__ Danes and Swedes speak with each other, whereas
Norwegian in that respect is very __(52)__ to Swedish.
50. a) close
b) closer
c) closely
d) more closely
51. a) when
b) if
c) whether
d) how
52. a) alike
b) similar
c) similarly
d) likely
Parkinson's disease is a brain degeneration disorder that __(53)__ in thousands of patients annually. It
occurs in about 1 percent of everyone __(54)__ the age of 60, but also can strike at __(55)__ . About
25 percent of the 1.4 million patients in the United States were diagnosed before the age of 40.
53. a) diagnoses
b) diagnosed
c) is diagnosed
d) was diagnosing
54. a) over
b) higher
c) in
d) during
55. a)
b)
c)
d)
94
a year younger
much younger
a younger age
younger
Human beings love to laugh, and the average adult laughs 17 times a day. Humans love to laugh
__(56)__ there are actually industries built around laughter. Jokes, sitcoms and comedians are all
designed to make us __(57)__, because laughing feels __(58)__.
56. a) too much and
b) so much that
c) more than
d) much more than
57.a)
b)
c)
d)
to laugh
laugh
laughing
by laughing
58. a)
b)
c)
d)
better
the best
good
much better
There is strong evidence that laughter can __(59)__ improve health and help fight disease. Laughter is
not __(60)__ as humor. Laughter is the physiological response __(61)__ humor.
59. a) moreover
b) actually
c) as well as
d) not only
60. a) the same
b) similar
c) alike
d) similarly
61. a)
b)
c)
d)
for
to
against
on
Antarctica's environment is as rugged and mysterious as __(62)__ on the planet and for centuries
explorers __(63)__ to conquer this hostile landscape. In doing __(64)__, they have made significant
discoveries about the global importance of this delicate ecosystem.
62. a) any other
b) the other
c) that of the others
d) other
63. a) are tried
b) had tried
c) have tried
d) were tried
95
64. a) such
b) so
c) it
d) as such
Narcotics?
Two wildlife collectors were caught __(65)__ a Texas border when Customs agents found snakes in
their underwear. The men __(66)__ the snakes around their legs and stuffed them into their groin
area __(67)__ them across the border from Mexico. Customs inspectors noticed that the bulges
around the men’s legs __(68)__ and ordered the pair __(69)__ their pants. The inspectors found 14
snakes -- including a boa constrictor – __(70)__ in the men's pants, boots and pickup truck. The
inspectors say they suspected at first that the men __(71)__ narcotics... but in the words of one
investigator, "Drugs don't move around like that."
65. a) crossing
b) were crossing
c) having crossed
d) to cross
66. a) have tied
b) had been tied
c) tied
d) had tied
67. a) for smuggling
b) to smuggle
c) smuggling
d) smuggled
68. a) were wiggling
b) to wiggle
c) have been wiggling
d) are wiggling
69. a) have to drop
b) to drop
c) must
d) drop
70. a)
b)
c)
d)
71. a) were smuggling
b) smuggled
c) had smuggled
d) were smuggled
96
hide
hidden
to be hidden
have hidden
PART 10 (MISCELLANEOUS)
REVIEW 2
Vacation Checklist
Did you remember _(1)_ that patio door? And who was in charge _(2)_ the newspaper and mail delivery
_(3)_? Don't let nagging doubts about the security of your home _(4)_ your vacation.
1.
a) you locking
b) to lock
c) to have locked
d) you locked
2. a) to get
b) for getting
c) of getting
d) to have gotten
3. a)
b)
c)
d)
stopped
stop
stopping
to stop
4. a) to ruin
b) ruined
c) ruin
d) ruining
Be Prepared For Emergencies At Home
Develop an escape plan and practice it with a family drill. Everyone _(5)_ how to get out of the house
and where to assemble _(6)_ outdoors. _(7)_ who will be responsible for small children or the elderly
or handicapped.
5. a) should know
b) have to know
c) must have known
d) ought to have known
6. a)
b)
c)
d)
safely
safe
safer
the safest
7. a)
b)
c)
d)
Establish
Establishing
To establish
Having established
Make Security Habits Second Nature
The world’s _(8)_ dead-bolt lock won't protect your home if you still leave a spare key under the
doormat. _(9)_ will a sophisticated alarm system if you don't bother to arm it _(10)_ you make those
quick trips next door to have coffee with your neighbour.
8. a) the strongest
b) stronger
c) strongest
d) strong
9. a) Neither
b) So
c) Either
d) Also
10. a)
b)
c)
d)
when
as long as
since
unless
Make Your Home Safe For Children
_(11)_ you have children or not, if you have a swimming pool or hot tub, be sure small kids can't get to
_(12)_ on their own. Additionally, check for _(13)_ or objects that _(14)_ , and eliminate the potential
for falls.
11. a)
b)
c)
d)
Regardless
No matter
Not counting
Whether
12. a) that
b) this
c) it
d) there
13. a)
b)
c)
d)
97
poisonous
poisons
poisoned
poisoning
14.
a) might have ingested
b) could be ingested
c) could be ingesting
d) might ingest
How Safe Is Your Home?
Preparing for problems or accidents is _(15)_ writing a will—we'd rather _(16)_ about it. But it's
critical that we _(17)_ realistic when it comes to our safety. _(18)_ today could save a family member
tomorrow.
15. a) likely
b) likely to be
c) like
d) likewise
16. a) not thought
b) didn’t think
c) don’t think
d) not think
17. a)
b)
c)
d)
be
will be
would be
were
18. a) That we do it
b) What to do
c) What we do
d) What do we do
Be Sure Your Home Is Fire-Safe
Smoke detectors are useless _(19)_ they're working. A Consumer Product Safety Commission survey
estimates that 16 million households have _(20)_ smoke detectors. Immediately test _(21)_ smoke
detector in your house _(22)_ pressing the Test button. If it _(23)_ an alert, replace the battery now!
19. a) providing
b) unless
c) in case
d) if not
20. a) non-working
b) none was working
c) not working
d) not to be working
22. a) on
b) by
c) for
d) to
23. a) doesn’t sound
b) didn’t sound
c) shouldn’t sound
d) wouldn’t sound
98
21. a)
b)
c)
d)
all
every
all of
each of
PART 10 (MISCELLANEOUS)
REVIEW 3
All fuel-burning appliances produce carbon monoxide (CO), which can be deadly if concentrated in the
air __(1)__. __(2)__ equipment or vents are faulty, this gas can leak into your living spaces. You can
buy carbon monoxide detectors, __(3)__ smoke detectors. However, the surest prevention is to have a
professional technician __(4)__ vents, chimneys, and fuel-burning equipment.
1.
a) you breathe
b) that breathes
c) where you breathe
d) breathing
2. a) Whereas
b) If
c) Although
d) As
3. a)
b)
c)
d)
likely to
as well as
similar to
same as
4. a) inspected
b) inspecting
c) to inspect
d) inspect
Before you make a decision to get a tattoo, do yourself a favor and read about possible health hazards
associated __(5)__ the practice. These include transmission of diseases like hepatitis, tuberculosis
and possibly HIV. Non-sterile tattooing practices have led to the transmission of syphilis, hepatitis B
and __(6)__ infectious organisms. __(7)__ health care workers, tattoo artists __(8)__ vaccinated for
hepatitis B.
5. a) by
b) with
c) about
d) for
6. a) such
b) other
c) else
d) similarly
7. a) Alike
b) Likewise
c) Similar
d) Just like
8. a) must have
b) needs to be
c) should be
d) might be
_(9)_ attack by a bat, a praying mantis maneuvers _(10)_ a fighter pilot in aerial combat. Now
researchers are trying to figure out _(11)_ the praying mantises use built-in ultrasound detectors to
anticipate the bat's approach and calculate their escape dive.
9.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Being avoided
To avoid
Having avoided
Avoiding
10.
a)
b)
c)
d)
as
like
such as
similarly
11. a)
b)
c)
d)
how
why
the fact that
that
If only there _(12)_ so much bureaucracy _(13)_ in charity work. Then the charities
_(15)_ more quickly.
12. a) hasn’t been
13. a) involving
14. a) would be able to get
15.
b) isn’t
b) to involve
b) would have gotten
c) weren’t
c) to be involved
c) were able to get
d) wouldn’t be
d) involved
d) will be able to get
_(14)_ things
a)
b)
c)
d)
to do
by doing
done
being done
A quarter of all bird species in the United States have declined in population _(16)_ the 1970s,
according to the National Audubon Society. In its Watchlist 2000 report, the group cites _(17)_ among
twice _(18)_ many bird species as those federally designated as endangered or threatened.
16. a)
b)
c)
d)
in
since
during
throughout
17. a)
b)
c)
d)
decline
have declined
declines
declining
99
18. a)
b)
c)
d)
those
of the
as
more
_(19)_ nearly a decade, flamingos in lakes of the East African Rift Valley have periodically perished in
large numbers, _(20)_ the shores littered with pink bird carcasses. The deaths have alarmed
conservationists and triggered investigations, but the exact cause _(21)_ unknown.
19. a)
b)
c)
d)
Since
During
At
For
20. a)
b)
c)
d)
having left
so as to leave
leaving
to have left
21. a)
b)
c)
d)
remained
remaining
remains
to remain
__(22)__ face to face with animals such as great white sharks— ‘Jaws’— is really dangerous __(23)__.
Close contact with these giants, however, is necessary __(24)__ satellites and other acoustic tags to
them. These devices will help scientists document the movement of these animals, __(25)__ will
consequently help us better understand the behavior of these legendary predators.
22. a)
b)
c)
d)
Coming
In order to come
By coming
Having come
23. a)
b)
c)
d)
to work
working
work
to be working
24. a)
b)
c)
d)
by attaching
attaching
attached
to attach
25. a)
b)
c)
d)
which
it
this
these
Antarctica is a place like __(26)__ . Ice and snow cover 98% of the continent __(27)__ high mountain
peaks and a few other bare rocky areas make up the only visible land. It is a region of extremes: the
coldest, windiest, driest, and highest of all the continents. Stormy waters of the Atlantic, Indian, and
Pacific oceans surround Antarctica, __(28)__ it isolated and alone __(29)__ the bottom of the world.
26. a) nothing
b) anything
c) no other
d) any other
27. a)
b)
c)
d)
though
as
while
when
28. a)
b)
c)
d)
to keep
keep
they keep
keeping
29. a) from
b) in
c) under
d) at
We know __(30)__ the geologic record that the early Earth was a fireball and the atmosphere was
quite different from __(31)__ it is today; __(32)__, no oxygen was present. All oxygen was produced
biogenically by microorganisms several billion years __(33)__ the earth was formed. So for roughly
half of Earth's history, there was no oxygen in the atmosphere. When microbes began producing
oxygen __(34)__ quantities that it began to saturate the atmosphere, __(35)__ was the biggest
environmental catastrophe in Earth's history.
30. a)
b)
c)
d)
of
by
from
about
31. a) the one
b) what
c) that
d) where
32. a) on the contrary
b) in fact
c) however
d) nevertheless
33. a)
b)
c)
d)
once
after
later
until
34. a) in such
b) so much
c) that many
d) large
35. a) what
b) which
c) such
d) it
Getting a tattoo on your arm or chest is less painful than on an area like the ankle because skin right
above your bones tends __(36)__ more sensitive __(37)__ needles, __(38)__ there’s extra body mass
in the upper arm or chest __(39)__ the bones.
36. a) being
b) to have been
c) to be
d) for being
37. a) to
b) on
c) about
d) against
38. a) while
b) when
c) because
d) as
100
39. a) to cushioning
b) which cushion
c) that cushion
d) to cushion
Hobbies are educational tools. For example, a child who becomes __(40)__ in rocketry one of
__(41)__ hobbies learns about propulsion and aerodynamics. __(42)__ on hobbies, children learn to
set goals, make decisions, and solve all sorts of problems. __(43)__, hobbies often mature into lifelong
interests, __(44)__ careers.
40. a) interesting
b) interest
c) interested
d) interestingly
41. a) most popular
b) the more popular
c) more popular
d) the most popular
43. a) Whereas
b) Nevertheless
c) Similarly
d) Finally
44. a) even
b) more than
c) almost
d) as if
42. a) By working
b) When you work
c) To work
d) Being worked
__(45)__ all the known health risks, why do new smokers pick up the habit? There's no question
__(46)__: Smoking is bad for your health. Yet every day in the U.S., nearly 5000 young people under
the age of 18 __(47)__ their first cigarette. Approximately 80% of current adult smokers __(48)__
smoking before the age of 18. Why do you think people — especially teens — start and continue to
smoke? Does smoking help teens deal __(49)__ the stress and emotional turmoil of adolescence? Do
they need more education about the negative health effects?
45. a) Against
b) With
c) By
d) Among
46. a) about it
b) of which
c) to these
d) for them
48. a) were starting
b) are starting
c) have started
d) started
49. a) on
b) for
c) with
d) in
47. a) tried
b) try
c) trying
d) have tried
The Maori had a custom __(50)__ the heads of their tattooed leaders after death __(51)__ precious
family possessions. __(52)__, they began to trade some of the heads to collectors __(53)__ firearms
and iron tools. This practice, __(54)__ why there are some of these heads in European museums, was
short-lived __(55)__ the fighting and political turmoil it caused.
50. a) for the preservation
b) to preserve
c) by preserving
d) of preserving
51. a) for
b) as
c) like
d) since
52. a) Over time
b) Once upon a time
c) Consequently
d) Meanwhile
53. a) in return
b) instead
c) to
d) for
54. a) that's
b) which is
c) is
d) it is
55. a) since
b) because of
c) as a result
d) owing
101
By the time they turn 55, most Hollywood actresses see their careers __(56)__ to fade. Not so for
Susan Sarandon, who will help kick off the fall movie season __(57)__ three films: Igby Goes Down,
about a dysfunctional family; Moonlight Mile, the story of two parents coping __(58)__ a daughter's
murder and the fiancé she left behind; and The Banger Sisters, __(59)__ Sarandon and Goldie Hawn play
two grown women __(60)__ their younger days as rock-music groupies. __(61)__ of the movies are likely
__(62)__ blockbusters, but Sarandon chooses her roles more for the stories they tell __(63)__ for their
commercial potential. "If we __(64a)__ very lucky, these films __(64b)__ questions that people will talk
about," she says.
56. a) start
b) starts
c) had started
d) are started
57. a) in
b) with
c) of
d) for
58. a) about
b) for
c) with
d) on
59. a) when
b) about whom
c) whose
d) in which
60. a) revisiting
b) are revisiting
c) revisited
d) revisit
61. a) All
b) None
c) Both
d) Neither
62. a) to be
b) to being
c) being
d) be
63. a) and
b) or
c) rather
d) than
64. a) were…would raise
b) will be…raise
c) are…will raise
d) are being…will be raising
Science teachers in an interdisciplinary undergraduate program often have students who want to study
topics that _(65)_ would find non-academic and unscientific, such as astrology, Reiki and Tarot. What
can an instructor _(66)_ within the western scientific tradition do with _(67)_ requests? _(68)_
approach is to clearly explain _(69)_ the student that these topics "aren't science," and they are not
going to learn _(70)_ from researching them. Unfortunately, this gets a student _(71)_, and it is just
_(72)_ attitude that makes many afraid _(73)_ unconventional interests. Moreover, this position
reinforces the students’ mistrust of science, professors, and academia.
65. a) none
b) several
c) all
d) many
66. a) work
b) to work
c) that work
d) working
67. a) likely
b) such
c) similarly
d) alike
68. a) Only one
b) One
c) Another
d) One other
69. a) for
b) about
c) towards
d) to
70. a) not at all
b) many
c) anything
d) nothing
71. a) anywhere
b) nowhere
c) somewhere
d) everywhere
72. a) this kind of
b) like an
c) any kind
d) like this
73. a) pursue
b) to pursue
c) pursuing
d) for pursuing
102
PART 10 (MISCELLANEOUS)
REVIEW 4
Shark Attacks
The summer issue of The New South Wales Sea Kayaker magazine warned of the risk of bull sharks in
Australian rivers, saying they __(1)__ in most Australian water systems. "This shark is very, very
dangerous. Some experts __(2)__ this shark to be the most dangerous in the world, even surpassing the
Great White Shark," the magazine said. The bull shark, which __(3a)__ up to 3.5 metres in length and
__(3b)__ around 230 kg, can survive in fresh or saltwater and __(4)__ almost anything. These sharks
__(5)__ for several attacks on rowers and kayakers on the upper reaches of Sydney harbour in recent
years.
