THE 1990’S & THE NEW MILLENNIUM
(CHAPTER 26 / SECTION 1)
 Who ran for each of the parties during
the 1992 President race
 How did Bush fail to convince voters to
support him?
1992 Election
Running for the Republicans in 1992 was President Bush.
President Bush failed to convince the voters to support him
because:
 He raised taxes after promising not to
 He lacked an economic strategy for dealing with the recession
 What allowed for an opportunity for a
third party candidate?
Texas billionaire Ross Perot entered the race as an
Independent.
When asked about his lack of experience in politics he replied,
“Its true I do not have experience in running up a $4 trillion debt.”
 The opportunity for his independent candidacy was due to the
weak economy and a high level of voter discontent.
 What helped him win?
In 1992 the Democrats choose Bill Clinton as their
candidate to run for president. Clinton promised to move away
from traditional Democratic policies and his focus and fostering
greater economic progress.
As president Clinton proposed the following:
 Balancing the budget
 Limit government spending
 Encouraging private enterprise
 End of welfare
 $200 Billion for job training
Voter turnout exceeded 55% of the registered voters. Clinton beats
Bush and Perot receives 19% of the popular vote.
 What did Clinton achieve in domestic
policies?
Clinton’s First Term
Starting off the term was affordable health care for all Americans.
Hillary Clinton was appointed the head of the task force
to create the plan.
Party fighting prevented the bill from becoming law and after a
year the bill was never brought up for a vote
The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 is
a US labor law allowing an employee to take up to 12 weeks of
unpaid leave due to illness or to care for a sick family member.
The law recognizes the growing needs of balancing family and
work obligations and promises numerous protections to workers.
Some of these protections include:
 Twelve (12) workweeks of leave per twelve (12) months for
various reasons such as
o Caring for a newborn child
o Handling adoption or foster care placement issues
o Caring for a sick child, spouse or parent
o Being physically unable to perform one's job
 Restoration to the same position upon return to work. If the
same position is unavailable, the employer must provide the
worker with a position that is substantially equal in pay,
benefits, and responsibility
 Protection of employee benefits even while on leave. An
employee is entitled to reinstatement to all benefits that the
employee was receiving before going on leave
 Protection of the employee to not have their rights under the Act
interfered with or denied by an employer
 Protection of the employee from retaliation by an employer for
exercising rights under the Act.
The leave guaranteed by the act is unpaid, and is available to those
working for employers with 50 or more employees within a 75
mile radius.
In addition, an employee must have worked for the company at
least 12 months and 1,250 hours in those 12 months.
Clinton also appointed his wife to lead a committee on trying to
provide health care to the some 40 million without coverage.
Balanced Budget & Economic Boom
Reforming Welfare
A universal change was being brought forward; the government
must balance the budget.
Public support began to loose support for the Republicans budget
and after Clinton refused to sign the budget the federal government
closed down in 1995 and in early 1996.
Only after a public outcry did the parties get together and settle on
a compromise.
Welfare reform came from when a plan to replace cash assistance
to poor families from the federal government with direct grants to
the states.
Each state would be responsible for creating its own plan and
operation of the welfare program.
Fighting Crime
The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, also known as the
Brady Bill, was passed in 1993. The Act initially required
purchasers to wait five days for a background check to occur
before purchasing a handgun from a federal firearms licensee,
a dealer who is licensed to sell guns by the ATF.
The Brady Law today
The five day waiting period for handgun purchases expired in 1998
and was replaced by an NRA-sanctioned mandatory, computerized
criminal background check prior to any firearm purchase from a
federally-licensed firearms dealer.
Now the check takes only a matter of minutes instead of the
previously required waiting period.
Terrorism is the systematic use or threatened use of violence
to intimidate a population or government and thereby effect
political, religious, or ideological change.
Terrorist attacks are designed to influence the broader society to
which those killed, injured, or taken hostage belong.
Terrorist groups bombed the World Trade Center in 1993 in which
6 people died and some 1,000 people were injured.
In 1995 the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City
was bombed by terrorists and some 169 people were killed. Two
Americans were arrested and convicted of the crime. Airport and
other new laws were created to help protect the public.
 What were some of the Clinton’s
achievements in foreign affairs?
New Foreign Policy Challenges
Within Clinton’s Foreign Policy he attempted to help preserve a
fragile peace in the former Yugoslavia and to increase trade with
China at the expense of human rights.
