IB1090902 Arthropod arrangements
January 23, 2009 Pages 6-11
Phylum Arthropoda (from “arthro”=”joint”, “poda” =”foot”)
--body segmentation, which is called ________________
--grouping of segments into functional regions, which is called ____________
--what kind of symmetry? radial or bilateral?
--paired appendages
--hard exoskeleton, containing __________, that is molted and replaced repeatedly
--is the circulatory system open or closed?
--nervous system with (single or double?) ventral nerve cord
--reproduction generally (sexual or asexual?)
Subphylum Chelicerata: what are chelicerae?_____________
Class Arachnida (from “arachne”=”spider”)
includes spiders, scorpions, pseudoscorpions, mites and ticks,
daddylonglegs, and whipscorpions, among others
all predaceous or parasitic, except for some _________
______ pairs of antennae
two body divisions, ____________ and abdomen
genital opening in __________ part of abdomen
_____ pairs of walking legs
Subphylum Mandibulata
Class Crustacea (from “crust” = hard surface); 26,000 species
biramous appendages (definition of biramous = _____________________)
_______ pairs of antennae
immatures generally aquatic
molt throughout life: True or False?
Class Diplopoda (from “diplo” =”two”, “poda” = “foot”), millipedes; 8,000 species
how many pairs of legs per apparent body segment? One or two?
30 or more leg pairs total
millipedes begin life with three leg pairs and add legs and body segments each molt
genital openings (between second and third leg pairs) OR (at end of abdomen)?
generally found in moist habitats, slowmoving, chemically protected
Class Chilopoda (“chilo”=”lip”, “poda” =”foot”), centipedes
how many pairs of legs per body segment? one or two?
fifteen or more leg pairs total
appendages on first body segment modified into ________ _______
where are the genital openings? Anterior or posterior end of body?
fastmoving, predaceous
Class Insecta (“in” =”in”, “secta” =”cut”)\
at least 1,000,000 species
body with three sections--________, ___________, ___________
one OR two pair of antennae on head?
thorax generally with _____ pairs of legs, l or 2 pairs of wings
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Subclass Apterygota
Order Collembola (“colla”, glue, “embolon”, bar)=springtails (1000 spp)
wingless; do they molt throughout adult adult life? Yes or No?
most are tiny; are tracheae present or absent?
chewing mouthparts, feed primarily on _______________
characteristic feature—the “spring,” or __________, a locomotory device on the
Order Thysanura (“thysanos”, tassel, “ura”, tail)= silverfish, firebrats (350 spp)
wingless; do they molt throughout adult adult life? Yes or No?
chewing mouthparts, some species damage books, wallpaper in houses
“fish” in name refers to ___________
characteristic feature--long “tails” (how many are there?)
Subclass Pterygota
Order Ephemeroptera (“ephemera”, short-lived, “ptera” wings) = mayflies (2000 spp)
two pairs of wings, held above body (do/do not fold flat)
immature stages have chewing mouthparts, mostly (aquatic/terrestrial) vegetarians
adults lack functional mouthparts, live (how long?________) as adults
metamorphosis: egg, aquatic naiad or nymph, _________, adult
characteristic feature--2 or 3 long tails in both adult and immature stages
Order Odonata (“odon”, tooth)=dragonflies, damselflies (5000 spp)
two pairs of wings, held above body (_________) or out to the side (_________)
wings do not fold flat (true or false?)
immature and adult stages found in or near ________, chewing mouthparts
metamorphosis: egg, aquatic naiad or nymph, adult
characteristic feature—in immature stages labial mask grabs prey
Order Plecoptera (“pleco” braided, “ptera” wings) = stoneflies (1700 spp)
two pairs of wings, membranous, hindwing pleated, wings fold flat
chewing mouthparts, aquatic or terrestrial? vegetarians/ carnivores/both?
metamorphosis: egg, nymph (many molts), adult
Order Orthoptera (“ortho” straight, “ptera” wings) = grasshoppers, crickets, katydids
(17,000 spp)
two pairs of wings, first pair thickened, second pair folded
chewing mouthparts, grasshoppers herbivorous, crickets omnivorous
metamorphosis: egg, nymph, adult
characteristic features: ___________ (jumping) hind legs, acoustic behavior
Order Dictyoptera (“dictyo”, net, “ptera” wings) = mantids and cockroaches (6000 spp)
two pairs of wings, first pair thickened, second pair folded
wings (fold flat) OR (do not fold flat)?
all stages of cockroaches are omnivorous; all stages of mantids predaceous
chewing mouthparts
metamorphosis: egg, nymph, adult
characteristic features—eggs carried in ________; mantid has _________ forelegs
Order Mantophasmatodea (“the ____________”) (discovered in what year?)
Order Isoptera (“iso” equal, “ptera” wings) = termites (2000 spp)
two pairs of wings, similar in size and venation
chewing mouthparts (although soldier mouthparts can be highly modified)
diet includes wood, soil, fungus and the like
metamorphosis: egg, nymph, adult
characteristic features--_________; symbiotic cellulose-digesting microbes in gut
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Order Dermaptera (“derma” skin, “ptera” wings) = earwigs (1200 spp)
two pairs of wings, first pair thickened, second pair folded fanlike
chewing mouthparts, omnivorous, some ectoparasites of vertebrates
metamorphosis: egg, nymph, adult, some exhibiting maternal care
characteristic feature: “pincers” on head/thorax/abdomen?