1. a) are finding
2. a) are considering
3. a) has been measured…weighed
b) had found
b) are considered
b) has measured…weighed
c) were found
c) consider
c) is measuring…weighing
d) were finding
d) considered
d) measures…weighs
4.
a) can be eaten
b) has to eat
c) has eaten
d) will eat
5. a) blame
b) had blamed
c) have been blamed
d) were to be blamed
The tattoo machine as we know it today __(6)__ relatively unchanged since it __(7)__ by Samuel O’Reilly
and patented in the United States in 1891. In 1876, Thomas Edison patented a tattooing device -- the
autographic printer, which __(8)__ as an engraving device for hard surfaces. O’Reilly __(9)__ Edison’s
machine by changing the tube system and using the cam conversion of a rotary-driven electromagnetic
oscillating unit to enable the machine __(10)__ the needle.
6.
a) remained
b) remains
c) had remained
d) has remained
7.
a) has been invented
b) was invented
c) had been invented
d) having been invented
9.
a) modifying
b) modified
c) had been modifying
d) had been modified
10. a) driving
b) drive
c) to drive
d) for driving
8.
a) was intended
b) intended
c) had intended
d) intending
Ideas of time travel have existed for centuries, but when Albert Einstein __(11)__ his theory of special
relativity, he __(12)__ the foundation for the theoretical possibility of time travel. As we all know, no
one __(13)__time travel, but no one __(14)__ able to rule it out __(15)__.
11. a) has released
b) had released
c) was releasing
d) released
12. a) laid
b) has laid
c) was laying
d) had laid
14. a) was being
b) is being
c) had been
d) has been
15. a) too
b) either
c) neither
d) also
103
13.a) had successfully demonstrated
b) has successfully demonstrated
c) successfully demonstrated
d) is successfully demonstrated
By the 1950s, we _(16)_ the sky with optical telescopes for 350 years, but the x-ray universe _(17)_ an
enigma. Earth's atmosphere absorbs x-rays, thus no observations of the high-energy objects _(18)_
them can _(19)_ with ground-based telescopes. Young physicists _(20)_ their intellects and imaginations
to build detectors that could go beyond the obstacles and observe the elusive particles that were
theorized to zip through space and bombard the upper atmosphere. The post World War II era _(21)_
these physicists an opportunity _(22a)_ their nascent detectors on leftover sounding rockets and
_(22b)_ them a hundred miles above Earth.
16. a)
b)
c)
d)
were observing
17. a) was still
observed
b) is still
had been observing
c) would still be
would have been observing
d) will still be
18. a)
b)
c)
d)
emitted
emit
of emitting
that emit
19. a)
b)
c)
d)
have been done
be done
have done
be doing
21. a)
b)
c)
d)
gave
had given
would have given
was given
22. a)
b)
c)
d)
rather than placing...launching
so as to place...launch
for placing...launching
to place...launch
20. a)
b)
c)
d)
stretching
would stretch
stretched
would be stretching
Once Tysons _(23)_ nothing more than a general store at the junction of a couple of farm-to-market
roads. Today it is a megamall, as well as the capital of a bruised but not bowed high-tech corridor that
_(24)_ from there 14 miles (22 kilometers) west to Dulles Airport. Tysons _(25)_ its resilience in the
nineties by reinforcing its retail core with corporate offices. Soon after, big information-technology and
defense firms _(26)_ services, managerial support, and swarms of developers, financiers, and lawyers.
By the end of the decade, tech businesses _(27)_ tens of thousands of jobs. Even with recent layoffs,
Tysons _(28)_ to thrive because diversification and boom times for the defense industry _(29)_ some
of the economic shocks suffered elsewhere.
23. a)
b)
c)
d)
had been
would be
was
was being
24. a)
b)
c)
d)
is running
has been running
has run
runs
25. a)
b)
c)
d)
was increasing
had incresed
increased
would be increasing
26. a)
b)
c)
d)
had attracted
would have attracted
were going to attract
attracted
27. a)
b)
c)
d)
created
were created
had created
were creating
28. a)
b)
c)
d)
continuing
will be continuing
continues
will have continued
29. a)
b)
c)
d)
have absorbed
absorbing
have been absorbed
will be absorbed
104
The idea of ocean circulation, _(30)_ by the difference in temperature between the Equator and the
Poles, _(31)_ for centuries. Sir Benjamin Thompson predicted in 1797 that evaporation in the north
_(32)_ heavier, saltier water to sink and flow southward. He also theorized that a warmer northbound
current _(33)_ the southern one. In the 1920s, a German oceanographer, George Wüest, charted
currents _(34)_ on the Meteor expedition, a remarkably accurate research cruise _(35)_ the entire
North and South Atlantic. By using tracers like dissolved oxygen, as well as measuring salinity and
temperature, Wüest _(36)_ flow paths. Then Henry Stommel, the great physical oceanographer, came
along in the 1950s and showed how the circulation of the entire world ocean _(37)_ together as a single
machine.
30. a)
b)
c)
d)
is driven
driven
will be driven
is being driven
31. a)
b)
c)
d)
33. a)
b)
c)
d)
needed balancing
34.
would need to balance
needed to balance
would be needed to balance d)
36. a)
b)
c)
d)
deducing
had deduced
was deducing
deduced
had been known
32. a) would cause
was known
b) causing
would have been known
c) having caused
has been known
d) caused by
a) meanwhile
b) during
c) while
at the time
37. a)
b)
c)
d)
were linking
linked
had linked
linking
105
35. a)
b)
c)
d)
spanning
spanned
had been spanning
had spanned
Carpet
A guy (we'll call him Aaron) was laying down carpet in a woman's home. As he was finishing, he __(38)__
a craving for a cigarette. Aaron looked around and discovered that his cigarettes __(39)__ . He did,
__(40)__, notice a bump in the carpet, and figured that he __(41)__ the carpet over the pack without
__(42)__ it there. Aaron decided __(43)__ taking up the carpet, he would get a hammer and pound it
into the ground __(44)__ no one would know. When he finished that, the owner of the house walked into
the room and commented on what a nice job he __(45)__. ''Aaron, the carpet looks wonderful!'' she
exclaimed. ''Here are your cigarettes; I found them in the kitchen. Oh yes, and by the way, __(46)__ my
gerbil?''
38. a) was getting
b) would be getting
c) had got
d) got
39. a) had been missed
b) were missing
c) missed
d) have been missing
40. a) moreover
b) also
c) however
d) though
41. a) laid
b) has laid
c) was laid
d) had laid
42. a) notice
b) noticing
c) being noticed
d) to notice
43. a) rather than
b) had better
c) in spite of
d) might as well
44. a) for
b) which
c) so
d) where
45. a) had done
b) has done
c) did
d) was done
46. a) have you seen
b) had you seen
c) could you see
d) would you see
106
The first celestial x-ray source _(47)_ in 1962. It was an unusual bright blue star _(48)_ in the
direction of the constellation Scorpius. The observation _(49)_ only 350 seconds. Scientists
persevered, _(50)_ their instruments up on rockets and balloons whenever they _(51)_. In 1970, the
first Earth-orbiting satellite _(52)_ to x-ray astronomy _(53)_ for three years. A couple dozen
missions _(54)_ since, and right now two other orbiting x-ray observatories—NASA's Rossi X-ray
Timing Explorer and the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton Observatory— _(55)_ the discoveries
being made. X-ray astronomy _(56)_ us spectacular vision of an explosive and turbulent universe.
Ultimate recognition of the significance of revealing the x-ray sky _(57)_ in October 2002, when
Riccardo Giacconi, a stalwart x-ray astronomer, _(58)_ the Nobel Prize in physics.
47. a)
b)
c)
d)
was discovered
had been discovered
was discovering
discovered
48. a)
b)
c)
d)
had been located
locating
was located
located
49. a)
b)
c)
d)
had lasted
lasted
having lasted
lasting
50. a)
b)
c)
d)
to be sending
to send
sending
were sending
51. a)
b)
c)
d)
could
would
should
might
52. a)
b)
c)
d)
was dedicated
dedicating
dedicated
having dedicated
53. a)
b)
c)
d)
had launched and operated
launched and operated
was launched and operated
being launched and operated
54. a)
b)
c)
d)
have flown
had flown
having flown
will have flown
55. a)
b)
c)
d)
have complemented
complement
have been complementing
complementing
56. a)
b)
c)
d)
giving
will have given
is given
is giving
57. a)
b)
c)
d)
had come
was coming
came
would be coming
58. a)
b)
c)
d)
awarded
was awarded
had been awarded
being awarded
Jigokudani Wild Monkey Park _(59)_ hundreds of thousands of visitors a year _(60)_ the macaques,
especially in winter. _(61)_ keep the monkeys in the area, the park staff _(62)_ them several times a
day and _(63)_ so for 40 years. _(64)_ the feeding started, the troop numbered 23 individuals; now it
has about 200. Here and elsewhere in Japan, artificial feeding of the monkeys with "human" foods and
their increasing numbers in populated areas _(65)_ to cause problems. In ancient Japanese folktales,
monkeys often _(66)_ as tricksters, cleverly _(67)_ other animals out of their rice ball or persimmon
fruit. The macaques at Jigokudani and other spots in Japan _(68)_ up to their bad reputation, raiding
orchards and gardens, taking apples and other crops. The situation is especially bad where expanding
numbers of monkeys are moving _(69)_ to villages and growing bolder in their exploits, occasionally
_(70a)_ humans and _(70b)_ food from inside houses.
59. a)
b)
c)
d)
draws
has drawn
is drawing
which draws
60. a)
b)
c)
d)
to watch
watching
watch
watches
61. a)
b)
c)
d)
Helping
By helping
To help
Having helped
62. a)
b)
c)
d)
feeding
fed
who feeds
feeds
63. a)
b)
c)
d)
had done
did
was doing
has done
64. a)
b)
c)
d)
As
When
By the time
As soon as
107
65. a)
b)
c)
d)
have begun
is beginning
begins
are begun
66. a)
b)
c)
d)
appearing
to appear
appear
had appeared
68. a)
b)
c)
d)
had lived
having lived
are living
living
69. a)
b)
c)
d)
closely
more closely
closer
closest
67. a)
b)
c)
d)
70.
a)
b)
c)
d)
fooled
fooling
had fooled
to fool
attack...steal
have attacked...stolen
are attacking...stealing
attacking...stealing
Why do marine mammals run aground? Biologists _(71)_, but volunteers who flock to such crises _(72)_
one thing: although many stranded animals _(73)_, some can be saved, and techniques _(74)_ better all
the time. _(75)_ 1985, a New Zealand group _(76)_ Project Jonah has employed reusable inflatable
floating platforms to successfully refloat and rescue more than 2,000 stranded victims, _(77)_ in size
from dolphins to 45-foot Bryde’s whales. The goal: to get the animals off the beach _(78)_ they fatally
overheat. ‘’The platforms _(79)_ us to float a huge animal in less than a foot of water,’’ says Project
Jonah’s Ingrid Visser, who helped _(80)_ this pilot whale, one of 89 that _(81)_ in New Zealand in a
single year. First the whale _(82)_ so a mat can be slipped under it. As the tide _(83)_, twin platforms
attached to the mat _(84)_ so workers can ease the animal into the water. The platforms are now
_(85)_ in the U.S., Canada, and the United Kingdom.
71. a)
b)
c)
d)
still wonder
will still wonder
still wondered
still wondering
72. a)
b)
c)
d)
knew
had known
know
are known
73.
a)
b)
c)
d)
perishing
were perishing
perish
will have perished
74. a)
b)
c)
d)
were getting
have gotten
will be getting
are getting
75. a)
b)
c)
d)
In
Until
Since
From
76.
a)
b)
c)
d)
are called
called
were called
have called
77. a)
b)
c)
d)
ranging
ranged
were ranging
to range
78. a)
b)
c)
d)
when
as
before
till
79.
a)
b)
c)
d)
allow
allowing
are allowed
are going to allow
80. a)
b)
c)
d)
assistant
assist
assisting
assistance
81. a)
b)
c)
d)
are beaching
were beached
had beached
beached
82.
a)
b)
c)
d)
is rolling
rolls
is rolled
is being rolled
83. a)
b)
c)
d)
rose
rises
was rising
is rising
84. a)
b)
c)
d)
are inflated
will be inflating
were inflated
are inflating
85.
a)
b)
c)
d)
using
for use as
in use
for using
108
PART 10 (MISCELLANEOUS)
REVIEW 5
A single wolf's genes may have triggered the recovery of the _(1)_ Scandinavian wolves. Scientists say
this is the first evidence in the wild _(2)_ a lone immigrant can check the loss of genetic diversity
_(3)_ inbreeding in isolated packs.
1. a)
b)
c)
d)
threatening
being threatened
having threatened
threatened
2. a)
b)
c)
d)
if
when
that
as
3. a)
b)
c)
d)
causing
caused by
which cause
causes
Oxfam is one of the 18,000 charities _(4)_ in the UK. Its aim is to work _(5)_ poverty and suffering
throughout the world, in the belief _(6)_ lasting solutions to these problems will bring dignity and
opportunity for all.
4. a)
b)
c)
d)
registering
have been registered
are registered
registered
5. a)
b)
c)
d)
overcoming
for overcoming
by overcoming
to overcome
6. a)
b)
c)
d)
to be finding
that finding
to find
by finding
The only recurrent theme _(7)_ from decades of studies _(8)_ into the future is that we are much
better _(9a)_ a future than _(9b)_ it.
7. a)
b)
c)
d)
having emerged
that emerges
emerged
has emerged
8. a)
b)
c)
d)
looked
had looked
looking
were looking
9. a)
b)
c)
d)
to create...to predict
at creating... predicting
only create...predict
creating… predicting
At least 60 percent of the average intelligence gain _(10)_ in breast-fed infants _(11)_ from breast
milk’s nutritional value, rather than _(12)_ from maternal bonding.
10. a)
b)
c)
d)
seen
where it is seen
which has seen
having been seen
11.
a)
b)
c)
d)
coming
to come
to have come
comes
12. a)
b)
c)
d)
benefit
to benefit
benefits
benefiting
A woman from Dewsbury, _(13)_ with Dracula and vampires since she was a child, _(14)_ a company
_(15)_ coffins from Transylvania.
13. a)
b)
c)
d)
had been obsessed
14. a) setting up
was obsessed
b) was set up
obsessed
c) has set up
to have been obsessed
d) having set up
109
15. a)
b)
c)
d)
by importing
importing
to be importing
to be imported
The Ankh, _(16)_ Egyptian symbol of life, resembles a cross or a key, but it might also be
seen as a map _(17)_ Egypt. The uprights is the Nile, the crosspiece is the east and west –
the daily birth and death of the sun— and the loop is the delta. The loop meets the
crosspiece at Cairo, and it is here, where streets, parking lots, hotels and apartment
buildings _(18)_ hundreds of square miles of fertile land, _(19)_ you can view tons of delta
soil in its mummified form: bricks.
16. a)
b)
c)
d)
that is the ancient
the ancient
to which the ancient
by which the ancient
17. a)
b)
c)
d)
of inhabited
for inhabiting
to inhabit
inhabiting
18. a)
b)
c)
d)
have buried
burying
were buried
are burying
19. a)
b)
c)
d)
which
that
where
and
It was not until the 1940s _(20)_ information was defined as a new scientific term, and this definition
was quite new, _(21)_ any in standard dictionaries. Yet, the concept of information, by _(22)_ precisely
enough to satisfy mathematicians and telecommunications engineers, became increasingly fascinating
for nonscientists. The word began to recapture some of its other meanings, which _(23)_ into disuse.
20. a)
b)
c)
d)
when
than
that
then
23. a)
b)
c)
d)
is to fall
has fallen
would have fallen
had fallen
21. a)
b)
c)
d)
dissimilar
unlike
not
none of
22. a)
b)
c)
d)
being described
describing
having described
described
It has been suggested _(24)_ cellular phones will be the tobacco of the 21st century. It _(25)_ that
their use is almost as addictive as cigarettes, with psychologists’ reports _(26)_ that there is evidence
that users display withdrawal symptoms if _(27)_ of their mobiles for more than 24 hours.