The end of the Cold War marked a change on what and where the
US would choose to confront problems in the world. The 1990’s
saw the US attempt to:
 Spread democracy,
 Protect human rights
 Negotiate peace throughout the world
Peace Accords
After years of conflict the PLO and Israel signed a peace
agreement. This agreement established both sides officially
recognized each other. Yitzhak Rabin and Yasir Arafat signed the
guidelines were the Palestinians would have a chance to self rule.
In 1994 Israel and Jordan also signed a peace agreement. This
treaty ended a 46 year state of war between the two countries.
Changes in Africa
With political and international pressure the end of apartheid came
to be. The US imposed sanctions and people around the world
pressured business not to work with the country.
In 1994 South Africa held its first elections that allowed adults
of all races to vote. Nelson Mandela, once a political prisoner for
26 years, was elected the nations first black president.
Tensions in Iraq
At the end of the Gulf War, Iraq had agreed to destroy their
weapons of mass destruction and allow for UN inspectors. Saddam
Hussein constantly hindered the UN efforts to inspect sites.
Operation Desert Fox was initiated when Iraq continued
failing to comply with UN resolutions as well as their
interference with UN inspectors at weapon facilities.
The military operation involved a major four-day bombing
campaign on Iraqi targets for three days in December of 1998 by
the US and UK.
These strikes were undertaken to "degrade" Saddam Hussein's
ability to produce weapons of mass destruction.
War in the Balkans
At the end of WWII Yugoslavia was created. Within this
communist country there existed six different ethnic cultures.
In the early 1990’s four of the countries, Bosnia, Croatia,
Macedonia and Slovenia declared independence. Serbia remained
part of Yugoslavia.
Soon a battle would rage against the Serbs, Croats and the
Muslims. Slobodan Milosevic supported Serbs that did not want to
break from Yugoslavia.
The Bosnian Serbs practiced ethnic cleansing, the
violent removal of ethnic minority groups by a dominant ethnic
group.
The Dayton Peace Accords is the name of the peace agreement
reached that put an end to the three and a half year long war in
Bosnia. The boundaries of Bosnia were supposed to be settled at
the Dayton Accords.
TRADE
The North American Free Trade
Agreement, known usually as NAFTA, is a free trade
agreement among Canada, the US, and Mexico. NAFTA went into
effect on January 1, 1994.
NAFTA called for immediately eliminating duties on half of all
U.S. goods shipped to Mexico and Canada, and gradually phasing
out other tariffs over a period of about 14 years.
These countries were brought into a free trade zone.
Restrictions were to be removed from many categories:




Motor vehicles and automotive parts,
Computers,
Textiles and
Agriculture
______________________________________________________
History of the implementation
There was considerable opposition on both sides of the border.
Perot was an outspoken critic of NAFTA during his 1992
presidential campaign, claiming that passage would cause a "giant
sucking sound" of jobs leaving the United States for
Mexico.
Effects
NAFTA has generally indicated that rather than creating an actual
increased trade, NAFTA has caused trade diversion, in which the
NAFTA members now import more from each other at the expense
of other countries worldwide.
Some economists argue that NAFTA has increased concentration
of wealth in both Mexico and the United States.
The Global Economy
The growth of multinational corporations, operating in many
different countries, has shaped a new global economy.
European Union
The European Union (EU) joined the economies of 11 western
European nations into a single market with a common currency.
The Union currently has:
 A common single market,
 A single currency managed by the European Central Bank (so




far adopted by 12 of the 25 member states),
Common Agricultural Policy,
Common trade policy and
Common Fisheries Policy
A Common Security Policy
They also abolished passport control, and customs checks were
also abolished at many of the EU's internal borders, creating a
single space of mobility for EU citizens to live, travel, work and
invest.
______________________________________________________
World Trade Organization
In 1995 125 nations joined together in the WTO. The global
markets became more integrated. If something happens to one
country; all countries are affected.
In 1994 & 95 the value of the Mexico peso decreased
significantly. The decrease in value affected numerous investors
from around the world. Clinton and the UN supported $50 billion
to help get Mexico back on track.
Increased international trade led to the increase in both of the
number of loans and the amount of loans from the
International Monetary Fund.
Every country within the world is connected financially and
depends upon each other to maintain a balance.
 What goals did the Contract with
America set for the Republican
Leaders?