Order Phasmida (“phasma” ghost) = walkingsticks (2000 spp)
two pairs of wings, wingless or with short wings, hindwing longer than fore
chewing mouthparts, all feed on ________
metamorphosis: egg, often scattered, nymph, adult
characteristic feature: cryptic color, resemblance to, well, sticks...
Order Psocoptera (“psoco” rub, “ptera” wings) =psocids, bark or book lice (2400 spp)
two pairs of wings, membranous held rooflike over body, some wingless
chewing mouthparts, consume debris, e.g., mold, fungi, dead insects, etc.
metamorphosis: egg, nymph (approx. six instars), adult
Order Thysanoptera (“thysano” ______, “ptera” wings) = thrips (5000 spp)
two pairs of wings, fringed with hairs
rasping/sucking mouthparts, asymmetrical, with right mandible missing
diet variously plant tissue, pollen, other arthropods
metamorphosis: egg, nymph, winged”prepupa”, winged “pupa”, adult
characteristic feature: feet bladderlike at tip
Order Hemiptera (“hemi” half, “ptera” wings) = true bugs and other sucking insects
(50,000 spp)
Suborder Heteroptera (“hetero” = different, “ptera” = wing): two pairs of wings, first
pair thickened OR membranous? at base
sucking mouthparts, aquatic and terrestrial herbivores, carnivores, parasites
metamorphosis: egg, nymph, adults
Suborder Homoptera (“homo” same, “ptera” wings) = aphids, scale, mealybug, whitefly
two pairs of wings, both membranous
sucking mouthparts, all ______-feeding
metamorphosis: egg, nymph, adult, some with pseudopupal stage
Order Phthiraptera (“phthir” lice, “aptera” wingless) = lice (2600 + 230 spp)
wingless permanent ectoparasites of vertebrates OR invertebrates?
metamorphosis: egg (___), nymph, adult, all life stages on host
Suborder Mallophaga (“mallo” wool, “phaga” eat) = biting lice, chewing lice
chewing mouthparts
characteristic feature: head wider/narrower than body, dorsoventrally flattened
Suborder Anoplura (“anopl” unarmed, “ura” tail) = sucking lice
sucking mouthparts, fold up into pouch
metamorphosis: egg (nit), nymph, adult, all life stages on host
characteristic feature: head narrower/wider than body, dorsoventrally flattened
Order Neuroptera (“neuro” nerve, “ptera” wings) = dobsonfly, lacewings, antlions (5000 spp)
two pairs of membranous wings, networked with veins, held rooflike
adults with chewing mouthparts, mostly carnivorous OR herbivorous?
larvae with biting mouthparts, variously sickle-shaped or short; carnivores
some larvae aquatic
metamorphosis: egg, larva, pupa (some with cocoon), adult
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Order Trichoptera (“tricho” hair “ptera” wings) = caddisflies (7000 spp)
two pairs of hairy wings, held rooflike over the body
adults with reduced chewing mouthparts
larvae with chewing mouthparts, variously herbivorous, carnivorous
metamorphosis: egg, aquatic larva, pupa, terrestrial adult
characteristic feature: many larvae make _____________.
Order Lepidoptera (“lepido” scale, “ptera” wings) = butterflies, moths, skippers
140,000 spp
two pairs of wings with _____, held rooflike (moth) or upright (butterflies)
adults with sucking mouthparts—coiled tube (__________) for sucking nectar
larvae with chewing mouthparts, mostly herbivorous/carnivorous?
metamorphosis: egg, larva (__________), pupa (sometimes cocoon), adult
Order Diptera (“di” two, “ptera” wings) = flies (120,000 spp)
one pair of membranous wings, hind wings reduced to knob called a _________
mouthparts of adults and larvae variable; diet enormously variable
habitats enormously variable (terrestrial and aquatic)
metamorphosis: egg, larva (sometimes maggot), pupa (sometimes puparium), adult
Order Coleoptera (“coleo” sheath, “ptera” wings ) = beetles (largest order of insects)
370,000 spp.
two pairs of wings, forewings hardened
chewing mouthparts in both adults and larvae, diet enormously variable
habitats enormously variable (with some aquatic adults)
metamorphosis: egg, larva (______), pupa, adult
Order Hymenoptera (“hymeno” membrane, “ptera” wings) = bees, ants, wasps, sawflies
(110,000 spp.)
two pairs of wings, both membranous, linked by hooks
chewing mouthparts, can be used for sucking in adults
habits variable, many parasitic, predaceous, herbivorous,
many wasps, bees, and all ants are _________
metamorphosis: egg, larva (grub), pupa, adult
Order Siphonaptera (“siphon” tube, “aptera” wingless) = fleas (2300 spp.)
wingless (permanent and intermittent) ectoparasites of vertebrates
body laterally OR dorsoventrally flattened?, exoskeleton thickened
adult mouthparts piercing/sucking, used to consume blood
larval mouthparts chewing: larvae live in nest and are parasitic OR nonparasitic?
metamorphosis: egg, larva, pupa (often cocoon), adult
characteristic feature: ___________ (hopping) locomotion
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