24. a)
b)
c)
d)
whether
why
how
that
27. a)
b)
c)
d)
they deprive
deprived
depriving them
having been deprived
25. a)
b)
c)
d)
has appeared
appeared
appears
is appearing
26. a)
b)
c)
d)
claiming
are claiming
to claim
claim
The Antarctic ice cap forms the largest body of fresh water __(28)__ the world. Ninety percent of
our fresh water supply __(29)__ up in 30 million cubic kilometres of glacial ice on the southern
continent. If all of this ice __(30)__ , the height of the earth's oceans--sea level--would rise 50-60 m.
Islands and coastal cities around the world, __(31)__ Boston, would be completely submerged.
Scientists at NASA have generated a computer model depicting changes in the Antarctic ice sheet
__(32)__ the peak of the last ice age nearly 20,000 years ago.
28. a) on
b) in
c) for
d) from
29. a) has locked
b) is locking
c) is locked
d) locking
30. a) were to melt
b) would melt
c) had melted
d) was going to melt
110
31. a) include
b) included
c) including
d) inclusive
32. a) before
b) since
c) about
d) while
_(33)_ turns out that, in some sense, we are all time travelers. As you __(34a)__ at your desk,
__(34b)__ nothing more than clicking your mouse, time __(35)__ around you. The future __(36)__
transformed into the past with the present only lasting for a fleeting moment. Everything that you are
doing right now is quickly moving into the past, __(37)__ means we continue to move through time.
33. a) What
b) It
c) When it
d) That it
34. a) sit…doing
b) were sitting…doing
c) would sit...to do
d) have to sit…to do
36. a) is constantly being
b) constantly
c) has constantly been
d) was constantly
37. a) that
b) it
c) which
d) this
35. a) has travelled
b) is travelling
c) will travel
d) would travel
_(38a)_ animals, _(38b)_ space: It's not an uncommon problem in Japan. Consider the Japanese
macaque, a natural treasure and winter spectacle. These monkeys are famous _(39)_ their cultural
transmission behavior and _(40)_ farther north than any other primate _(41)_ humans. Some 110,000
live in Japan, 7,000 of them in the cold, snowy alps of Honshu, _(42)_ they have earned the nickname
"snow monkey."
38. a)
b)
c)
d)
Such a lot of...so few
Very many...so much
Too many...too little
So many...such little
39. a)
b)
c)
d)
with
as
by
for
40. a)
b)
c)
d)
41. a)
b)
c)
d)
besides
as well as
except
without
42. a)
b)
c)
d)
meanwhile
with which
by then
where
for living
to live
by living
used to living
_(43)_ up images of impenetrable jungle, exotic wildlife, and, of course, rain, the Congo region _(44)_
at once puzzled, terrorized, and fascinated outsiders. One legend _(45)_ the spirit of the Congo is the
tale of Mokélé-mbembé. Stories say that this mysterious creature _(46)_ in the vicinity of Lac Télé.
The animal _(47)_ more than 30 feet (9 meters) long, with a long neck and tail. Sketches _(48)_ in the
dirt by locals _(49)_ a brontosaurus. Though numerous expeditions _(50)_ to find this beast, it _(51)_
as elusive as Scotland’s famed Loch Ness Monster.
43. a)
b)
c)
d)
Having conjured
Conjured
Conjuring
Being conjured
46 .a) living
b) lives
c) lived
d) had lived
44. a)
b)
c)
d)
had been
would have
was
has
45. a)
b)
c)
d)
47. a)
b)
c)
d)
has been said to be measured
said that it measured
is said to measure
is said to have measured
48. a) were drawn
b) drawn
c) had been drawn
d) being drawn
111
that represents
represents
represented
which is represented
49. a)
b)
c)
d)
resembling
resemble
resembled
would resemble
50. a)
b)
c)
d)
have attempted
had attempted
would have attempted
were attempting
51. a)
b)
c)
d)
will have proved
proves
will prove
has proved
Some fish would either drop to the bottom of the sea or float on the top layer of water _(52)_ it
weren’t for one specific organ _(53)_ within their body cavity. This important buoyancy organ is called
the swim bladder. Most bony fish have one. For _(54)_ that don’t, swimming can be quite clumsy, and
maintaining the same depth is possible _(55)_ grace and poise are disregarded. _(56)_ the blenny, for
example. _(57)_ a bony fish, it lacks a swim bladder and _(58)_ has to wriggle to move forward at the
same depth. No need to feel sorry for the blenny. Although its stroke _(59)_ awkward, the absence of
this
gas-filled
(usually
with
oxygen)
organ
certainly
doesn’t
slow
it
down.
52.
a)
b)
c)
d)
if
supposing
providing
as long as
53. a)
b)
c)
d)
locating
location
located
to be located
55.
a)
b)
c)
d)
whether
until
by the time
only if
56. a) Take
b) Taking
c) To take
d) Taken
58.
a)
b)
c)
d)
then
yet
nor
thus
59. a)
b)
c)
d)
54. a) these
b) them
c) those
d) ones
57. a)
b)
c)
d)
Despite
Nevertheless
Although
As for
looking
looks
that looks
to look
_(60)_ is it about the natural characteristics of the brine shrimp that make them so attractive to
entrepreneurs, who _(61)_ marketing them in the 1960s? Brine shrimp lay eggs that can stay dormant
for years _(62)_ conditions are right for them to hatch, _(63)_ allows them to survive in air-tight
packaging. They are filter-feeding organisms _(64)_ in an upside down position while rhythmically
_(65)_ their feather-like legs as they filter in the green algae _(66)_ them.
60. a)
b)
c)
d)
Which
What
How
Why
61. a)
b)
c)
d)
have begun
had begun
began
were begun
62. a)
b)
c)
d)
until
when
since
as
63. a)
b)
c)
d)
when
then
which
where
64. a)
b)
c)
d)
swim
to swim
that swim
by swimming
65. a)
b)
c)
d)
beaten
being beaten
beating
to be beating
66. a)
b)
c)
d)
that nourish
nourish
are nourishing
are nourished
112
It took River Nile millions of years _(67)_ a delta that, when healthy, served _(68)_ a shield against
shoreline erosion. Now that dams and irrigation canals _(69)_ the river’s natural flow, saltwater
intrusion is rising, and sediment _(70)_ to form the shield is in short supply.
_(71)_ more than 10,000 miles of irrigation canals sucking at the river, only 10 percent of the sediment
_(72)_ the delta ever reaches the sea. Most of these channels _(73)_ in the past 200 years.
Seedbed of a great ancient civilization, the Nile River Valley and the delta _(74)_ their inhabitants
two critical assets: fertile land and an enviable location. _(75)_ at what seemed to be the center of
the world, the delta was the seaside center of Africa, Europe and Asia. In peacetime, Egyptians _(76)_
their neighbors in trade, swapping surplus wheat and barley from their bountiful granary for
commodities they lacked, including iron, copper, and spices. In war, they fought to defend and extend
the land and civilization they believed _(77)_ by the gods.
67. a)
b)
c)
d)
creating
having to create
to create
to be creating
68.
a)
b)
c)
d)
to
for
by
as
69. a)
b)
c)
d)
disturb
disturbing
are being disturbed
which disturb
70. a)
b)
c)
d)
once accumulated
71.
that once accumulated
accumulated once
having accumulated once
a)
b)
c)
d)
Of
With
From
As
72. a)
b)
c)
d)
are entering
entering
to be entering
being entered
73. a)
b)
c)
d)
had been dug
have been dug
have dug
had dug
74.
a)
b)
c)
d)
gave
were given
would give
had been given
75. a)
b)
c)
d)
Situating
Situated
To be situated
Having situated
76. a)
b)
c)
d)
engaging
who engaged
engaged
engage
77.
a)
b)
c)
d)
governed
they were governed
were governed
which governed
113
You Can Now Eat Your Own Plate
Taipei, Taiwan - Diners __ (78)__ to lick a plate after a delicious meal can now go a step further and
eat the plate.
Chen Liang-erh, 50, an amateur inventor, announced last week that he __(79)__ an edible plate. This
special plate was made __(80)__ wheat grain. He said that he was planning to mass-produce it and
other edible crockery __(81)__ cups, bowls and food containers. Chen added that he had spent six
years __(82)__ the plate. He was smiling with joy when he announced that it __(83)__ on sale at about
7 cents each. Diners who do not want to eat the items — __(84)__taste like unsalted popcorn— can
boil __(85)__ for their pets if they want to. This way they will provide the animals with a __(86)__
meal. The fact that these plates can be eaten could __(87)__ reduce pollution caused by __(88)__
crockery. The only disadvantage, ‘Chen said, ‘is that my crockery __(89)__ washed and reused.’
78. a)
b)
c)
d)
tempting
were tempting
tempted
were tempted
79.
a)
b)
c)
d)
81. a) included
b) it includes
c) include
d) including
82.
84. a)
b)
c)
d)
whose
which
for whom it
who
87. a) help
b) have helped
c) be of help
d) be helped to
had perfected
perfected
would have perfected
was perfected
80. a)
b)
c)
d)
by
into
about
from
a) to develop
b) for developing
c) developing
d) and develop
83. a)
b)
c)
d)
would be
would have been
to be
will have been
85.
a) they
b) that
c) them
d) it
86. a) nutrition
b) nutrient
c) nutritious
d) nutritionist
88.
a) discarding
b) discarded
c) the way to discard
d) means of discarding
89. a) won’t have to be
b) couldn’t have been
c) is not able to be
d) cannot be
114
PART 10 (MISCELLANEOUS)
REVIEW 6
A single completed manuscript and hundreds of fragments were found __(1)__ reconstruction work was
undertaken on the ancient tower of Deir al-Surian, which is probably well over a millennium old. The
library had originally been established there __(2)__ it was the most protected part of the
monastery, but the first floor collapsed around five centuries ago, and a new wooden floor was simply
inserted above. Recently, the rubble of the earlier floor was removed during __(3)__, and curator
Father Bigoul found a complete manuscript, __(4)__ in a section of a disused water pipe. (It is unclear
if it __(5)__ there __(6)__ or got there __(7)__ accident.) The parchment text has now been
identified by Professor Lucas van Rompay of Duke University __(8)__ a 9th-century Book of the Holy
Hierothos.
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
where
when
then
that
2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
since
where
provided
in case
3. a)
b)
c)
d)
renovating
renovate
renovations
it renovated
4.
a)
b)
c)
d)
burying
buried
was buried
which buried
5.
a)
b)
c)
d)
was hidden
was hiding
had hidden
had been hiding
6. a)
b)
c)
d)
to keeping safely
for safekeeping
safely kept
kept safely
7.
a)
b)
c)
d)
in
by
with
through
8.
a)
b)
c)
d)
as
for
about
in
Peddocks Island, located in the southern part of Boston Harbor, _(9)_ as home to a thousand Italian
POWs (Prisoners of War) during World War II. Among the prisoners, around 50 lucky ones _(10)_ as
“trustees.” Trustee status _(11)_ those who demonstrated good behavior, kept themselves tidy, and
followed orders. _(12)_ a trustee allowed those prisoners _(13)_ places in the prison off-limits to
others—such as the recreational facility—and may have even enabled them _(14)_ in the water for a
swim. But the most desirable privilege for trustees was the Sunday ferry ride to Boston’s North End. A
military ferry _(15)_ take them to the Italian families who sponsored them and return to Peddocks
before dark. Those trips gave the trustees an opportunity _(16a)_ a home-cooked Italian meal, and
_(16b)_ about their life back in the homeland. In the year after the war ended, some 50 marriages
took place between those POWs and the daughters or relatives of the _(17)_ families.
9.
a)
b)
c)
d)
had served
had been serving
served
was being served
10.
a)
b)
c)
d)
were recognized
recognized
had been recognized
had recognized
115
11.
a)
b)
c)
d)
earned
earned by
had earned
was earned by
12.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Having been
Being
By being
In order to be
13.
a)
b)
c)
d)
for going
to going
go
to go
14.
a)
b)
c)
d)
jumping
to jump
in jumping
jump
15.
a)
b)
c)
d)
would
could
had to
might
16.
a)
b)
c)
d)
eating...talking
to eat...talk
for eating...talking
so as to eat...talk
17.
a)
b)
c)
d)
sponsorship
sponsored
sponsoring
being sponsored
Humming a happy tune can ease the mind and heart, and may also help the nasal passages, according to a
new report by Swedish researchers.
Researchers found that humming lets people exhale _(18)_ more air from their nasal passages than
_(19)_ less amusing exhalations. This is an advantage that could lower frequent hummers' risk of sinus
infections.
The researchers determined how _(20)_ hummers exhaled by measuring the amounts of nitric oxide
(NO) in their breath, a gas _(21)_ in the lungs and nasal passages. NO helps blood vessels to dilate,
which allows oxygen-carrying blood to flow more freely. Hummers exhale 15 times more NO than when
they silently exhale.
Humming appears _(22)_ the amount of NO funneled into the nose from the sinuses, the air-containing
cavities within the skull that connect to the nose. _(23)_, humming seems _(24)_ facilitate the
exchange of air from the sinuses to the nasal passages, which may, in turn, help _(25)_ the sinuses,
protecting them _(26)_ infections.
18.
a)
b)
c)
d)
significant
signifying
significantly
significance
19.
a)
b)
c)
d)
during
when
as
from
20.
a)
b)
c)
d)
much
often
many
long
21.
a)
b)
c)
d)
producing
is produced
produced
being produced
22.
a)
b)
c)
d)
to
to
to
to
be increasing
be increased
increase
have increased
23.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Nevertheless
In addition
In contrast
On the other hand
24.
a)
b)
c)
d)
helping
to be helping
to have been helping
to help
25.
a)
b)
c)
d)
ventilating
ventilate
to be ventilating
to have ventilated
26.
a)
b)
c)
d)
by developing
against the development
from developing
in order to develop
Since 1996, 6 million people have had Lasik surgery _(27)_ their vision. It’s an impressive number
_(28)_ a procedure that involves _(29)_ back a layer of the eye to allow a laser _(30)_ the surface
of the cornea. However, it’s only a small fraction of the 80 million people _(31)_ contacts. Many
patients don’t want elective surgery on their eyes _(32)_ can’t afford the $1,000-plus-per-eye
procedure, _(33)_ most insurance doesn’t cover.
27. a)
b)
c)
d)
repair
repairing
to repair
by repairing
28.
a)
b)
c)
d)
for
of
in
about
116
29. a)
b)
c)
d)
in peeling
to peel
peeling
peel
30. a)
b)
c)
d)
reshape
by reshaping
to reshape
reshaping
31. a)
b)
c)
d)
to wear
wearing
wear
are wearing
32. a)
b)
c)
d)
or
but
though
because
33. a)
b)
c)
d)
that
what
which
so
Nobody knows who _(34)_ the Ryoanji Temple garden in Kyoto in the late 15th century. _(35)_ more
than a thousand temple gardens in Kyoto, it is _(36)_ to be the masterpiece. It might just be the work
of a single genius, but its mathematical simplicity _(37)_ many hands refined and distilled the
arrangement over the years. The garden consists of 15 stones _(38)_ seemingly at random on a 10- by
30-meter rectangle of meticulously _(39)_ white gravel.
Esthetic theories have tended _(40)_ symbolic significance to the arrangement: it has been said
_(41)_ a tigress crossing the sea with her cubs, islands in the ocean, rocks in the rapids and strokes of
the Chinese character meaning heart or mind. But perhaps the appeal has less to do with the garden’s
symbolism than the structure of the human mind. The brain always tries _(42)_ sense of the visual
world, and to do _(43)_, it often pieces together sparse clues _(44)_ a coherent image. What if the
Ryoanji rocks give the visual portion of the brain just enough information to suggest something
pleasing?
34. a)
b)
c)
d)
had designed
was designing
designed
was going to design
35.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Within
Besides
Among
As well as
36. a)
b)
c)
d)
being considered
considering
to be considered
considered
37. a)
b)
c)
d)
suggests
suggesting
which suggests
is suggested
38.
a)
b)
c)
d)
were placed
placed
being placed
to be placed
39. a)
b)
c)
d)
raked
raking
being raked
to have raked
40. a)
b)
c)
d)
the attachment of
to attach
attaching
attached
41.
a)
b)
c)
d)
to represent
that they were represented
about representing
that the representation of
42. a)
b)
c)
d)
making
while making
to make
to be making
43. a)
b)
c)
d)
so
as such
so that
such that
44.
a)
b)
c)
d)
being formed
to form
to have formed
having been formed
117
Ancient Manuscripts Found In Egyptian Monastery
A collection of manuscripts up to 1,500 years old __(45)__ in a Coptic monastery in the Western
Desert of Egypt. The find __(46)__ at Deir al-Surian, the Monastery of the Syrians, which already
__(47)__ one of the richest ancient libraries in Christendom. __(48)__ in the desert sands and
virtually cut off from the outside world until recently, Deir al-Surian traces its roots back to the
earliest period of Christian monasticism. __(49)__ in the 6th century, it was soon occupied by monks
from Syria and Mesopotamia and __(50)__ currently home to 200 Egyptian Copts.