In mid-1994 after the failure of the Clinton Health Care Plan
Newt Gingrich became the creator of the contract and took
the voter dissatisfaction turning it toward helping the Republicans.
The Contract with America was a campaign pledge
signed by many Republican candidates detailed the actions that the
Republicans promised to take if they became the majority party in
the US House of Representatives for the first time in forty years.
The Contract with America was introduced six weeks before the
1994 Congressional election and was signed by all but two of the
Republican members of the House.
The Contract was revolutionary in its commitment to specific
actions, describing in detail the precise plan of the Congressional
Representatives.
Its goals set for the conservative Republicans leaders on the issues
were:






Shrinking the size of government,
Promoting lower taxes and
Welfare Reform
Congressional term limits
A balanced budget
Tougher on crimes
On the first day of their majority, the Republicans promised to hold
floor votes on eight reforms of government operations:
 Require all laws that apply to the rest of the country also apply






to Congress;
Select a independent auditing firm to conduct a comprehensive
audit of Congress for waste, fraud or abuse;
Cut the number of House committees, and cut committee staff
by one-third;
Limit the terms of all committee chairs;
Require committee meetings to be open to the public;
Require a three-fifths majority vote to pass a tax increase;
Implement a zero base-line budgeting process for the annual
Federal Budget.
Clinton and the Senate undermined the contract by opposing
the Republican budgets that slowed entitlements and federal
aid programs to Americans
1996 Election
The Republicans choose Kansas Senator Bob Dole as their
candidate and the Democrats re-nominated Bill Clinton. There was
not much difference in the stance or proposals of the two
candidates. With a booming economy and successful new laws
Clinton won re-election in 1996.
His next term would be marred in controversy and an attempt to
remove him from office. The Senate, in 1999, acquitted him of all
charges.
Republicans Gain Strength
In 1994 Kenneth Star was appointed by the attorney general as an
Independent Counsel to investigate accusations against
government officials.
The prosecutor, who was appointed by a special panel of the
Federal DC appeals court, could investigate allegations of any
misconduct, with an unlimited budget and no deadline, and could
be dismissed by only the Attorney General or a panel of three
federal judges.
The Independent Counsel was to investigate the death of Vince
Foster, Whitewater and Monica Lewinsky scandals, among other
prosecutions.
The 2000 race for the White House
Vice President Al Gore runs under the Democratic Party and
George W. Bush runs under the Republican Party and Ralph Nader
runs as a third party candidate.
It became one of the closest elections and it would take over a
month to declare a winner. The state that determined the winner
was Florida.
Bush was declared the winner, yet Gore challenged the count
because of the close totals. After a month the Supreme Court
voted 5-4 to end the recount and declared Bush the winner.
Anti Terrorism
September 11, 2001 would change the face of America and create
laws that would combat terror. The Patriot Act became law in
October of 2001 and defined the power of the government in its
pursuit of terrorists.
Bush begins his campaign to fight terrorism. The US assists the
Afghanistan government and ousts the Taliban and creates a
democratic government.
In 2003 Bush begins the war with Iraq based upon information
supplied the US intelligence departments. Much reasons that the
US based its war on Iraq with were never really found.
THE NEW GLOBAL ECONOMY
(CHAPTER – 26 / SECTION - 2)
 What was the Good & Bad news of the
Domestic Economy?
The US economy had plenty of good news. Millions of new jobs
were created from 1993-1999. In 2000 the unemployment rate had
fallen to its lowest point since 1970.
The bad news was found that a widening gap was emerging
between the rich and the poor. The median household income was
falling and flat.
 What trends led to explosive growth in
the service sector and how were
workers affected?
The major changes taking place within the US economy was due to
the growth in Service Sector jobs. These are jobs that
take care of the consumer needs.
The US workforce was changeover from a manufacturing to a
service economy and most of the jobs created were mainly
temporary or part-time, low-paying and with few benefits.
 What trends led to explosive growth in
temporary work and how were workers
affected?
In the 1990’s many of the corporations began to go to part time
staff members to avoid benefits and high salaries and began to
Downsize to trim payrolls so they could maintain profits.
The temporary staff had very little job security and created a high
rate of unemployment with the youth.
In 1999 11% of the 16-24 year olds were out of work. The
unemployment figures were twice that of the national average.
The young Americans expected to earn less that what their parents
had when they grew up.