Deir al-Surian is __(51)__ was once called the Holy Desert of Scetis, in Wadi al-Natrun, a valley 60
miles south of Alexandria. __(52)__ across the sands, the 40-foot-high walled complex, with its
buildings and tower, appears __(53)__ a ship— and hence the tradition that its architecture is based
on the design of Noah's Ark. Inside, the monastery is centered on the Church of the Holy Virgin,
__(54)__ in the 7th century.
45. a)
b)
c)
d)
discovered
has been discovered
discovering
was being discovered
46.
a)
b)
c)
d)
was made
is made
is being made
had been made
47. a) has had
b) was having
c) has
d) is having
48. a)
b)
c)
d)
Setting
To set
Having set
Set
49.
a)
b)
c)
d)
While being established
Established
To be established
Having established
50. a) is
b) was
c) been
d) was being
51. a)
b)
c)
d)
where
in what
which
in which
52.
a)
b)
c)
d)
When approached
Approach
To approach
Approaching
53. a) as
b) such
c) similar
d) like
54. a)
b)
c)
d)
built
having built
being built
to have been built
__(55)__ by the tip of a submerged volcano, the island last popped up in 1831, starting a diplomatic
fight among several nations, before it sank beneath the Mediterranean waves six months __(56)__.
The volcano's peak now sits just 26 feet under water about 19 miles south of Sicily, near Tunisia. "We
are monitoring things __(57)__," Boschi, a geologist, said. "The process __(58)__ any time. It
__(59)__ a very beautiful and fascinating event." Over the centuries, the island __(60)__ four times,
with underwater volcanic eruptions first recorded __(61)__ the first Punic War of 264-241 B.C. The
last __(62)__ on July 2, 1831, caused months of international wrangling with four nations __(63)__
territorial claims including Britain, Spain and the Bourbon court of Sicily. The rock, which __(64)__
some 213 feet above the surface and had a circumference of about 3 miles, __(65)__ for six months,
__(66)__ the British time __(67)__ it as Graham Island, while Sicily's King Ferdinand II __(68)__ it
Ferdinandea.
55. a)
b)
c)
d)
Forming
Formed
To be formed
To have formed
56.
a)
b)
c)
d)
ago
later
before
after
118
57.
a)
b)
c)
d)
much closer
too closely
the closest
very closely
58. a)
b)
c)
d)
could have begun
would begin
could begin
will begin
59.
a)
b)
c)
d)
had better be
would have been
would be
must be
61. a)
b)
c)
d)
while
for
during
at
62.
a)
b)
c)
d)
emerging
emergence
emerge
to emerge
64. a)
b)
c)
d)
rose
was rising
has risen
had risen
65.
a)
b)
c)
d)
emerging
has emerged
emerged
was emerging
67. a)
b)
c)
d)
to claim
for claiming
of claiming
to have claimed
68.
a)
b)
c)
d)
was calling
has called
called
had called
60.
a)
b)
c)
d)
has been emerging
has emerged
had emerged
emerged
63.
a)
b)
c)
d)
making
by making
being made
having made
66.
a)
b)
c)
d)
it gave
to give
giving
gave
Medical Exam
A pretty young woman __(69)__ her new doctor for the first time found herself alone in a small
waiting room. She began __(70)__ nervously, __(71)__ herself for the upcoming examination. Just as
she draped the last of her garments over the back of a chair, a light rap sounded on the door and a
young doctor__(72)__ in. __(73)__ to an abrupt halt, the doctor looked his nude patient up and down
carefully and with __(74)__ appreciation. "Miss Smith," he said finally, "it seems quite obvious to me
that until today you __(75)__ an eye examination."
69. a) visited
b) was visiting
c) visiting
d) was visited
70.
a) to be undressed
b) undressing
c) undress
d) and undressed
71.
72. a) would stride
b) was striding
c) strode
d) had strode
73.
a)
b)
c)
d)
74.
While coming
Coming
Having come
When he came
75. a) will never undergo
b) had better not undergo
c) never undergone
d) have never undergone
119
a) preparing
b) for preparing
c) to be prepared
d) prepared
a) considerable
b) considerably
c) considering
d) considered
PART 10 (MISCELLANEOUS)
REVIEW 7
In Britain there is a lively debate about _(1)_ there should be laws regulating the press. Press freedom
_(2)_ a long tradition but some of the popular tabloid newspapers _(3)_ very intrusive stories about
famous people during the 1980s, _(4)_ some Members of Parliament to call for laws to protect privacy.
In 1991, the press _(5)_ a last chance to show it could regulate _(6)_ and the result was the Press
Complaints Commission, which administers a code of practice _(7)_ the editors themselves. The code
was made _(8)_ in 1997, when press photographers _(9)_ of contributing to the death of Princess
Diana. Press behavior _(10)_ but critics still maintain that it is _(11)_ successfully and that the
remedies are not _(12)_.
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
if
how
where
whether
2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
had
has
having
which had
3. a)
b)
c)
d)
had printed
printed
were printed
would be printing
4. a)
b)
c)
d)
that led
to lead
having led
leading
5.
a)
b)
c)
d)
gave
was giving
had given
was given
6. a)
b)
c)
d)
it
those
itself
them
7. a)
b)
c)
d)
drawing up
8.
drawn up by
having drawn up by
drew up
a)
b)
c)
d)
as strict as
strictly
as strictly as
stricter
9. a)
b)
c)
d)
were accused
accused
accusing
being accused
10. a)
b)
c)
d)
will improve
11.
was improving
has improved
was going to improve
a)
b)
c)
d)
the most difficult to complain
too difficult to complain
as difficult as complaining
more difficult to complain
12. a)
b)
c)
d)
too severe
much severe
severe enough
very severely
_(13)_ the moment the first wave of East Germans crossed into Berlin, showered _(14)_ champagne
and cheered _(15)_ a crowd of thousands, it was clear this would be one of Berlin’s _(16)_ days. East
Berliners were overcome as they crossed the border that _(17)_ closed to them for twenty-eight
years. West Berliners began _(18)_ away at the wall that had scarred their city. There was no
interference _(19)_ the police...
13. a)
b)
c)
d)
At
In
From
Since
14. a)
b)
c)
d)
in
into
with
of
15. a)
b)
c)
d)
with
in
by
to
16. a)
b)
c)
d)
more dramatic
more dramatically
most dramatic
the most dramatic
17. a)
b)
c)
d)
was
would be
has been
had been
18. a)
b)
c)
d)
chipping
chip
chipped
to be chipping
19. a)
b)
c)
d)
of
from
with
in
120
Antarctica _(20)_ cold and as dry as any desert on the inland plateau, while a relatively mild and wet
climate is _(21)_ along the coasts. _(22)_ plants and animals live on the land _(23)_, but the
surrounding ocean is rich _(24)_ wildlife.
20. a) is frozen so
b) is freezing
c) has such freezing
d) has been frozen
21. a) characteristic
b) characteristically
c) a character
d) characterized
23. a) by itself
b) themselves
c) by themselves
d) itself
24. a) of
b) in
c) on
d) for
22. a) Many
b) Few
c) Little
d) Much
Last night Detroit airport _(25)_ red-alert when a man _(26)_ a plane _(27)_ the pilot, _(28)_, with
the words ‘Hi, Jack’. Air-traffic controllers, who were paying _(29)_ attention to what _(30)_, ordered
armed police _(31)_ the plane, before realizing their mistake. A spokesman said that, from now on,
officials _(32)_ air-traffic control _(33)_ there was a pilot called Jack on duty.
25. a)
b)
c)
d)
had put on
was putting on
had been putting on
was put on
26. a)
b)
c)
d)
boarded
was boarding
boarding
had boarded
27. a)
b)
c)
d)
greeted
was greeting
had greeted
was greeted
28. a)
b)
c)
d)
that he knew
he knew that
knowing that
whom he knew
29. a)
b)
c)
d)
too much
not enough
a lot of
hardly ever
30. a)
b)
c)
d)
went on
was going on
to go on
going on
31. a)
b)
c)
d)
to board
to be boarding
boarding
were boarding
32. a)
b)
c)
d)
could have notified
might be notified
would notify
can be notifying
33. a)
b)
c)
d)
whoever
whenever
whomever
whichever
Two university students decided to go skiing for the weekend but _(34)_ to be back on campus in time
_(35)_ for an important exam the following Monday morning. However, they were having such a good
time on the slopes _(36)_ they thought they could forget _(37)_ for the exam in order to get some
final runs in before heading back to university. They knew that they _(38)_ with a good excuse _(39)_
for the exam so they decided to tell their lecturer that they _(40)_ with plenty of time to get back
and do some studying but that they _(41)_ a flat tyre on the way back and therefore deserved _(42)_
the exam at a rescheduled time.
When he heard the story, the lecturer _(43)_ that it really was just bad luck, and suggested _(44)_ a
few days to study and do the exam at the end of the week. The students, of course, were delighted. At
the appointed time, the lecturer greeted them and placed them in two separate rooms _(45)_ the
exam.
The few questions on the first page _(46)_ a minor 10% of the overall mark, and were quite easy. Each
student grew progressively _(47)_ as they worked their way through the questions, sure that they
_(48)_ away with fooling their lecturer. However, when they turned to the second page they
discovered that really they _(49)_. The only question on the page, worth 90% of the exam, read:
‘Which tyre?’
121
34. a)
b)
c)
d)
were planning
had planned
planned
were going to plan
35. a)
b)
c)
d)
for revising
to revise
revising
being revised
36. a)
b)
c)
d)
when
so
that
then
37. a)
b)
c)
d)
to study
studying
about studying
having studied
38. a)
b)
c)
d)
could have come up
39. a) for not being prepared
might be coming up
b) not to have prepared
would have to come up
c) not having prepared
were able to come up
d) of not being prepared
40. a)
b)
c)
d)
set off
would set off
would have set off
had set off
41. a)
b)
c)
d)
must have got
got
had got
would have to get
42. a)
b)
c)
d)
to take
for taking
take
taking
43. a)
b)
c)
d)
would agree
had agreed
agreed
could agree
44. a)
b)
c)
d)
to take
them for taking
that they take
them to take
45. a)
b)
c)
d)
while taking
for taking
to be taking
to take
46. a)
b)
c)
d)
worth
had been worth
were worth
being worth
47. a)
b)
c)
d)
confident
confidently
more confident
the most confident
48. a)
b)
c)
d)
could have got
had got
should have got
had been getting
49. a)
b)
c)
d)
shouldn’t
mustn’t
didn’t
hadn’t
Fifty-four economy class passengers, _(50)_ three hours waiting at Heathrow airport, _(51)_ informed
that their flight _(52)_ cancelled due to technical problems. On _(53)_ the news, one of the older
passengers _(54)_ up to the airline offices, demanding that they all _(55)_ put on the next possible
flight. However, _(56)_ the next flight, the airline authorities said there was very little they could do.
The passengers all crowded the airline desk, shouting and protesting. _(57)_ to do something to
appease the angry crowd, the officials finally offered all the passengers free flights to the destination
of their choice. _(58)_ this offer, the passengers took their seats and waited another three hours
_(59)_ they finally took off, more than six hours later than initially _(60)_.
50. a)
b)
c)
d)
spending
to have spent
having spent
spent
51. a)
b)
c)
d)
finally
finally being
were finally
having finally been
52. a)
b)
c)
d)
had been
having been
would have
to have been
53. a)
b)
c)
d)
having heard
heard
being heard
hearing
54. a)
b)
c)
d)
marching
were marched
having marched
marched
55. a)
b)
c)
d)
were
had to be
be
being
56. a)
b)
c)
d)
having overbooked
to have overbooked
being overbooked
overbooking
57. a)
b)
c)
d)
Wanted
Having wanted
Wanting
To have wanted
58. a) Calming down
b) Calmed down by
c) Having calmed down
d) To be calmed down by
59. a)
b)
c)
d)
while
before
when
after
60. a)
b)
c)
d)
having scheduled
being scheduled
scheduled
scheduling
122
Although the macaque _(61)_ as a natural monument in some places around Japan, it still _(62)_ as a
nuisance animal anywhere if the local government _(63)_. Thousands of monkeys _(64)_ each year
nationwide because of the damage they _(65)_. The Agency for Cultural Affairs and the Ministry of
the Environment, together with local governments, _(66)_ a major effort to survey the status of the
monkey populations and their range of movement, to predict the problems of conflict that _(67)_, and
to address them with fencing and other solutions.
61. a)
b)
c)
d)
protecting
protected
has protected
is protected
62. a) could have eliminated
63.
b) might be eliminating
c) should have been eliminated
d) may be eliminated
a)
b)
c)
d)
had permitted
has permitted
permits
is permitted
64. a)
b)
c)
d)
have either caught or killed
either caught or killed
are either caught or killed
were either caught or killed
65. a) inflicting
b) are inflicted
c) inflict
d) have been inflicted
66. a)
b)
c)
d)
is launched
have launched
had launched
would launch
67. a)
b)
c)
d)
have to occur
must occur
might occur
should have occurred
Eight years ago, conservationists feared _(68)_ for the world's wild tiger populations. Three of eight
subspecies _(69)_ extinct. Rampant poaching and habitat destruction appeared poised _(70)_ the rest.
However, now a coalition of conservation groups _(71)_ that intensive efforts to save the last wild
tigers _(72)_ off.
68. a)
b)
c)
d)
the worst
badly
worse
bad
69. a)
b)
c)
d)
had gone
would have gone
went
have gone
71. a)
b)
c)
d)
will be reporting
reporting
have reported
reports
72. a)
b)
c)
d)
could have been paid
should have paid
must be paid
may be paying
70. a)
b)
c)
d)
for consuming
consuming
by consuming
to consume
Acupuncture _(73)_ on humans in China for more than 4,500 years. The first use of acupuncture on
animals _(73)_ to the western Jin dynasty period of China from 136 to 265 A.D. In this early form,
sharp stones _(75)_ specific locations on horses and other large working animals.
Most of the body's 365 main acupuncture points _(76)_ at clusters of nerves and blood vessels. _(77)_
a host of local and general physiological effects, _(78)_ the body's own healing power.
73. a)
b)
c)
d)
had been practiced
has been practiced
was practiced
practiced
74. a) can be traced
b) traced
c) had been traced
d) could have traced
76. a)
b)
c)
d)
are located
are locating
located
being located
77. a) Stimulating these areas triggers
b) Stimulated, these areas triggered
c) These stimulated areas which trigger
d) To stimulate these areas, triggering
123
75. a) used in cutting and bleeding
b) were used to cut and bleed
c) used for cutting and bleeding
d) used to cut and bleed
78. a)
b)
c)
d)
to boost
boosting
boosts
boosted
Aristotle _(79)_ long ago about elephants crossing rivers underwater, with only the tips of their trunks
_(80)_. In fact, researchers have known for more than 300 years _(81)_ the elephant's lung structure
is unique _(82)_ mammals, but they've never been able to figure out _(83)_. A recent study suggests
it's all about evolution.
79. a)
b)
c)
d)
had written
was writing
had been writing
wrote
80. a)
b)
c)
d)
exposing
having exposed
exposed
to expose
82. a)
b)
c)
d)
to
with
among
in
83. a)
b)
c)
d)
when
it
this
why
81. a)
b)
c)
d)
if
why
how
that
Broad anecdotal evidence _(84)_ acupuncture can effectively treat a host of ailments in animals.
However, _(85)_ remains unknown about how and why acupuncture works. The challenge today,
supporters say, _(86)_ the research gap to better understand the promise of this alternative therapy.