 What trends led to a sharp decline in
manufacturing jobs and how were the
workers affected?
As the nations corporations downsized so did the amount of
manufacturing jobs. What once took hundreds of thousands of
workers to manufacture goods in the 1980’s for a company would
in the 1990’s take half as much.
The growth of automation helped create worker laid offs or forced
to work for far less money. With fewer workers in the corporate
sector the number of workers represented by unions dropped.
 What trends led to explosive growth in
the high tech industry and how were
the workers affected?
In the late part of the 1990’s business people looked at computer
technology as the next place to make vast fortunes. The one leader
within the industry was Bill Gates. In 2000 he created
Microsoft and within a short time became one of the richest people
in the world at an estimated worth of $60 billion.
The new rapid growth of technology companies helped stimulate
the rise in the NASDAQ (National Association of Securities
Dealers Automated Quotation system). The exchange is dominated
by hi-tech industries on Wall Street.
The new Hi-Tech businesses were called Dotcoms named
after from the internet addresses that end with “.com”
The Hi-tech computer industry increased the demand for workers
with advanced training and specialized technical skills. With this
level of experience and training came higher paying jobs among
“knowledge workers”.
 What trends affected international
trade and competition and how did
those trends affect US business and
workers?
The expansion of trade around the world was an important goal of
President Clinton. This was due in part to his creation of NAFTA.
In 1994 Clinton would respond to the international competition
and join together with other nations to establish a new version of
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT) and also established the World Trade
Organization to help resolve disputes.
The development of these organizations had a mixed result upon
the US economy. The adoption of free trade agreements increased
international trade and competition which led to some growth in
U.S. manufacturing jobs.
However, businesses were pressured to cut costs, which lead to job
insecurity and job flight to cheaper labor markets overseas
(Mexico).
World wide within the nations began to slow down.
TECHNOLOGY & MODREN LIFE
(CHAPTER – 26 / SECTION -3)
In the 1990’s computers increased and simplified the transfer of
information. This development was called Information Revolution.
Increasingly, information has become the defining feature of the
modern world, mainly due to:
 The use of information in socio-political and economic spheres.
Global attention is now "we are entering an 'Information
Superhighway', a new 'mode of information'
predominates and we have moved into a 'global information
economy".
 Communication inventions, trends and
efforts
Technological Advancement
Computers are manufactured with high processing capacity; fiber
optic cables are developed to carry multimedia information and
mobile phone to circumvent the problem of mobility in
information communication.
Satellite communication systems are developed, the Internet
offers multimedia information and much more technological
advancement.
The Telecommunication Act of 1996 removes
any barriers that had previously prevented one type of
Communications Company from starting or buying another related
one.
Economic, Business and Financial Implications
Today, information on financial transactions is exchanged
electronically. Information has become an income generator,
boosting the economic viability of nations as millions of people are
employed in the information sector.
Education
"The chief impact of 'the second information revolution'
will be not so much on economics or business, but on
education. In 30 to 40 years, education will look wholly
different, not only in delivery but in content".
The Nation State
Some observers argue that the information revolution has resulted
in a break in the traditional concept of society. The meaning of
'society' is fast diminishing from a group of people with common
culture; history, tradition and civilization distinguished by physical
boundaries, to a 'virtual' society, called 'information society'.
Information society refers to a situation where information
becomes a source of information that is open to and freely
observed by society.
What has the Information Revolution created that is good or
bad?
As of June 30th, 2006, over 1.04 billion people use the Internet.
 Health Care inventions, trends and
efforts
Scientific advances have enriched the ability to treat and cure
people form many illnesses.
Simulation or virtual reality machines have allowed us to live
through any scene that a pilot, doctor or scientist that may need to
further understand a situation. A person can put on a head set and
view through the screen the action needed to complete or execute
the task.
This allows the people to do things without actually doing them.
This technology will now allow for more accurate diagnoses, less
painful treatments, and more effective medications and treatments.
Some of the advancements have come through Magnetic
resonance imaging and in the 1990’s was able to
produce cross sectional images of any part of the body. This
became a vital need in diagnosing health problems.
 Genetic Engineering inventions, trends
and efforts
Genetic engineering involves making artificial changes in the
molecular or cell biology of an organism. The Human Genome
Project has successfully mapped all of the genes present in the
human body.