84.
a)
b)
c)
d)
suggests
suggesting
is suggested
has been suggested
85. a)
b)
c)
d)
little
some
much
none
86. a)
b)
c)
d)
124
is to bridge
how to bridge
is by bridging
bridging
PART 10 (MISCELLANEOUS)
REVIEW 8
Today, a city _(1)_ more than ten million inhabitants is considered a megacity. In 1995, there were 14
such cities; in 2015 there will be 21, and the ranking _(2)_: Today the five largest cities are Tokyo,
Mexico City, Sao Paulo, New York City, and Mumbai (Bombay), and in 2015 they will probably be Tokyo,
Dhaka, Mumbai, Sao Paulo, and Delhi.
And _(3)_, population numbers by themselves _(4)_ a city's prospects; after all, Addis Ababa, and
Hamburg, have the same population. _(5)_ is explosive growth necessarily the determining factor. "City
problems," one authority points out, "mostly _(6)_ to do with weak, ineffective, and usually
unrepresentative city governments."
_(7)_ of this is inevitable. Lest we imagine that slums and misery are somehow the fate of the Third
World, it's worth _(8)_ the horrific lower depths of London, Paris, and New York _(9)_ the great
social movements of the 19th and 20th centuries, and the crusading zeal of novelists Charles Dickens and
Victor Hugo against the sweatshops and child labor that blighted these cities _(10)_, now among the
First World's proudest metropolises.
The stresses of slum life manifest _(11)_ in myriad ways—drugs, crime, family violence, disease, fires,
and hopelessness—_(12)_ can frustrate and even defeat grandiose municipal schemes. But in most big
cities in the world, scores of private organizations, some foreign, many homegrown, are working at
street level to provide _(13)_ the government _(14)_.
1. a)
b)
c)
d)
which have
has
with
with which
2. a)
b)
c)
d)
will have shifted
would be shifted
shifts
is shifted
3. a)
b)
c)
d)
but
however
yet
though
4. a)
b)
c)
d)
haven’t determined
aren’t determined
haven’t been determined
don’t determine
5. a)
b)
c)
d)
Never
Scarcely
Hardly
Nor
6. a)
b)
c)
d)
are
used
have
ought
7. a)
b)
c)
d)
Neither
Most
None
Either
8. a)
b)
c)
d)
to recall
recall
for recalling
recalling
9. a)
b)
c)
d)
inspired
having inspired
that inspired
to be inspired
12. a)
b)
c)
d)
this
that
it
they
10. a)
b)
c)
d)
at the time
for the time being
meanwhile
in no time
11. a)
b)
c)
d)
themselves
these
itself
this
13. a)
b)
c)
d)
that
how
which
what
14. a)
b)
c)
d)
isn’t able to
doesn’t have to
mustn’t
shouldn’t
125
The concept of shopping centers _(15)_ a modern one. Ancient Greek agoras, or marketplaces, Middle
Eastern bazaars, such as the still operating and famous Grand Bazaar of Istanbul _(16)_ in the 15 th
century, and today's shopping centers have similarities: groups of stores and shops conveniently _(17)_
together, making it easier for the pedestrian shopper _(18)_ goods. _(19)_ the advent of the
automobile in the 1920s and post-World War II suburban development, shopping centers, or malls as
they are sometimes called, _(20)_ throughout North America. The largest in the world is the 480,000square-meters West Edmonton Mall in Canada, _(21)_ has more than 100 eating places, a miniature golf
course, an indoor water park, a hockey rink, a nightclub, movie theaters, an amusement park, a zoo, a
hotel, and, of course, more than 800 stores.
15. a)
b)
c)
d)
has not been
was not
is not
will not be
16. a)
b)
c)
d)
was built
had been built
built
being built
17.
18. a)
b)
c)
d)
to purchase
purchasing
purchase
by purchasing
19. a)
b)
c)
d)
With
From
As of
As soon as
20. a)
b)
c)
d)
21. a)
b)
c)
d)
a)
b)
c)
d)
clustering
having clustered
clustered
being clustered
were expanded
expanded
had expanded
had been expanded
which
it
where
that it
During the early years of the war in the South Pacific, the Allied forces _(22)_ a coast-watching
organization based on one the Australians _(23)_ in 1919. _(24)_ with radios, the men in this
intelligence network _(25a)_ behind enemy lines and _(25b)_ lonely observation posts in remote parts
of the islands. Their duty was to obtain all possible information about the enemy, his disposition,
movements, strengths, etc.
When it came time _(26)_ a code name to this network, Lt. Comdr. Eric Feldt, who was one of the
officers in charge, _(27)_ "Ferdinand"! It _(28)_ a reminder to the coast-watching network that the
watchers were not there to fight the enemy but _(29)_ to sit at their outposts and watch the enemy,
_(30)_ information.
22. a)
b)
c)
d)
had established
were established
had been established
established
25. a)
b)
c)
d)
28. a)
b)
c)
d)
23. a)
b)
c)
d)
24. a)
b)
c)
d)
Having equipped
Equipping
To be equipped
Equipped
would sneak...set up
26. a) to assign
had sneaked...set up
b) for assigning
sneaking...setting up
c) of assigning
had been sneaking...setting up
d) assign
27. a)
b)
c)
d)
chose
had chosen
would choose
was choosing
would be
would have been
had been
should have been
30. a)
b)
c)
d)
gather
gathered
gathering
having gathered
29. a)
b)
c)
d)
had set up
set up
had been set up
were set up
instead of
rather
had better
as well
126
We all think that camels store water in their humps. In fact, the humps are large deposits of fatty
tissue _(31)_ camels draw energy when food is scarce, allowing them _(32)_ for up to a week without
eating. When a camel uses this reserve energy supply, the hump becomes flabby and shrinks, and can
_(33)_ flop from its standing position to hang down the camel's side. _(34)_ a camel is given proper
food and rest, the hump generally _(35)_ to its original size within a few days.
So where do camels store water? Mostly in their bloodstream, with some water circulating in the
stomach and saliva. Camels normally go _(36)_ drinking for about a week but some _(37)_ go more than
50 days without water, causing them _(38)_ up to a third of their body weight. But with the ability to
drink up to 40 gallons of water _(39)_, camels quickly rehydrate.
31. a)
b)
c)
d)
which
in which
that
from which
32. a)
b)
c)
d)
go
going
to go
for going
33.
a)
b)
c)
d)
even
only
just
so
34. a)
b)
c)
d)
Once
Before
Unless
In case
35. a)
b)
c)
d)
is returned
has returned
returns
has been returned
36.
a)
b)
c)
d)
for
by
through
without
37. a)
b)
c)
d)
knowing how to
have been known to
are known as they
know that they
38. a)
b)
c)
d)
to lose
lose
losing
by losing
39.
a)
b)
c)
d)
one at a time
at once
at a time
at times
Kaplitt, a Parkinson's researcher at the Weill Medical College of Cornell University in New York, says
the gene therapy trial will start late this year and involve patients who __(40)__ all the standard
means of therapy.
Brain researchers said the gene transfer technique __(41)__ a promising therapy, but extensive
clinical trials __(42)__ before it proves itself ready __(43)__ treatment of Parkinson's patients in
general.
__(44)__ use of gene therapy to treat Parkinson's disease, researchers plan to inject genes that make
a vital neurochemical into the brains of 12 patients in an attempt __(45)__ the tremors and other
movement disorders of the __(46)__ brain disorder. Dr. Matthew J. Doring and Dr. Michael G. Kaplitt
said the Food and Drug Administration has approved the experimental therapy __(47)__ a dozen
patients. The approval was based, in part, __(48)__ the results of a laboratory study __(49)__ in the
next issue of the journal Science.
40. a) exhaust
b) have exhausted
c) are exhausted
d) are exhausting
41. a) were
b) was
c) have been
d) is
42. a) will need
b) are in need
c) would be needed
d) have needed
43. a) for
b) in
c) at
d) on
44. a) At first
b) First
c) In the first
d) First of all
45. a) on calming
b) to calm
c) calming
d) calm
48. a)
b)
c)
d)
49.a) to publish
b) to be published
c) publishing
d) will be published
46. a) devastating
b) devastated
c) devastation
d) devastatingly
47.a) by
b) to
c) for
d) in
on
for
to
about
127
__(50)__ a remarkable degree, research shows, long-time smokers can reverse the damage to the lungs
by quitting. __(51)__ 24 hours of smoking your last cigarette, you already have begun cutting your
heart attack risk. After 10 years, you have cut your lung cancer risk __(52)__ half, and after 15 years
your risk __(53)__ heart disease is the same __(54)__ you never smoked. __(55)__ smokers get
discouraged after smoking 20, 30 or 40 years. They think, ‘’I've already done the damage, I __(56)__
keep smoking.’’__(57)__ could be further __(58)__ the truth. Even at 65, a female smoker can expect
__(59)__ 2.7 to 3.7 years longer by quitting, __(60)__ a male smoker could live an extra 1.4 to two
years, according to a recent Duke University and American Cancer Society study.
50. a) In
b) For
c) To
d) From
51. a) Meanwhile
b) Within
c) During
d) While
52. a) at
b) in
c) to
d) of
53. a) of
b) to
c) from
d) for
54. a) as
b) since
c) as if
d) like
55. a) Plenty
b) A great deal of
c) A great amount
d) A large number of
56. a) can also
b) don’t have to
c) may as well
d) mustn’t
57. a) Anything
b) Nothing
c) Everything
d) Something
58. a) from
b) to
c) against
d) by
59. a) living
b) to live
c) to be living
d) live
60. a) as
b) when
c) while
d) since
Fishing for a Week
A man phones home from the office and tells his wife, "Something __(61)__ up. I have the chance
__(62)__ fishing for a week. It's the opportunity of a lifetime. We are leaving right away, so can you
pack my clothes, my fishing equipment, and especially my blue silk pajamas? I'll be home __(63)__ an
hour to pick them up." He hurries home, grabs __(64)__ and rushes off. A week later he returns. His
wife asks, "Did you have a good trip?" "Oh yes, great! But you forgot __(65)__ my blue silk pajamas."
"Oh no I __(66)__. I put them in your tackle box."
61. a) was just coming
b) is just coming
c) will just come
d) has just come
62. a) going
b) to go
c) for going
d) and go
63. a) for
b) in
c) about
d) until
64. a) whatever
b) anything
c) something
d) everything
65. a) to pack
b) packing
c) about packing
d) to be packed
66. a) wasn’t
b) hadn’t
c) haven’t
d) didn’t
128
PART 10 (MISCELLANEOUS)
REVIEW 9
A Difficult Situation
Janet was employed as a graphic designer at a very successful advertising company. She __(1)__ there
for two years when she __(2)__ a promotion to become head of the graphic solutions department. She
was obviously very happy once she __(3)__ of her promotion. However, she was also __(4)__ concerned
as she __(5)__ out that she __(6)__ pregnant.
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
4. a)
b)
c)
d)
has worked
was working
worked
had worked
2. a)
b)
c)
d)
was offered
had been offered
offered
has offered
3. a)
b)
c)
d)
could hear
had been heard
was heard
heard
too
terrible
rather
much
5. a)
b)
c)
d)
has recently found
had recently found
had recently been found
was recently found
6. a)
b)
c)
d)
has been
was
had been
was being
In the past, other women who __(7)__ children had found it difficult to continue working full time.
Later that day, Janet asked her husband what he __(8)__ she should do. He felt that she __(9)__ the
promotion and then, a few months later, __(10)__ her employers about her pregnancy. In this way, her
husband felt, she __(11)__ jeopardize her promotion. Janet wasn't __(12)__ sure this was a good
suggestion, as she felt that it __(13)__ dishonest of her not to let her employers __(14)__ about the
change in her condition. She telephoned her best friend, Cheryl, who __(15)__ the same problem
previously, and asked for her advice. Cheryl asked her if she __(16)__ that she __(17)__ able to
continue working __(18)__ after the birth of her child as she __(19)__ up to that point in time. Janet
assured her that this was the case and so her friend told her __(20)__ her husband's judgment.
7. a) had had
b) have had
c) have been having
d) had
8. a)
b)
c)
d)
thinks
was thinking
is thinking
thought
9. a) should first have accepted
b) should first accept
c) must first have accepted
d) has to first accept
10. a) say
b) tell
c) talk
d) speak
11. a)
b)
c)
d)
wouldn’t
won’t
can’t
needn’t
12. a) rather
b) so
c) much
d) enough
13. a) is to be
b) might be
c) will be
d) should be
14. a)
b)
c)
d)
to know
know
knowing
be known
15. a) has also had
b) had also had
c) also had
d) also has
16. a) had felt
b) felt
c) was feeling
d) has felt
17. a)
b)
c)
d)
would be
will be
would have been
will have been
18. a) hardly
b) as hard
c) harder
d) very hard
19. a) had been working
b) was working
c) worked
d) has worked
20. a) trusting
b) to trust
c) to be trusted
d) trust
129
Janet scheduled an appointment with her boss, and presented her dilemma to him. He said that he
__(21)__ sympathy for her, but that, because of a recent increase in sales accounts, he __(22)__
about the increased workload. __(23)__, Janet went back to work and did her absolute best __(24)__
up with the work. __(25)__, the workload just continued to grow. Later that month, she received a call
from the personnel department __(26)__ to come __(27)__ to the personnel director. The personnel
director told her that, due to her inability to keep up with the demands of her job, they __(28)__ let
her __(29)__. Janet couldn't believe what she __(30)__. She asked him why, if a few months earlier
they __(31)__ her for her excellence, they __(32)__ to let her go. It seemed ridiculous. He said that
he __(33)__ truly sorry, but that they had no other choice and asked her __(34)__ her things and
leave.
21. a) has been feeling
b) has felt
c) had felt
d) felt
22. a) could do nothing
23.
b) can’t do anything
c) isn’t able to do anything
d) couldn’t have done anything
a) Disappointing
b) Disappointed
c) Having disappointed
d) To be disappointed
24. a) keeping
b) to keep
c) for keeping
d) to have kept
25. a) Luckily
b) Eventually
c) Finally
d) Unfortunately
26.
a) and was told
b) telling
c) that told
d) which told
27. a) speaking
b) for speaking
c) to be spoken
d) to speak
28. a) will have to
b) were going to have to
c) have to
d) have had to
29.
a) to go
b) going
c) go
d) gone
30. a) has been heard
b) has heard
c) had been heard
d) had heard
31. a) had promoted
b) have promoted
c) promoted
d) were promoted
32.
a) have now decided
b) had now decided
c) now decided
d) are now deciding
33. a) was
b) has been
c) had been
d) was being
34. a) to gather
b) gathering
c) gather
d) to gathering
130
PART 10 (MISCELLANEOUS)
REVIEW 10
Ancient Egypt
There are days __(1)__ the sand blows ceaselessly, __(2)__ the remains of a powerful dynasty
__(3)__ Egypt 5,000 years ago. When the wind __(4)__ down and the sands are still, a long shadow
__(5)__ a wedge of darkness across the Sahara, __(6)__ even longer as the North African sun sinks
beyond the horizon. __(7)__ is where our history of Egypt begins, in the shadow of the Great Pyramid
of Giza, __(8)__ stone meets sky as a testament to one of the greatest civilizations on earth. Here, on
the plateau of Giza, 2,300,000 blocks of stone, some weighing __(9)__ 9 tons, __(10)__ an eternal
tomb for a divine king.
1.
a) when
b) during
c) while
d) meanwhile
2. a) blankets
b) which blankets
c) it blankets
d) blanketing
3. a) when it ruled
b) that ruled
c) was ruled
d) ruled
4. a) died
b) had died
c) is dying
d) dies
5. a) was casting
b) cast
c) casting
d) casts
6. a) creeping
b) it creeps
c) crept
d) was creeping
7. a) Which
b) So
c) What
d) This
8. a) when
b) there
c) where
d) here
9. a) as much as
b) heavier
c) much more
d) the heaviest
10. a) used to build
b) were used to build
c) were used to building
d) got used to building
Five thousand years ago, the fourth dynasty of __(11)__ Old Kingdom was a __(12)__ advanced
civilization where the kings, __(13)__ as pharaohs, __(14)__ believed to be gods. They lived amidst
palaces and temples that __(15)__ to honour them __(16)__ their deified ancestors. "Pharaoh"
originally meant "great house", but later came ___(17)__ “king”. __(18)__ we know of this early society
changes and is re-interpreted year by year as new archaeological __(19)__ which are discovered
beneath the desert sands revise our understanding of ancient Egypt.