DNA has opened what doors to the future research or development
within the field of science? (Cloning)
The increased availability of genetically altered food products led
to the public concern of consuming such genetically altered foods.
However, FDA approval of genetically altered foods and deemed
them to be safe to eat.
 Entertainment inventions, trends and
efforts
The world of video games had grown into a virtual reality
experience. The improvement with the CD-ROM and the inclusion
of the Internet have opened doors to who and what people can
experience not only with themselves but with others.
 Education inventions, trends and
efforts
Schools are attempting to utilize the technology by including the
programs that come from the CD-ROM. Accessing and using the
internet has reshaped the type of classroom activities.
Subjects taught in other parts or our nation/world can now be
shared with any one through video or audio transmissions
 Space exploration inventions, trends
and efforts
Space exploration has been improved with the use of satellites such
as Pathfinder and Soujourner where they have transmitted live
images from Mars. These satellites have also reached other regions
of our galaxy and have sent back pictures or audio sounds of space.
In 1996 US astronaut Shannon Lucid spent 188 days aboard the
Russian space station Mir, setting the record for the longest stay in
space by an American and John Glenn became the oldest space
traveler and the space at the age of 76?
The Hubble Space Telescope has been used to gather more
information about the formation of stars and galaxies on how they
change and eventually come to an end.
NASA’s and the International community have taken on the
project in building the International Space Station. The lab base
has been used to address numerous tests that have helped solve
past mysteries in the human body and in our earths environment.
 Environmental inventions, trends and
efforts
Greater efforts made to develop environmentally friendly vehicles,
such as Hybrid cars and cars that run on ethanol or methanol gas.
Communities would increase the recycling of aluminum, paper,
glass, etc. to lessen the amount of landfills.
Society would increase their efforts to develop technology for
cleaning up large oil spills, to replace fossil fuel with alternate
energy sources, such as nuclear, solar, and to utilize wind energy.
In the 1990’s the government took further steps to limit the spread
of air pollution. This was an attempt to limit urban smog and acid
rain. Toxins from air pollution were creating problems within our
forests, lakes and rivers.
Global Concerns
People around the world became aware of the potential of the
thinning of the ozone layer. The ozone layer shields the Earth
from harmful solar rays. To help prevent the shrinking of the
ozone layer many countries agreed to stop releasing harmful
chemicals into the air.
Global warming is the observed increase in the average
temperatures of the Earth’s atmosphere and oceans in recent
decades due to the trapping of carbon dioxide.
They are released by the burning of fossil fuels, land clearing and
agriculture, etc. and lead to an increase in the greenhouse effect.
The Earth's average near-surface atmospheric temperature raised
1.1 ± 0.4 °Fahrenheit in the 20th century.
An increase in global temperatures can in turn cause other changes:
 Rising seas level and changes in the amount and pattern of
precipitation.
 These changes may increase the frequency and intensity of
extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, heat waves,
hurricanes, and tornados
 Higher or lower agricultural yields,
 Glacier retreat, reduced summer stream flows, species
extinctions
 Increases in the ranges of diseases.
Over the many years scientists disagree about the possible effects
of global warming.
______________________________________________________
Causes
 Carbon dioxide during the last 400,000 years and the rapid rise
since the Industrial Revolution
 Changes in the Earth's orbit around the Sun are believed to be
the pacemaker of the 100,000 year ice age cycle.
The climate system varies both through natural, "internal"
processes as well as in response to variations in external "forcing"
from both human and non-human causes, including solar activity,
volcanic emissions, and greenhouse gases.
______________________________________________________
Predicted effects
The predicted effects of global warming are many. These effects
include:
 Sea level rise,
 Impacts on agriculture,
 Reductions in the ozone layer,
 Increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather events
and
 The spread of disease
In some cases, the effects may already be being experienced,
although it is difficult to attribute specific natural phenomena to
long-term global warming.
In particular, the relationship between global warming and
hurricanes is still being debated.
______________________________________________________
Effects on Ecosystems
Increasing global temperature means that ecosystems may change;
some species may be forced out of their habitats (possibly to
extinction) while others may flourish.
Similarly, changes in timing of life patterns, such as annual
migration dates may alter regional predator-prey balance.
One effect noticed was the advanced of spring arrival dates in
Scandinavia birds have arrived earlier from sub-Saharan Africa.
Ocean pH is lowering as a result of increased carbon dioxide
levels. The changing water temperature and ocean depth will have
a direct impact on coral reefs.