11. a) Egypt
b) Egyptian
c) Egyptians
d) Egypt’s
12. a) highly
b) high
c) much higher
d) very high
13. a) who knew
b) known
c) that were known
d) had known
14. a) were
b) which were
c) that
d) they
15. a) had been built
b) built
c) have been built
d) were building
16. a) and so do
b) and so
c) also
d) and
17. a) to mean
b) meaning
c) to be meant
d) by meaning
18. a) What
b) That
c) Whichever
d) The fact that
19. a) found
b) finds
c) finding
d) are found
131
Before __(20)__ closely at pharaonic society and the beginning of the Pyramid Age, __(21)__ first has
to step into Egypt's landscape and take a look around. Ancient Egyptians __(22)__ their land "Kemet",
__(23)__ meant "black", after the black fertile silt-layered soil that __(24)__ behind each year
__(25)__ the rainy season, __(26)__ the Nile flooded the fields. The most prevalent colour of the
desert, __(27)__, is a decidedly reddish-yellow ochre. The Egyptians called the desert "deshret",
meaning "red". And still today, this endless carpet of sand __(28)__ an estimated 95 % of Egypt,
__(29)__ only by the narrow band of green __(30)__ by the waters of the Nile. Here, the extreme
dry sands of the desert meet the __(31)__ silt-laden soils along the Nile — a river that __(32)__ a
source of life __(33)__ the entire nation and a good part __(34)__ the African continent.
20. a) we looked
b) we have to look
c) looking
d) they were looking
21. a) either
b) one
c) both
d) all
22. a) had been called
b) have called
c) are calling
d) called
23. a) which
b) that
c) this
d) it
24. a) was left
b) left
c) leaving
d) was leaving
25. a) during
b) when
c) while
d) meanwhile
26. a) then
b) when
c) after
d) later
27. a) moreover
b) however
c) on the contrary
d) in addition
28. a) has covered
b) will cover
c) covering
d) covers
29. a) which interrupted
b) it interrupts
c) interrupted
d) interrupting
30. a) carved
b) carving
c) to carve
d) that carved
31. a) fertilizer
b) fertilizing
c) fertility
d) fertile
32. a) provided
b) provides
c) has been provided
d) had provided
33. a) on
b) in
c) with
d) for
34. a) in
b) of
c) to
d) for
How does the pyramid fit into early Egyptian life? Pyramids today stand as a reminder of the ancient
Egyptian glorification of life after death, __(35)__ , the pyramids __(36)__ as monuments __(37)__
the tombs of the pharaohs. Death __(38)__ as merely the beginning of a journey to the other world.
In this society, __(39)__ eternal life was dependent on the continued __(40)__ of their king, a belief
that made the pharaoh's tomb __(41)__ of the entire kingdom.
35. a) otherwise
b) for instance
c) and in fact
d) however
36. a) had built
b) were built
c) were being built
d) building
37. a) to house
b) where houses of
c) were the houses of
d) the house of
38. a) has been seen
b) was seen
c) had been seeing
d) saw
39. a) each individual’s
b) the individual
c) both individuals’
d) all individuals
40. a) existence
b) existing
c) existed
d) exist
41. a) be concerned
b) concerned
c) the concern
d) concerning
132
Pictures on the walls of tombs tell us about the lives of the Kings and their families. We know pyramids
were built __(42)__ a king's lifetime because hieroglyphs on tomb walls __(43)__ depicting the names
of the gangs __(44)__ built the pyramids for their kings. Furniture and riches __(45)__ with the king
so that he __(46)__ the familiar comforts of his lifetime __(47)__ near him. Attendants and wives
__(48)__ after the king __(49)__ close to him. These graves of relatives and courtiers __(50)__ on
the outskirts of the kings' tombs, __(51)__ beside the pyramids. The subdivisions of tombs of those in
high positions in the court of a king __(52)__ surrounding the pyramids of Giza. These are primarily
mastabas, or covered rectangular tombs that __(53)__ of a deep burial shaft, made of mud brick and
half-buried by the drifts of sand on the plateau.
42. a) at
b) for
c) between
d) during
43. a) have been found
b) had been finding
c) find
d) found
44. a) that
b) they
c) were they
d) when they
45. a) buried
b) that were buried
c) have buried
d) were buried
46. a) would have
b) would have had
c) was having
d) had had
47. a) bury
b) burying
c) be buried
d) buried
48. a) died
b) had died
c) were dead
d) who died
49. a) were also buried
b) have also buried
c) had also buried
d) also buried
50. a) must be located
b) are located
c) used to locate
d) located
51. a) lying
b) they lie
c) which are lying
d) to lie
52. a) can be found
b) should find
c) must be found
d) has to find
53. a) consists
b) consisting
c) consisted
d) consist
American baseball legend Joe DiMaggio __(54)__ to remarry his ex-wife Marilyn Monroe just before
her death and remained obsessed __(55)__ her for the rest of his life. Marilyn was the Great
DiMaggio's only love, the one who reached deep into his soul, __(56)__ he kept his emotions under
double lock. For the last 37 years of his life, he ached at the thought of __(57)__ close they had come
to remarrying, only __(58)__ by her death.
DiMaggio's 1954 marriage with Monroe fell apart after only nine months. "He wanted me to be the
beautiful ex-actress, __(59)__ he was the great former baseball player," Monroe, 12 years younger
than DiMaggio, once said. The two apparently reconciled late in her life. The date of their second
marriage was set: August 8, 1962. But the kiss __(60)__ her that day was far different from __(61)__
he had hoped for. That was the date Marilyn Monroe __(62)__. Joe leaned over her casket, sobbed
that he loved her, and kissed her cold forehead.
DiMaggio, who died in 1999 at age 84, never spoke of her __(63)__ public for the rest of his life, but
his __(64)__ words showed his __(65)__ passion. He took his last breath fully __(66)__ to meet her
in that other world, which he was certain __(67)__. 'I'll finally get to see Marilyn,' were his last
words."
54. a)
b)
c)
d)
has planned
was planned
was being planned
had planned
55. a)
b)
c)
d)
of
for
with
about
56. a)
b)
c)
d)
133
which
there
where
that
57. a)
b)
c)
d)
so
very
how
too
58. a)
b)
c)
d)
to be prevented
being prevented
prevented
having been prevented
59. a) similarly
b) just like
c) so that
d) so as to
60. a)
b)
c)
d)
giving
that was given
he gave
he was given
61. a)
b)
c)
d)
now
which one
the one
which
62. a)
b)
c)
d)
was buried
to be buried
buried
had been buried
63. a)
b)
c)
d)
about
in
to
on
64. a)
b)
c)
d)
dead
dying
death
died
65. a)
b)
c)
d)
enduring
endured
enduringly
endurance
66. a)
b)
c)
d)
expected
expecting
expectant
expectantly
67. a)
b)
c)
d)
existed
it existed
to exist
had existed
Under the more arid regions of Australia, in dens __(68)__ with plant material, kangaroo rats
__(69)__ birth, usually to two to four young. The animals you see almost always at night are likely
__(70)__ males. There are 22 species, __(71)__ threatened or endangered because __(72)__ their
habitat __(73)__ or cultivated. __(74)__ their namesakes, kangaroo rats propel themselves with welldeveloped hind legs, __(75)__ with long tails. In some species the tails are longer than the bodies, and
by swinging __(76)__ the animals can change directions in midleap. __(77)__, kangaroo rats __(78)__
recover water vapour through their nasal passages, and to metabolise the water they need from seeds.
So __(79)__ that they require only a quarter of the water __(80)__ humans to excrete the same
amount of urea.
68. a)
b)
c)
d)
lining
to lined
having lined
lined
69.
a) give
b) gave
c) have been given
d) are given
70. a) to being
b) being
c) to be
d) to have been
71. a)
b)
c)
d)
many of which
most of whom
some of these
hardly any
72.
a) as much as
b) so much of
c) such a lot of
d) that much in
73. a) has been developed
b) has developed
c) had been developed
d) was being developed
74. a)
b)
c)
d)
Like
Similar
Likewise
The same as
75.
a) balancing
b) they balance
c) which balance
d) to balance
76. a) theirs
b) these
c) their
d) them
77. a)
b)
c)
d)
To exhale
As they exhale
If they exhale
In case they exhale
78. a) are able to
b) succeed in
c) should
d) can
80. a)
b)
c)
d)
used by
they use
to use
to be used by
134
79.a) powerful are their kidneys
b) are their kidneys powerful
c) powerful their kidneys are
d) their kidneys are powerful
According to Einstein's theory of special relativity, time slows as an object __(81)__ the speed of
light. This leads many scientists __(82)__ that traveling faster than the speed of light __(83)__ up
the possibility of time travel to the past __(84)__ to the future. The problem is that the speed of
light __(85)__ to be the highest speed __(86)__ something can travel, so it is unlikely that we will be
able to travel into the past. As an object __(87a)__ the speed of light, its relativistic mass __(87b)__
until, at the speed of light, __(88)__ becomes infinite. Accelerating an infinite mass any faster than
__(89)__ is impossible  or at least it seems __(90)__ right now. __(91)__ , time travel in the other
direction is not as difficult, and one day, the future __(92)__ a possible destination.
81.
a) will approach
b) approached
c) approaches
d) has been approaching
82. a) believing
b) to believe
c) for believing
d) believe
83. a) could have opened
b) is able to open
c) could open
d) would have opened
84.
a) besides
b) also
c) as well as
d) either
85. a) is believed
b) believing
c) being believed
d) believed
86. a) at which
b) in that
c) when
d) that
87.
a) neared…increased
b) nears…increases
c) is nearing…increasing
d) was nearing…increasing
88. a) it
b) which
c) this
d) that
89. a) that
b) it
c) this one
d) the one
90.
a) so as to be
b) likely
c) to do so
d) to be
91. a) In fact
b) On the contrary
c) Otherwise
d) However
92.
a) will have been
b) may be
c) would have been
d) going to be
_(93)_ a blast of cold air hit our ancestors tens of thousands of years ago, their body hairs stood on
end, fluffing up the hair and trapping more air between the hairs _(94)_ the body, much like a down
blanket. Today we call this reaction goosebumps, and it still occurs _(95)_ tiny muscles, located in each
hair follicle, contract and raise body hairs. _(96)_ we've become progressively less hairy over the
millennia, our bodies continue to respond to cold _(97)_.
So why do we then get goosebumps when we're scared or frightened? When you become emotional,
your nervous system automatically responds _(98)_ hormones that trigger a "fight or flight" response
that also causes your hairs _(99)_. This effect _(100)_ our ancestors ward off enemies by looking
bigger and tougher.
93.
a)
b)
c)
d)
However
Provided
When
Supposing
94.
a)
b)
c)
d)
warmed
were warming
to warm
to be warming
95. a)
b)
c)
d)
even if
when
therefore
although
96.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Even though
Just because
If only
Now that
97.
a)
b)
c)
d)
as well
also
alike
in the same way
98. a)
b)
c)
d)
to send
by sending
to sending
to be sent
99.
a)
b)
c)
d)
rises
rising
to rise
to be rising
100. a)
b)
c)
d)
should have helped
needed to help
had to help
may have helped
135
PART 10 (MISCELLANEOUS)
REVIEW 11
If you _(1a)_ it flat, it _(1b)_ an area of about 21 square feet (1.9 square meters), making it _(2)_ far
the body's largest organ. Draped in place over our bodies, skin forms the barrier _(3)_ what's inside
us and what's outside. It protects us from a multitude of external forces. It serves _(4)_ an avenue
to our _(5)_ physical and psychological selves. From these familiar characteristics of skin _(6)_ the
profound mysteries of touch, _(7)_ our most essential source of sensory stimulation. We can live
without seeing or hearing; _(8)_, without any of our other senses. But babies _(9)_ without effective
nerve connections between skin and brain can fail _(10)_ and may even die.
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
take off your skin and lay ... will cover
took off your skin and laid ... would have been covering
had taken off your skin and laid ... would have covered
took off your skin and laid ... would cover
2. a) by
b) so
c) very
d) too
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
between
both
across
along
4. a)
b)
c)
d)
for
as
to
as if
5. a)
b)
c)
d)
intimacy
intimately
most intimate
more intimately
6.
a)
b)
c)
d)
emerging
to emerge
emerge
do emerge
7. a)
b)
c)
d)
arguably
arguing
to argue
arguable
8. a)
b)
c)
d)
in contrast
similarly
in fact
however
9.
a)
b)
c)
d)
are born
born
having born
will be born
10. a)
b)
c)
d)
thrive
thriving
to thrive
from thriving
About 12,000 years ago, hunter-gatherers in _(11)_ is now Israel placed a body in a grave with its hand
cradling a pup. _(12)_ it was a dog or a wolf can’t be known. _(13)_ way, the burial is among the earliest
fossil evidence of the dog’s domestication. Scientists know the process was under way by about 14,000
years ago but do not agree _(14)_ why. Some argue that humans adopted wolf pups and that natural
selection favoured _(15)_ less aggressive and better at begging for food. Others say dogs
domesticated themselves _(16)_ adapting to a new niche—human refuse dumps. Scavenging dogs that
were less likely to _(17)_ from people survived in this niche, and succeeding generations became
increasingly tame.
At the molecular level, however, not _(18)_ has changed: The DNA makeup of wolves and dogs is _(19)_
identical.
11. a)
b)
c)
d)
where
that
there
what
12. a)
b)
c)
d)
Even if
When
Whether
That
13. a)
b)
c)
d)
Each
Either
Neither
Every
14. a)
b)
c)
d)
on
with
in
at
15. a)
b)
c)
d)
ones
these
those
them
16. a)
b)
c)
d)
while
by
to
for
136
17. a)
b)
c)
d)
be fleeing
flee
have fled
fleeing
18. a)
b)
c)
d)
many
quite
little
much
19. a)
b)
c)
d)
exactly
almost
very
about
The dog evolved in the company of humans and cannot exist without _(20)_. _(21)_ the vast majority
living “wild” as village scavengers depend on proximity to humans. This relationship has become
_(22)_ that dogs are often viewed as creatures apart, writes biologist James Serpell. “The
domestic dog exists precariously in the no-man’s-land between the human and nonhuman ... _(23a)_
person _(23b)_ beast.”
20. a)
b)
c)
d)
them
themselves
these
theirs
23. a)
b)
c)
d)
neither ... nor
both ... and
either... or
not only ... but also
21. a)
b)
c)
d)
Most
Almost
All
Even
22. a)
b)
c)
d)
such intimacy
so intimate
such an intimate
so intimately
_(24)_ its look during eruptions, Mount Etna is not a killer volcano. Etna keeps its explosive eruptions
rare and close to its top, and its lava moves very slowly down its flanks, giving people a chance _(25)_.
In its entire recorded history, which _(26)_ back to 1500 B.C., only 73 confirmed deaths can _(27)_ to
eruptions, according to Etna expert Boris Behncke of the University of Catania. Popular accounts
sometimes attribute _(28)_ many as 20,000 deaths to the destructive 1669 eruption. But, according to
Behncke, _(29)_ deaths are actually documented from that eruption, though property damage from
lava flows _(30)_ enormous. He believes that those staggering casualties occurred 24 years later,
_(31)_ an earthquake killed perhaps 54,000 people in eastern Sicily, including much of the population of
Catania. The two deaths that occurred during the eruption of July and August 2001 were attributed to
lightning—_(32)_ to eruptive activity. Etna, it _(33)_, stands up for its nickname of the “friendly
giant.”
24. a)
b)
c)
d)
Whereas
Although
Despite
In contrast
25. a)
b)
c)
d)
to escape
of escaping
of escape
for escaping
26. a)
b)
c)
d)
has gone
is going
had gone
goes
27. a)
b)
c)
d)
be directly attributed
attribute directly
be directly attributing
have attributed directly
28. a)
b)
c)
d)
so
very
as
too
29. a)
b)
c)
d)
few of
no
none
many
30. a)
b)
c)
d)
was
to have been
were
being
31. a)
b)
c)
d)
with
while
when
during
32. a)
b)
c)
d)
and
not
but
nor
33. a)
b)
c)
d)
seemed
seemingly
seems
seems to be
137
Child labor persists in Egypt, _(34)_ roughly 10 percent of the workforce is under 12 years of age.
Although laws protecting children are in the books, they are _(35)_, partly because many povertystricken parents feel _(36)_ their children out _(37)_ the family.
34. a)
b)
c)
d)
of which
where
whose
by which
35.
a) to be well enforced
b) not enforcing well
c) well enforced
d) not well enforced
36. a)
b)
c)
d)
being forced to send
forced to send
force of sending
forcing them to send
37. a) for helping to support
b) to help them to be supported
c) to help support
d) for helping them to support
_(38)_ their homeland in the 13th century, Mongol horsemen conquered lands from China to Hungary and
Syria, forging the largest land empire the world _(39)_. In the first of two articles about the rise and
fall of the empire, veteran photographer James L. Stanfield and assistant editor Mike Edwards _(40)_
the path of Genghis Khan, the Mongols’ first great leader. For Stanfield, who thrives on monumental
assignments, _(41)_ ranked among _(42)_, taking him to ten countries on a tight schedule. _(43)_ was
nearly impossible to gain access to Iran and Afghanistan. Mongolia itself presented unexpected physical
and cultural obstacles: _(44)_ flooding in years, _(45)_ him from visiting two sites, and an unappetizing
diet of boiled meat _(46)_ down with fermented mare’s milk. Stanfield _(47)_ to the punishing
nighttime habits of his Mongolian traveling companions. At about 10 p.m., _(48)_ he wanted to go to
bed, they _(49)_ merrymaking in earnest, which went on till 2 a.m. or later. An hour after that, he
_(50)_ on his feet again, preparing for another day _(51)_.
38. a)
b)
c)
d)
While leaving
By leaving
Leaving
To be leaving
39. a)
b)
c)
d)
saw
will ever see
will have seen
would ever see
40.
a)
b)
c)
d)
chronicling
who chronicle
were chronicling
chronicle
41. a)
b)
c)
d)
which
that
this
what
42. a)
b)
c)
d)
the most challenging
the challenging
most challenging
more challenging
43.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What
It
That
Which
44. a)
b)
c)
d)
the worst
worse
a worse
worst
45. a)
b)
c)
d)
to keep
that would keep
kept
which kept
46.
a)
b)
c)
d)
washed
washing
having washed
being washed
47. a)
b)
c)
d)
had never adjusted
48. a) as soon as
would never have adjusted
b) just when
has never adjusted
c) while
never did adjust
d) immediately after
49.
a)
b)
c)
d)
would begin
have begun
were begun
begin
50. a)
b)
c)
d)
could have been
would have to be
ought to be
should have been
51. a)
b)
c)
d)
to shoot
for shooting
of shooting
to be shooting
138
"Suitcase bombs" and "dirty bombs" are not the same thing _(52)_ these terms are often used
interchangeably. Dirty bombs are part of a class of weapons _(53)_ as radiological dispersal devices.
They can be _(54)_ into a suitcase, _(55)_ the confusion with suitcase bombs. Suitcase bombs are true
nuclear weapons in _(56)_ they are made with plutonium or highly enriched uranium, and they are more
powerful than dirty bombs. They were made by the United States and Soviet Union during the Cold
War, and it is feared that some _(57)_ have gone missing and _(58)_ in the hands of terrorists. _(59)_
up to 60 pounds (30 kilograms), they can fit into a small suitcase or large backpack and possibly _(60)_
through an airport or, more likely, inside cargo containers aboard a ship or plane.
52. a)
b)
c)
d)
even though
as a result
likewise
as if
53. a)
b)
c)
d)
knowing
to be known
known
to know
54.
a)
b)
c)
d)
too small to fit
small enough to fit
small for fitting
very small by fitting
55. a)
b)
c)
d)
therefore
so
hence
consequently
56. a)
b)
c)
d)
that
which
how
whether
57.
a)
b)
c)
d)
should
may
would
must
58. a)
b)
c)
d)
would be
should have been
could be
must have been
59. a)
b)
c)
d)
After weighing
Weighing
Weighed
Having weighed
60.
a)
b)
c)
d)
are smuggling
to be smuggled
be smuggled
to be smuggling
1997 _(61)_ the year malaria returned to the flatlands of South Africa after an absence of 50 years.
The disease came roaring back after the government stopped _(62)_ with the pesticide DDT in favor
of more environmentally friendly but less effective chemicals. By 2000, the number of malaria cases
_(63)_ to 64,000 in South Africa alone. ‘’In 2000, we _(64)_ more than 30,000 cases,’’ says Hervey
Vaughan-Williams, a doctor at Mosvold Hospital. ‘’ I _(65)_ 100 patients a day.’’ The situation got so
bad that in February 2000 South Africa’s KwaZulu-Natal province switched back to DDT, _(66)_ its
detrimental effects on wildlife. _(67)_, provincial health-department spokesman Dave McGlew
explained: ‘’ _(68)_ the deteriorating malaria situation and the growing threat to human life, we had
very little choice _(69)_ to choose the most effective way of combating the disease.’’
Such is the fragile standoff between humans and the malaria parasite. _(70)_ more than a century,
medical science _(71)_ looking for a way to break the cycle of infection, and it has yet _(72)_ one
that’s workable at least in places like Africa and Latin America.
61. a)
b)
c)
d)
had been
was to be
would be
was
62. a)
b)
c)
d)
64. a)
b)
c)
d)
were handled
had handled
handled
had been handling
67. a)
b)
c)
d)
At the time
At this time
For the time being
Once upon a time
to spray
while spraying
spraying
having sprayed
63. a)
b)
c)
d)
had swelled
was swelling
swelled
would be swelling
65. a) am used to seeing
b) was used for seeing
c) used to see
d) was going to see
66. a)
b)
c)
d)
owing to
despite
as regards
by means of
68. a)
b)
c)
d)
69. a)
b)
c)
d)
but
yet
however
though
Giving
Given
To give
Having given
139
70. a)
b)
c)
d)
Since
During
Within
For
71. a)
b)
c)
d)
has been
had been
is
will be
72. a)
b)
c)
d)
not found
to find
not having found
hardly found
Skies over New Zealand’s North Island were clear on June 17, 1996, when Mount Ruapehu _(73)_ to
life, just as it _(74)_ the previous September and October. _(75)_ the 9,170-foot-high volcano
erupted belching ash, a polar-orbiting weather satellite passed over in the mid-afternoon. _(76)_ a
sensor that records visible and infrared light, it provided data for this remarkable image of the northeast drifting ash plume, _(77)_ had earlier climbed 18 miles high.
‘’North Island is typically very cloudy,’’ says Steven McNeill of Landcare Research New Zealand in
Wellington, _(78)_ the data. ‘’To find it cloud-free is like finding gold. To find an eruption at the same
time is even more unusual.
One scientist calls the 1995-96 eruptions Ruapehu’s _(79)_ in 50 years. Though eruption virtually
ceased in August, the volcano still _(80)_.
73. a)
b)
c)
d)
had rumbled
rumbled
would rumble
had been rumbling
74. a)
b)
c)
d)
could
would
had
was
75.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Since
Although
Whereas
As
76. a)
b)
c)
d)
Having used
For using
While using
Using
77. a)
b)
c)
d)
that
of which
which
it
78.
a)
b)
c)
d)
being processed
for processing
which processed
by processing
79. a)
b)
c)
d)
the most significant
most significantly
the most significantly
most significant
80. a)
b)
c)
d)
was trembling
trembled
trembling
trembles
140
PART 10 (MISCELLANEOUS)
REVIEW 12
A Child's Prayer
One night, a father passed by his son's room and heard his son __(1)__: "God bless Mommy, Daddy, and
Grandma. Ta ta, Grandpa." The father didn't quite know what this meant, but was glad his son __(2)__.
The next morning, they __(3)__ Grandpa __(4)__ on the floor of a heart attack. The father reassured
himself __(5)__ it was just a coincidence, but was still a bit frightened. The next night, his son was
praying again: "God bless Mommy and Daddy. Ta ta, Grandma." The father was worried, but decided to
wait __(6)__ morning. Sure enough, the next morning Grandma was on the floor, __(7)__ of a heart
attack. Really __(8)___ now, the father decided to wait outside his son's door the next night. And
sure enough, the boy started to pray: "God bless Mommy. Ta ta, Daddy." Now the father was __(9)__
scared he __(10)__ soiled himself. He stayed up all night, and went to the doctor's early the next day
to make sure his health __(11)__ fine. When he finally came home, his wife __(12)__ on the porch. She
said, "Thank God you're here -- we could really use your help! We found the milkman __(13)__ on our
porch this morning!"
1. a) praying
b) prayed
c) to pray
d) was praying
2. a) is praying
b) was praying
c) prayed
d) had been praying
3. a) would find
b) had found
c) were finding
d) found
4. a) to be dead
b) dead
c) die
d) was dead
5. a) whether
b) that
c) why
d) how
6. a) for
b) until
c) by
d) next
7. a) died
b) dead
c) was dying
d) had been dying
8. a) scared
b) scaring
c) scary
d) having scared
9. a) very
b) too
c) so
d) much too
10.a) practical
b) in practice
c) practised
d) practically
11. a) is
b) was
c) had been
d) was being
12. a) waited
b) had waited
c) was waiting
d) waiting
13.a) had died
b) dead
c) die
d) was dead
141
What You Should Know Before You Start:
A Twinkie is a "Golden Sponge Cake with Creamy Filling" created by the Hostess Company, baked
by Continental Baking Co, and marketed under the brand name "Twinkie")
Studying the Twinkies*
(*T.W.I.N.K.I.E.S. stands for Tests With Inorganic Noxious Kakes In Extreme Situations.)
In an effort to clarify questions about the durability and unusual physical characteristics of Twinkies,
we subjected the Hostess snack logs to the following experiments:
Exposure
A Twinkie was left on a window ledge for 4 days, __(14)__ time an inch and a half of rain __(15)__.
Many flies were observed __(16)__ across the Twinkie's surface, but contrary to hypothesis, birds,
even pigeons, avoided this potential source of substance. __(17)__ the rain and __(18)__ exposure
__(19)__ the sun, the Twinkie retained its original color and form. __(20)__ removed, the Twinkie
was found __(21)__ substantially dehydrated. __(22)__ open, it was observed __(23)__ on the
consistency of industrial foam insulation; the filling, __(24)__, retained its advertised "creaminess."
14. a) during which
b) at the
c) at the same
d) meanwhile
15. a)
b)
c)
d)
was falling
fell
has fallen
had been falling
16. a) to crawling
b) being crawling
c) were crawling
d) crawling
17. a)
b)
c)
d)
In spite of this
However
Despite
Although
18. a)
b)
c)
d)
prolonging
prolonged
prolong
more prolonged
19. a)
b)
c)
d)
to
for
in
from
20. a)
b)
c)
d)
When
Upon
While
On
21. a)
b)
c)
d)
to be
to being
being
having been
22. a)
b)
c)
d)
To crack
Cracked
Cracking
Having cracked
23. a)
b)
c)
d)
it took
taking
being taken
to have taken
24. a)
b)
c)
d)
after all
consequently
in fact
however
142
Radiation
A Twinkie __(25)__ in a conventional microwave oven, __(26)__ was set for precisely 4 minutes  the
approximate __(27)__ time of bacon. After 20 seconds, the oven began to emit the Twinkie's rich,
characteristic aroma of artificial butter. After one minute, this aroma began to resemble the acrid
smell of burning rubber. The experiment __(28)__ after 2 minutes 10 seconds, __(29)__ thick, foul
smoke began billowing from the top of the oven. A second Twinkie __(30)__ to the same experiment;
this Twinkie leaked molten white filling. __(31)__ cooled, this now glue-like filling bonded the Twinkie
to its plate, __(32)__ gravity: it was removed only upon application of a butter knife!
25. a)
b)
c)
d)
was placed
had been placed
placed
being placed
26. a)
b)
c)
d)
that
which
where
when
27. a)
b)
c)
d)
cook
cookery
cooker
cooking
28. a)
b)
c)
d)
having stopped
was stopped
being stopped
stopping
29. a)
b)
c)
d)
when
during
although
then
30. a)
b)
c)
d)
subjected
while subjected
which was subject
was subjected
31. a)
b)
c)
d)
While
When
To have
Being
32. a)
b)
c)
d)
defied
to defy
which defy
defying
Extreme Force
A Twinkie was dropped from a __(33)__ window, a fall of approximately 120 feet. It landed right
side up, __(34)__ bounced onto its back. The __(35)__ "splatter" effect was not observed. __(36)__,
the only discernible damage to the Twinkie was a narrow fissure on its underside; __(37)__, the
Twinkie remained structurally intact.
33. a)
b)
c)
d)
nine floors of
ninth
nine-floor
ninth-floor
34. a)
b)
c)
d)
after
next
then
eventual
36. a)
b)
c)
d)
Therefore
Likewise
Moreover
Indeed
37. a)
b)
c)
d)
otherwise
except for
after all
besides
35. a)
b)
c)
d)
expecting
expected
expectant
expect
Extreme Cold
A Twinkie was placed in a conventional freezer for 24 hours. __(38)__, the Twinkie was not found
__(39)__ solid, but its physical properties had noticeably "slowed". The filling was observed
__(40)__ the approximate consistency of acrylic paint, __(41)__ exhibiting the mercury-like property
__(42)__ not adhering to practically any surface. It was noticed the Twinkie __(43)__ the freezer
odors.
38. a)
b)
c)
d)
Upon removal
39. a) freezing
Removing
b) to freeze
Having removed
c) being frozen
To have been removed
d) to be frozen
143
40. a)
b)
c)
d)
to being
being
to be
having been
41. a)
b)
c)
d)
while
then
whereas
when
42. a)
b)
c)
d)
to
of
from
on
43. a)
b)
c)
d)
had generously absorbed
was generously absorbed
has generously absorbed
is generously absorbed
Immersion
When a Twinkie was dropped into a large bucket filled with water, it first floated momentarily,
__(44)__ began to list and sink. Viscous yellow tendrils ran off its lower half, possibly __(45)__ of a
water-soluble artificial coloring. After 2 hours, the Twinkie bloated substantially. Its coloring was now
a very pale tan - __(46)__ to the yellow, urine-like water that surrounded it. The Twinkie bobbed
__(47)__ touched, and had a gelatinous texture. After 72 hours, the Twinkie had increased roughly
200 percent of its original size. The water had turned opaque, and a small, fan-shaped spray of filling
had leaked from one of the "cream holes". Unfortunately, efforts __(48)__ the Twinkie for further
analysis were abandoned __(49)__, under light pressure, the Twinkie disintegrated __(50)__ an
amorphous cloud of debris. A distinctly sour odor __(51)__ .
44. a)
b)
c)
d)
then
afterwards
at that time
in that case
45. a)
b)
c)
d)
consist
consisted
consisting
to consist
46. a)
b)
c)
d)
unlike
in contrast
opposite
different
47. a)
b)
c)
d)
after
while
then
when
48. a)
b)
c)
d)
to remove
removed
for removing
removing
49. a)
b)
c)
d)
while
if
as if
when
50. a)
b)
c)
d)
for
on
by
into
51. a)
b)
c)
d)
had been noted
had been noting
was noted
noted
Summary of Results
The Twinkie's survival of a 120-foot drop, __(52)__ some of the unusual phenomena associated with
the "creamy filling" and artificial coloring, should give pause to those observers who would
unequivocally categorize the Twinkie __(53)__ "food". Further clinical inquiry __(54)__ before any
definite conclusions can be drawn.