Another suggested mechanism whereby a warming trend may be
amplified involves the thawing of tundra any release significant
amounts of the potent greenhouse gas methane that is trapped in
permafrost.
Of particular concern is the potential for failure of these glaciers is
a large and reliable source of water for China, India, and much of
Asia, and these waters form a principal dry-season water source.
Increased melting would cause greater flow for several decades,
after which "some areas of the most populated region on Earth
are likely to 'run out of water'"
Destabilization of ocean currents
There is also some speculation that global warming could, trigger
localized cooling in the North Atlantic and lead to cooling or lesser
warming, in that region.
This would affect in particular areas like Scandinavia and Britain
that are warmed by the North Atlantic Drift.
It is estimated that around 200 million people could be affected by
sea level rise.
______________________________________________________
Financial effects
Financial institutions, warned in a 2002 study that "the increasing
frequency of severe climatic events, coupled with social trends"
could cost the world $150 billion each year in the next decade.
These costs would, through increased costs related to insurance
and disaster relief, burden customers, tax payers, and industry
alike.
Limiting carbon emissions could avoid 80% of the projected
additional annual cost of tropical cyclones by the 2080s.
The United Nations' Environmental Program recently announced
that severe weather around the world has made 2005 the most
costly year on record. Preliminary estimates presented put the
economic losses for the world at more than $200 billion, with
insured losses running at more than $70 billion.
THE CHANGING FACE OF AMERICA
(CHAPTER – 26 / SECTION -4)
 Write out THREE important facts or
statistics that went on in the late 20th
Century on:
(URBAN / BABY BOOMERS / IMMIGRATION)
Urban flight
 The continued move to the city in the 1950’ and 60’s to find
better jobs. However, many of the neighborhoods became over
crowded and the city housing began to decay with the lack of
improvements.
 In the 1970’s and early 80’s families were moving to the
suburbs to safer and less crowded schools. Factories would
follow the growing numbers of better educated and more
reliable work force in the suburbs.
 In 1990’s with the inner cities property values low many people
began to find bargains in property. The rebirth of the inner city
was known as Gentrification. This was the purchasing
of property and rehabilitating urban properties.
A problem came as some of the older or less able to afford the area
were forced out. In its place came young, single adults who looked
for the excitement or variety that the city offered.
Baby Boomers
 By 2000 the median age of Americans was 35, some two years
older than a decade prior.
 By 2030 the Americans expected to be over age 65 will make
up 20% of the population.
 By 2005 spending on programs benefiting the elderly was
expected to consume 39 percent of the federal budget.
Because of healthier lifestyles translating into longer life spans the
US government and society will have to adjust the level or type of
care provided.
Social Security, Medicare and assisted living facilities will be put
to the test on whether they can meet the needs of the aging
population in the US.
If not changed many of the programs will not have the resources or
money to handle the demands.
Immigration
 In the 1990s, about 45 percent of immigrants came from the
Western Hemisphere and 30 percent came from Asia
 By the early 1990s, there were an estimated 3.2 million illegal
immigrants
 The proportion of non-Latino whites to minorities is expected to
continue to shrink and by 2040 the white population will be
come a minority race within the US.
Florida, Texas and California were part of the new wave of people
coming into this country. In response to the increase in immigrants
Congress passed the Immigration Reform and
Control Act in 1986.
A US law that was created with the intention to reduce and to
ultimately stop, illegal immigration to the US, which was
perceived as an economic problem for the US economy.
Of the some 1 million illegal immigrants that sought legal
status, 70% of them came from Mexico.
The law established a one-year amnesty program for illegal aliens
who had already worked and lived in the U.S. since January 1982.
Those eligible could apply for regularization of status and
eventually full citizenship.
Over 2.7 million illegal aliens and others not qualifying for visas
were legalized under the 1986 IRCA amnesty.
 Give one example from each of the
following in how they will challenge
the US during the 21st Century:
*Urban and Suburban Life
*Aging Population
*Immigration Policy
Urban and suburban:
A decline in the economic base of cities and an increase in
suburban wealth
______________________________________________________
Aging:
The possibility that the Social Security system will not be able to
support retired senior citizens
______________________________________________________
Immigration: (Dealing with illegal immigration)
People that had come into the US over the years had sent money
back home in hope of helping their family members get into the
US.