52. a) along with
b) as well
c) in addition
d) next to
53. a) like
b) as if
c) as
d) similar
54. a) is required
b) requires
c) to be required
d) will have been required
1000ay
144
ANSWER KEYS
PART 1 (INC. TENSES & PASSIVE VOICE)
REVIEW 1 (pp. 1-10)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
c
a
d
a
a
d
c
c
c
b
d
c
d
a
d
c
c
b
d
c
a
d
c
a
b
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
b
c
d
c
c
c
b
b
b
a
a
b
a
b
c
c
a
a
b
b
a
b
c
c
b
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
a
a
c
a
b
a
b
b
b
c
c
b
a
d
c
a
d
c
a
a
b
d
c
d
c
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
a
c
a
b
c
c
c
c
d
a
c
a
c
a
d
c
c
a
b
d
c
c
d
c
b
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
d
b
b
a
a
a
d
c
a
c
d
d
b
b
b
PART 1 (INC. TENSES & PASSIVE VOICE) / REVIEW 2 (pp. 11-17)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
b
b
a
c
b
b
c
b
d
c
d
b
b
d
b
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
a
b
a
a
a
a
b
a
b
c
d
b
c
d
c
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
d
c
a
c
c
c
b
a
a
b
a
a
a
b
d
46. d
47. b
48. d
49. a
50. c
51. d
52. c
53. a
54. b
55. a
56. c
57. b
58. c
59. c
60. c
145
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
d
b
d
c
a
a
c
b
a
d
a
b
c
a
c
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
a
d
c
b
b
a
c
c
a
a
b
a
b
b
d
91. c
92. c
93. c
94. d
95. d
96. c
97. c
98. c
99. c
100. a
101. a
102. b
103. c
104. b
105. c
PART 2 (INC.ADJECTIVE CLAUSES, NOUN CLAUSES & ADVERB CLAUSES)
REVIEW 1 (pp. 18-27)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
b
a
c
b
a
d
d
c
b
c
c
a
c
c
c
d
b
d
a
c
b
b
c
b
b
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
d
c
b
d
a
b
a
a
a
a
a
a
d
c
c
a
b
b
d
b
b
c
c
c
b
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
b
d
d
b
a
b
d
d
c
b
b
b
d
b
c
b
c
a
c
d
a
b
d
a
a
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
c
a
a
a
d
a
b
b
b
b
b
c
b
c
d
a
b
b
c
b
a
d
PART 2 (INC.ADJECTIVE CLAUSES, NOUN CLAUSES & ADVERB CLAUSES)/ REVIEW 2
(pp. 28-35)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
d
d
a
b
d
a
c
a
c
b
c
c
a
b
b
d
c
c
c
d
b
c
d
c
a
26. a
27. c
28. c
29. a
30. a
31. a
32. c
33. c
34. c
35. a
36. a
37. b
38. d
39. b
40. a
41. d
42. c
43. d
44. a
45. c
46. c
47. a
48. b
49. d
50. c
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
146
b
a
c
b
b
a
d
b
c
b
c
b
c
d
d
d
a
b
d
b
b
b
a
c
b
76. a
77. c
78. b
79. d
80. b
81. d
82. a
83. a
84. d
85. d
86. b
87. c
88. a
89. b
90. c
91. d
92. a
93. d
94. c
95. c
PART 3 (INC. GERUNDS, INFINITIVES & PARTICIPLES)
REVIEW 1 (pp. 36-47)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
c
d
b
a
c
c
c
b
c
d
a
b
a
c
c
a
a
d
b
d
21. b
22. d
23. d
24. a
25. b
26. a
27. c
28. a
29. c
30. a
31. b
32. b
33. b
34. c
35. d
36. b
37. a
38. a
39. c
40. a
41. b
42. d
43. c
44. a
45. c
46. d
47. c
48. d
49. b
50. b
51. c
52. c
53. a
54. b
55. a
56. b
57. b
58. c
59. a
60. c
61. b
62. c
63. a
64. b
65. b
66. c
67. a
68. d
69. c
70. b
71. a
72. c
73. d
74. b
75. a
76. b
77. b
78. d
79. c
80. c
81. a
82. a
83. d
84. a
85. b
86. a
87. a
88. d
89. d
90. c
91. b
92. b
93. a
94. c
95. c
96. d
97. a
98. b
99. b
100. a
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
a
b
b
c
d
a
b
a
b
c
b
d
b
b
d
a
d
b
b
b
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
PART 3 (INC. GERUNDS, INFINITIVES & PARTICIPLES) / REVIEW 2 (pp. 48-54)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
b
a
b
b
c
b
c
a
a
c
a
c
a
b
d
16. c
17. a
18. c
19. a
20. c
21. c
22. a
23. d
24. c
25. d
26. d
27. c
28. a
29. a
30. d
31. a
32. d
33. c
34. a
35. c
36. b
37. a
38. b
39. b
40. a
41. c
42. c
43. c
44. a
45. d
46. a
47. c
48. a
49. b
50. b
51. c
52. b
53. d
54. b
55. d
56. c
57. a
58. a
59. c
60. c
147
61. a
62. a
63. b
64. a
65. a
66. a
67. d
68. c
69. c
70. b
71. d
72. c
73. d
74. a
75. a
76. d
77. a
78. b
79. c
80. b
81. a
82. d
83. c
84. a
85. a
86. a
87. b
88. a
89. a
90. d
c
c
c
c
d
d
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
PART 4 (INC. NUMBER & QUANTITY) (pp. 55-59)
d
16. a
31. c
46. d
d
17. a
32. c
47. a
a
18. c
33. a
48. c
b
19. b
34. b
49. c
c
20. d
35. d
50. c
c
21. b
36. a
51. d
a
22. c
37. b
52. b
c
23. b
38. c
53. b
b
24. a
39. a
54. a
c
25. b
40. b
b
26. c
41. b
d
27. d
42. a
a
28. b
43. a
a
29. d
44. b
a
30. c
45. a
PART 5 (PREPOSITIONS & QUESTION TAGS) (pp. 60-63)
1. d
16. a
31. c
2. d
17. a
32. b
3. a
18. b
33. b
4. b
19. d
34. c
5. a
20. b
35. d
6. a
21. a
36. a
7. b
22. c
37. c
8. c
23. b
38. d
9. d
24. b
39. c
10. b
25. b
40. b
11. d
26. d
41. c
12. d
27. a
42. a
13. b
28. c
43. d
14. d
29. d
15. a
30. c
PART 6 (INC. ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS) (pp. 64-72)
1.
c
11. c
21. d
31. d
41. a
51. a
61. b
71. c
81. a
91.
b
2. d
12. a
22. b
32. c
42. a
52. c
62. b
72. c
82. a
92.
a
3. a
13. a
23. d
33. c
43. a
53. a
63. c
73. a
83. a
93.
b
4. d
14. a
24. a
34. d
44. b
54. b
64. c
74. a
84. c
94.
b
5. a
15. c
25. c
35. b
45. c
55. d
65. a
75. a
85. b
95.
a
6. d
16. b
26. c
36. a
46. d
56. a
66. b
76. b
86. d
96.
d
7. a
17. b
27. b
37. d
47. a
57. b
67. d
77. a
87. b
97.
d
8. c
18. b
28. c
38. d
48. c
58. b
68. d
78. d
88. a
98.
c
9. a
19. b
29. a
39. b
49. b
59. c
69. a
79. d
89. c
99.
a
10. d
20. c
30. a
40. d
50. b
60. b
70. c
80. c
90. a
148
PART 7 (EMPHATIC STRUCTURES: INVERSION & CLEFT SENTENCES) (pp. 73-77)
1. c
2. d
3. c
4. b
5. a
6. d
7. a
8. b
9. c
10. d
11. d
12. d
13. c
14. d
15. d
16. b
17. c
18. b
19. d
20. d
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
d
b
c
b
b
a
d
c
c
a
b
a
c
c
d
c
c
a
c
b
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
c
a
c
a
b
d
d
b
c
a
c
a
c
a
b
b
d
c
c
PART 8 (INC. CONNECTORS) (pp. 78-81)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
b
d
b
b
c
a
c
c
a
b
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
b
d
b
a
b
b
a
d
a
b
21. d
22. d
23. c
24. d
25. c
26. c
27. a
28. c
29. a
30. d
31. c
32. d
33. a
34. b
35. c
36. d
37. b
38. c
39. c
40. c
41. a
PART 9 (INC. MODALS)
PART 9 / REVIEW 1 (pp.82-86)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
a
b
d
d
d
c
a
d
c
a
c
b
b
b
15. c
16. c
17. b
18. b
19. b
20. d
21. b
22. c
23. a
24. d
25. b
26. d
27. a
28. a
29. c
30. c
31. b
32. b
33. b
34. c
35. a
36. a
37. d
38. a
39. c
40. b
41. d
42. b
149
43. b
44. c
45. c
46. d
47. c
48. d
49. c
50. d
51. b
52. c
PART 9 / REVIEW 2 (pp. 87-89)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
c
a
a
a
c
c
c
c
c
a
c
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
b
d
c
d
a
c
a
c
a
c
b
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
a
d
d
d
a
b
a
b
c
a
b
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
b
c
a
c
b
c
d
d
b
c
PART 10 (MISCELLANEOUS)
PART 10 / REVIEW 1 (pp. 90-96)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
b
d
c
b
c
b
c
a
a
b
b
b
c
b
c
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
c
a
b
c
b
a
d
c
c
a
c
d
c
b
b
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
b
c
d
b
c
b
c
d
a
a
b
b
a
b
a
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
a
c
c
a
d
a
b
c
a
c
b
b
c
b
a
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
b
a
c
b
a
d
b
a
b
b
a
PART 10 / REVIEW 2 (pp. 97-98)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
b
c
a
c
a
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
a
a
c
a
a
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
d
c
b
b
c
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
d
a
c
b
a
21. b
22. b
23. a
PART 10 (MISCELLANEOUS) / REVIEW 3 (pp. 99-102)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
a
b
c
d
b
b
d
c
b
b
11. a
12. c
13. d
14. a
15. c
16. b
17. c
18. c
19. d
20. c
21. c
22. a
23. c
24. d
25. a
26. c
27. c
28. d
29. d
30. c
31. b
32. b
33. b
34. a
35. d
36. c
37. a
38. a
39. d
40. c
41. d
42. a
43. d
44. a
45. b
46. a
47. b
48. d
49. c
50. d
150
51. b
52. a
53. d
54. b
55. b
56. a
57. b
58. c
59. d
60. a
61. b
62. a
63. d
64. c
65. d
66. d
67. b
68. b
69. d
70. c
71. b
72. a
73. b
74. d
PART 10 (MISCELLANEOUS) / REVIEW 4 (pp. 103-108)
1. c
2. c
3. d
4. d
5. c
6. d
7. b
8. a
9. b
10. c
11. d
12. a
13. b
14. d
15. b
16. c
17. a
18. d
19. b
20. c
21. a
22. d
23. c
24. d
25. c
26. d
27. c
28. c
29. a
30. b
31. d
32. a
33. d
34. c
35. a
36. d
37. b
38. d
39. b
40. c
41. d
42. b
43. a
44. c
45. a
46. a
47. a
48. d
49. b
50. c
51. a
52. c
53. c
54. a
55. b
56. d
57. c
58. b
59. a
60. a
61. c
62. d
63. d
64. b
65. a
66. c
67. b
68. c
69. c
70. d
71. a
72. c
73. c
74. d
75. c
76. b
77. a
78. c
79. a
80. b
81. d
82. c
83. b
84. a
85. c
PART 10 (MISCELLANEOUS) / REVIEW 5 (pp. 109-114)
1. d
2. c
3. b
4. d
5. d
6. b
7. b
8. c
9. b
10. a
11. d
12. c
13. c
14. c
15. b
16. b
17. a
18. a
19. b
20. c
21. b
22. a
23. d
24. d
25. c
26. a
27. b
28. b
29. c
30. a
31. c
32. b
33. b
34. a
35. b
36. a
37. c
38. c
39. d
40. a
41. c
42. d
43. c
44. d
45. a
46. b
47. c
48. b
49. b
50. a
51. d
52. a
53. c
54. c
55. d
56. a
57. c
58. d
59. b
60. b
61. c
62. a
63. c
64. c
65. c
66. a
67. c
68. d
69. a
151
70. b
71. b
72. b
73. b
74. a
75. b
76. c
77. c
78. c
79. a
80. d
81. d
82. c
83. a
84. b
85. c
86. c
87. a
88. b
89. d
PART 10 (MISCELLANEOUS) / REVIEW 6 (pp. 115-119)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
b
a
c
b
a
b
b
a
c
a
d
b
d
b
a
16. b
17. c
18. c
19. a
20. a
21. c
22. c
23. b
24. d
25. b
26. c
27. c
28. a
29. c
30. c
31. b
32. a
33. c
34. c
35. c
36. d
37. a
38. b
39. a
40. b
41. a
42. c
43. a
44. b
45. b
46. a
47. c
48. d
49. b
50. a
51. b
52. a
53. d
54. a
55. b
56. b
57. d
58. c
59. c
60. b
61. c
62. b
63. a
64. a
65. c
66. c
67. a
68. c
69. c
70. b
71. a
72. c
73. b
74. a
75. d
PART 10 (MISCELLANEOUS) / REVIEW 7 (pp. 120-124)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
d
b
b
d
d
c
b
d
a
c
b
c
c
c
c
c
d
a
b
b
21. a
22. b
23. d
24. b
25. d
26. c
27. a
28. d
29. a
30. b
31. a
32. c
33. b
34. c
35. b
36. c
37. c
38. c
39. a
40. d
41. c
42. a
43. c
44. c
45. d
46. c
47. c
48. b
49. d
50. c
51. c
52. a
53. d
54. d
55. c
56. a
57. c
58. b
59. b
60. c
61. d
62. d
63. c
64. c
65. c
66. b
67. c
68. a
69. a
70. d
71. d
72. d
73. b
74. a
75. b
76. a
77. a
78. b
79. d
80. c
81. d
82. c
83. d
84. a
85. c
86. a
PART 10 (MISCELLANEOUS) / REVIEW 8 (pp. 125-128)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
c
a
c
d
d
c
c
d
c
a
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
a
b
d
a
c
c
c
a
a
b
21. a
22. d
23. a
24. d
25. a
26. a
27. a
28. a
29. b
30. c
31. d
32. c
33. a
34. a
35. c
36. d
37. b
38. a
39. c
40. b
152
41. b
42. c
43. a
44. c
45. b
46. a
47. c
48. a
49. b
50. c
51. b
52. c
53. a
54. c
55. d
56. c
57. b
58. a
59. b
60. c
61. d
62. b
63. b
64. d
65. a
66. d
PART 10 (MISCELLANEOUS) / REVIEW 9 (pp. 129-130)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
d
a
d
c
b
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
b
a
d
b
b
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
a
b
b
b
b
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
b
a
b
a
b
21. d
22. a
23. b
24. b
25. d
26. a
27. d
28. b
29. c
30. d
31. a
32. b
33. a
34. a
PART 10 (MISCELLANEOUS) / REVIEW 10 (pp. 131-135)
1. a
2. d
3. b
4. d
5. d
6. a
7. d
8. c
9. a
10. b
11. d
12. a
13. b
14. a
15. a
16. d
17. a
18. a
19. b
20. c
21. b
22. d
23. a
24. a
25. a
26. b
27. b
28. d
29. c
30. a
31. d
32. b
33. d
34. b
35. c
36. b
37. a
38. b
39. a
40. a
41. c
42. d
43. a
44. a
45. d
46. a
47. d
48. d
49. a
50. b
51. a
52. a
53. d
54. d
55. c
56. c
57. c
58. a
59. b
60. c
61. c
62. a
63. b
64. b
65. a
66. b
67. a
68. d
69. a
70. c
71. a
72. b
73. a
74. a
75. a
76. d
77. b
78. a
79. a
80. a
81. c
82. b
83. c
84. c
85. a
86. a
87. b
88. a
89. a
90. d
91. d
92. b
93. c
94. c
95. b
96. a
97. d
98. b
99. c
100. d
PART 10 (MISCELLANEOUS) / REVIEW 11 (pp. 136-140)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
d
a
a
b
c
c
a
c
b
c
11. d
12. c
13. b
14. a
15. c
16. b
17. b
18. d
19. b
20. a
21. d
22. b
23. a
24. c
25. a
26. d
27. a
28. c
29. b
30. a
31. c
32. b
33. c
34. b
35. d
36. b
37. c
38. c
39. d
40. d
41. c
42. a
43. b
44. a
45. d
46. a
47. d
48. b
49. a
50. b
51. c
52. a
53. c
54. b
55. c
56. a
57. b
58. c
59. b
60. c
61. d
62. c
63. a
64. c
65. c
66. b
67. a
68. b
69. a
70. d
71. a
72. b
73. b
74. c
75. d
76. d
77. c
78. c
79. d
80. d
PART 10 (MISCELLANEOUS) / REVIEW 12 (pp. 141-144)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
a
b
d
b
b
b
b
a
c
d
11. b
12. c
13. b
14. a
15. b
16. d
17. c
18. b
19. a
20. a
21. a
22. b
23. d
24. d
25. a
26. b
27. d
28. b
29. a
30. d
31. b
32. d
33. d
34. c
35. b
36. d
37. a
38. a
39. d
40. c
153
41. a
42. b
43. a
44. a
45. c
46. b
47. d
48. a
49. d
50. d
51.
52.
53.
54.
c
a
c
a
154